高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解原因、目的與作用1.題干特征：Why…?;mention;purpose;function;aimto;intendto;…1.定位：1）根據(jù)題干中的信息在文章中找到相應(yīng)段落2）找到表示原因或目的的詞或短語(yǔ)表示原因的詞：because;inthat;giventhat;for;since;as;…becauseof;dueto;owingto;asaresultof;onaccountof;thanksto;…表示目的的詞：todo;inordertodo;soastodo;aimtodo;intendtodo;meantodo;…注意：還有部分原因或目的狀語(yǔ)需要注意如分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，或with

復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)等2.分類：1）提問(wèn)寫文章的目的：回答文章主旨介紹（人物；產(chǎn)品；解決方法等）廣告（通常帶有引導(dǎo)性話語(yǔ)）注意：引導(dǎo)性話語(yǔ)通常為讓讀者采取行動(dòng)（買產(chǎn)品或參加活動(dòng)等）2）第一段的作用或第一段提及某人/物等的作用引出文章話題

(lead

to

/introducethe

topic

/theme)(首選)注意：有時(shí)選項(xiàng)為topic

的具體內(nèi)容Introducethebackgroundinformation/attractthereaders

等3）中間某段的作用

(根據(jù)段落的具體內(nèi)容)介紹或解釋研究過(guò)程

/

結(jié)果解釋原因或理由舉例說(shuō)明給出建議說(shuō)明好處進(jìn)一步闡明觀點(diǎn)…4）作者提及某人/某物/舉例等的目的或作用通常為了證明其前文提及或后文總結(jié)的某觀點(diǎn)有時(shí)為了作對(duì)比或類比5）做研究的目的回答研究?jī)?nèi)容研究人員困惑或想知道或感興趣等的內(nèi)容等典型例題1Whatdoyoudoasspringsetsin?takingoffyourwarmwintercoat,andputtingitaway?Forhumans,takingoffwintercoatsisaone-minutetask.Asitturnsout,notallanimalsaresocapable.SnowshoerabbitsliveinthemountainrangesofNorthAmerica,andhaveapurewhitecoatduringthewintertimetomatchthesnowysurroundingsandtohelpavoidbeingcaught.……However,concernbeginswhenscientistsbeginlookingathowthewarmingclimatewillimpacttherabbits.(首段)題：Whydoestheauthormentionhumans’takingoffwintercoats?A.TostressclimatechangeisinfluentialB.ToimplyanimalsshouldbetakencareofC.To

leadto

theproblemofsnowshoerabbitsD.Toshowdifferencesbetweenmenandanimals【答案】C【解析】本題截取自文章首段。根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容可知，作者提及人類的目的是為了引出雪兔在冬春交替季節(jié)面臨的問(wèn)題這一主旨，C選項(xiàng)為topic的具體內(nèi)容。故選C。典型例題2Nowadays,wecanreadalmostall“truths”onsocialmediasites.Butaretheyreallyreliable?Sitessuchasthemicro-messagingservice,thesocialnetworkingsiteandthephoto-sharingappInstagrammight“misrepresenttherealworld”,accordingtoastudybycomputerscientistsfromMcGillUniversityandCarnegieMellonUniversity.題：Whydoestheauthormentionthemicro-messagingandInstagram?A.BecausetheyarethebestsocialmediasitestodayB.BecausetheyarenotinfavorofthecurrentstudyC.BecausethepublicaresharingtruthsonthesesitesD.Becauseinformationonthesesitesmaynotbereliable【答案】D【解析】根據(jù)本段首行內(nèi)容可知，作者先用反問(wèn)句表明觀點(diǎn)

——

對(duì)社交媒體內(nèi)容可信度的質(zhì)疑，接下來(lái)用

micro-messaging

和

Instagram

舉例說(shuō)明自己的觀點(diǎn)，即這些社交媒體網(wǎng)站的內(nèi)容并不可靠。故選D。典型例題3Mostdogownersareconvincedthattheirfour-leggedfriendsknowexactlywhattheymeanwhentheyusecertainwordslike“sit”,“stay”or“treat”.However,researchershavealwayswonderedwhetherdogsreallyunderstandhumanspeechoriftheyrelyonotherinformationtogetthemeaning.Forexample,doestheword“fetch”formapictureofastickorballinthedog’smind,ordoesthedogbringbacktheobjectbasedontheowner’svoiceorgesture?AnewstudybyscientistsatAtlanta’sEmoryUniversityseemstoindicatethat“man’sbestfriend”doesindeedknowwhattheownerissaying.題：Whatisthepurposeofthenewstudy?A.ToconvincedogownerstounderstandtheirdogsB.ToadvisedogownerstotreattheirdogskindlyC.Toprovedogsfollowowners’orderbylisteningD.Totestouthowdogsgetinformationfromowners【答案】D【解析】根據(jù)本段第二行

However,

researchershavealwayswondered

whetherdogsreallyunderstandhumanspeechoriftheyrelyonotherinformationtogetthemeaning.

可知，研究人員做研究的目的是想弄明白狗狗是真的理解主人的話語(yǔ)還是依靠其他信息。故選D注意：C選項(xiàng)為干擾選項(xiàng)。C選項(xiàng)是研究人員已經(jīng)有合理推測(cè)，并通過(guò)研究來(lái)證明狗是通過(guò)聽(tīng)來(lái)服從主人命令這一已有想法，但原文中研究人員并沒(méi)有進(jìn)行推測(cè)，故不能選C。練習(xí)題1.Theresearchersbeganbyaskingtheownersoftwelvedogsofvariouskindstotraintheirpetstoidentifytwotoysofdifferentmaterials,suchasatoyanimalandaball.Oncethedogshadmasteredthetask,theytookturnsinsideaspecialscanner.Theownersthentestedtheirdog’slanguageskillby

firstcallingoutthenamesofthetoystheyhadbeentrainedtorecognizeandthensayingmeaninglesswordssuchas“bobbu”and“obdmick”whileholdinguprandomobjectsthedogshadn’tseenbefore.題：Whatdoestheauthorintendedtodointhisparagraph?A.InformtheresultoftheresearchB.StatetheprocessoftheresearchC.StresstheimportanceoftheresearchD.Introducethesubjectoftheresearch2.ThecampaignhasalreadyblownpastitsfundinggoalsonKickstarter(currentlyatover$200,000,wellbeyonditsoriginal$30,000target).IfyouarelookingtoimproveyourhomesecuritysetupandareinthemarketforanewWi-Ficameraortwotoprotectyourcastle,thentakeanimmediateaction.題：Whydoestheauthorwritethetext?A.TopromoteaproductB.TointroduceKickstarterC.TopresentanewtechnologyD.TopopularizeWi-Ficamera3.Arelaxingwayofgettingaroundistotravelbytrain.Manytrainstationshavegrownintoimpressivestructuresovertheyearsandarefamousfortheirarchitecture.Here’salookattwoofthem.題：Forwhatpurposeisthetextwritten?A.ShowingreadershowtotravelbytrainB.GivinganintroductiontothestationC.AnnouncingtheopeningofthestationD.Givinganadvertisementaboutthestation4.Whenshefirststartedlearningabouttheclimatechangefromoneofherelders,FawnSharpwasinvitedonahelicopterflightovertheOlympicMountainstosurveytheAndersonGlacier(冰川).

Buttheglaciermeltedandwasgonebecauseoftheclimatewarming.Sharphadadeepsenseoflosswhenshediscoveredtheglacierwasn’tthereanymore.(首段)題：WhydidtheauthormentionthecaseofFawnSharp?A.TolayabasisforFawnSharp’sresearch.B.ToproveFawnSharp’sworkissimilartoAtkinson’s.C.Toleadintotheissueoftheenvironmentallosscausedbyclimatechange.D.Toshowscientists’concernabouttheAndersonGlacier.5.ClaudeMonet,PabloPicassoandLeonardodaVinci…theartworldhasneverlackedtalent.Andnow,anewpainterisreadytojointhelist,althoughthisoneisn’tevenhuman.(首段)Nextmonth,theauctionhouseChristie’sPrintsandMultipleswillmakehistorybyofferingthefirstpieceofartworkcreatedbyartificialintelligence(AI)forsale.ThepaintingisaportraitofamancalledEdmondDeBelamy,andisexpectedtobesoldforupto$10,000.題：Whydoestheauthormentiontheartistsinparagraph1?A.Tointroducetheirworks.B.Tomakeanadvertisement.C.Topresentapieceofnews.D.TofocusthetopicontheAI.6.Dependingonwhomyouask,the26th

centurywillbeeitheralittlechillyorextremelyhot.Somesolarenergyoutputmodelssuggestthatbythe2500s,Earth’sclimatewillhavecooledbackdowntoneartheconditionoftheLittleIceAge.Otherstudiespredictthatongoingclimatechangeandfossilfuelusewillleavemuchoftheplanettoohotforhumanlifeby2300.SomeexpertsdatethebeginningofhumanclimatechangebacktotheIndustrialRevolutioninthe1800s,otherstoslash-and-burnagriculturalpracticesinprehistorictime.Eitherway,tool-wieldinghumansaltertheenvironmentandour26th-centurytoolsmightbequiteimpressiveindeed.題：WhydoestheauthormentiontheLittleIceAgeinthisparagraph?A.Toshowtheseverityofthecurrentglobalwarming.B.Tostressitscloseconnectionwiththecurrentclimates.C.Toprovidecontrasttothepredictionoffutureclimate.D.Toillustratetheimportanceofprotectingtheenvironment.7.However,thedifficultywiththetechnologyisthatitrequiresbothpositiveandnegativedataforthelearningprocess,andnegativedataarenotavailableinmanycases.Forinstance,whenaretailer(零售商)istryingtopredictwhowillmakeapurchase,theycaneasilyfinddataoncustomerswhohavepurchasedfromthem(positivedata),butitisbasicallyimpossibletoobtaindataoncustomerswhohaveneverpurchasedfromthem(negativedata),sincetheydonothaveaccesstotheircompetitors’data.題：Whyistheexamplementionedinthisparagraph?A.Toprovehowimportantthepositivedataare.B.Toconfirmthatdataoncustomersarecomplete.C.Toarguethatretailersgettheircompetitors’data.D.Toexplainwhynegativedataarehardtoobtain.8.Humanshavealwaysconsideredthemselvesspecialcomparedwithotheranimals.Onereasonisthecomplexityofourlanguage

——

boundedbyuniquerules,suchassyntaxwherewestringwordstogetherinaspecificordertocreatemeaningfulsentences.Butitturnsoutthatabirdmayalsovocalize(發(fā)聲)withsyntaxrules.(首段)題：What’sthemajorfunctionofparagraph1?A.Toshowlanguagedifferencestoreaders.B.Totellacommonlyacceptedbelieftoreaders.C.Tointroducethebackgroundofthewholetext.D.Toraisereaders’interestinthefollowingtext.9.Ourfirstseparation,thedaysheleftmybody,wasanightmarefullofpainandsuffering.Whileallbirthsareamazing,notallwomenfellamazedatthebirths.However,ourtogethernessinthedaysandmonthsthatfollowedthebirthwassosweetthatIfelthersmallbodystillseemedtobeattachedtomine.Intheyearstocome,thesoundofherfeetrunningacrossthewoodenfloorsofourhousewaslikethegentlebeatthatremindmemylittlegirlwashereandthatsomedayshewouldrantothepathsIcouldn’tfollow.題：Whatisthepurposeofthisparagraph?A.Toexpectherdaughter’sbrightfuture.B.Toremindherselfofherdaughter’sbeatingsteps.C.Torecallthesufferingduringherdaughter’sgrowth.D.Toshowthestrongattachmentbetweenamotherandherdaughter.10.Itisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantforresearcherstocloselyobserveoursealife,withclimatechangeandoverfishingdamagingtheocean.However,thisisalmostimpossiblesincehumanpresencescarestheanimals.Now,thankstoTheSoftRoboticFish,alsocalledSoFi,researchersmaynotonlybeabletokeepacloseeyeonthecreatures,butalsouncoverunderseasecretsthathavebeenconfusingusforcenturies.題：WhywasSoFicreated?A.Toprotectfishfrombeingcaught.B.Tostoptheoceanfrombeingpolluted.C.Tolearnabouttheunderwaterworld.D.TosolvetheissueAUVshavefound.11.Miceandratshavelongbeenusedinmedicalresearchbecauseoftheirbiologicalsimilaritiestohumans.RecentlyscientistsattheUniversityofRichmondinVirginiahavetrainedratstodrivesmallvehicles.題：Whydoesscientistsalwayschooseratsfortheresearch?A.Theycanbuildtinyvehiclesontheirown.B.Theyarebiologicallysimilartohumanbeings.C.Theyarecleverenoughtobetrainedtodrivecars.D.Theycanbeusedasnon-drugtreatmentsforhumans.12.Itisaquestionthathaslongpuzzledscientists

——

exactlywhyaretigersorange?Onemightthinkitmakesthemmoreobvious

——

particularlyagainstaleafygreenforestbackground.WilliamBlakesummeditupinhisfamouspoemknownbygenerationsofschoolchildren:“Tyger,Tyger,burningbright/Intheforestsofthenight.”Butnowtheanswerisathand.題：Whydoestheauthormentionthepoeminthisparagraph?A.Toarousereaders’interestinpoems.B.Toshowtheauthor’srespectforthepoet.C.Toanswerthequestionofthecolorofthetiger.D.Tostressthenoticeablecolorofthetigertous.13.WiththerightamountofCNFsmixedin,thedessertlastedlongerinitsfrozenstatethanthetraditionalicecream,extendingtheamountoftimethetreatcanbeenjoyed.

Whatwasevenmoreexcitingwasthatthefiberincreasedthestickinessofthelow-faticecreamtolevelshigherthanthefull-fatone.Sincethisiswhatdeterminesthefrozentreat’screaminessandtaste,CNFscouldhelpcreatethehealthiericecreamwithoutinfluencingthetasteofit.題：WhywereCNFsaddedtotheicecreammix?A.Toimproveitstaste.B.Toincreaseitsstickiness.C.Toreduceitsfatcontent.D.Tomakeitmeltmoreslowly.14.Theoriginalironboxeswiththeroundroofsfirstappearedin1926.TheyweredesignedbyGilesGilbertScott,thearchitectoftheBatterseaPowerStationinLondon.AfterbecominganimportantpartofmanyBritishstreets,thephoneboxesbegandisappearinginthe1980s,withtheriseofthemobilephonesendingmostofthemawaytothejunkyards.題：Whydidthephoneboxesbegintogooutofserviceinthe1980s?A.Theywerenotwell-designed.B.Theyprovidedbadservices.C.Theyhadtooshortahistory.D.Theylosttonewtechnologies.15.TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)

havetakenitastepfurther

——

changingtheactualcompositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse,evenunusualfunctions.Theseincludesplantsthathavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey’reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsngroundwater.“Wearethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday,”explainedMichaelStrano,aprofessorofchemicalengineeringatMIT.題：WhatisthefunctionofthesensorsprintedonplantleavesbyMITengineers?A.Todetectplants’lackofwater.B.Tochangecompositionsofplants.C.Tomakethelifeofplantslonger.D.Totestchemicalsinplants.參考答案1.【答案】B【解析】根據(jù)本段中

beganby…;theytaketurns…;theownersthentested…等能夠知道本段介紹了研究過(guò)程。故選B。2.【答案】A【解析】本段介紹了一種叫做Kickstarter的相機(jī)產(chǎn)品，且通過(guò)最后一句中的takeanimmediateaction這一引導(dǎo)性話語(yǔ)可知本文時(shí)一篇廣告。故選A。3.【答案】B【解析】根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容可知，文章會(huì)給我介紹兩個(gè)火車站。故選B。4.【答案】C【解析】根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容可知，首段提及這個(gè)人的事情是為了引出文章topic,即由氣候變化造成的冰川消融等環(huán)境問(wèn)題。故選C。5.【答案】D【解析】根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容可知首段提及幾位真實(shí)存在的藝術(shù)家是為了引出本段最后一句這一文章主旨。故選D。6.【答案】C【解析】本段講述了未