【英語(yǔ)】高一英語(yǔ)閱讀理解(科普環(huán)保)解題技巧及練習(xí)題(含答案)含解析一、高中英語(yǔ)閱讀理解科普環(huán)保類(lèi)1．犇犇閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。

Whenyouthinkbacktotheblackboardfromyourschooldays,whatcolorisit?Chancesarethatit'sgreen.Sowhat'supwiththename?Originally,blackboardswerereallyblack.Beforewall-sizedblackboardsexisted,late18th-centurystudentsusedtheirownminiboardsmadeofslate(石板)orpaintedwood,accordingtoConcordiaUniversity,Thosefirstboardswere,infact,black,andtheypavedthewayforthelargerones.

In1800whenaScottishheadmasternamedJamesPillanswantedhisstudentstodrawmaps,thestudentscouldn'tdrawthemapstheirteacherwantedontheirtinyboards,soPillansputseveralslatestogethertocreatealargeboard.Problemsolved!Fromthere,theideaspreadquicklyasteacherscouldfinallyshowaconcepttothewholeclassatonetime.By1815,themassivewritingspaceswerecommonenoughtoearntheirownname:blackboard.

Thecolorchangecameinthe1960swhencompaniessold,steelplates,coatedwithgreenenamel(漆)insteadofthetraditionaldarkslate.Thenewmaterialwaslighterandlessfragilethanthefirstblackboards,sotheywerecheapertoshipandmorelikelytosurvivethejourney.Teachersweren'tcomplainingeither.Afterall,thenew"greenboards"madethechalkpowdereasiertoerase.Plus,theenamelleftlessofaglareandthecolorwasnicertolookat.Atthatpoint,peoplestartedusingtheword"chalkboard"asamoreaccuratedescriptor,but"blackboard"stillstuckaround.（1）Whatdidthelate18th-centurystudentsuseinclass?A.

Blackboard.

B.

Chalkboard.

C.

Greenboard.

D.

Miniboard.（2）Whydidtheheadmasteraskthestudentstoputtheirminiboardstogether?A.

Tomakeacomparison.B.

Tomakeenoughspace.C.

Todrawstudents'attention.D.

Toarousestudents'interest.（3）WhichofthefollowingisNOTtheadvantageofthe"greenboard"?A.

They'relighterinweight.B.

They'remoreconvenienttotransport.C.

They'reeasiertoerasethepowder.D.

They'remoreusefulthanthetraditionalones.（4）What'sthemainideaofthetext?A.

Introductionoftheblackboard.B.

Originoftheblackboard.C.

Coloroftheblackboard.D.

Functionoftheblackboard.【答案】（1）D（2）B（3）D（4）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，通過(guò)描述黑板發(fā)展歷程向讀者介紹了黑板最早的時(shí)候確實(shí)是黑色的，隨后慢慢發(fā)展變成了綠色?；卮鹆?黑板為什么是綠色的？"這個(gè)問(wèn)題。（1）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段中的，"...late18th-centurystudentsusedtheirownminiboardsmadeofslate(石板)orpaintedwood..."可知，18世紀(jì)的學(xué)生用的是“迷你板”。故選D。（2）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段中的“

In1800whenaScottishheadmasternamedJamesPillanswantedhisstudentstodrawmaps,thestudentscouldn'tdrawthemapstheirteacherwantedontheirtinyboards,soPillansputseveralslatestogethertocreatealargeboard.”在1800年，一名英格蘭校長(zhǎng)JamesPillans想讓他的學(xué)生們畫(huà)地圖，但是學(xué)生們?cè)谒麄兊拿阅惆迳蠠o(wú)法畫(huà)出地圖，因此校長(zhǎng)讓學(xué)生把他們的迷你板拼湊在一起來(lái)制造一個(gè)大的板?？芍?，校長(zhǎng)讓學(xué)生把他們的迷你板拼湊在一起是為了創(chuàng)造一個(gè)大的空間來(lái)畫(huà)地圖。故選B。（3）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的"Thenewmaterialwaslighterand...morelikelytosurvivetheJourney."可知A項(xiàng)和B項(xiàng)正確；以及"Afterall,...madethechalkpowdereasiertoerase."可知C項(xiàng)正確；D項(xiàng)文章未提及。故選D。（4）考查主旨大意。文章第一段前四句話(huà)點(diǎn)明了文章中心：我們看到的黑板大多是綠色的，為什么叫黑板？通讀全文也可知文章主要講述了黑板發(fā)展過(guò)程中顏色從黑色變成綠色的過(guò)程和原因。故選C。【點(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，推理判斷和主旨大意三個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科普類(lèi)閱讀，要求考生在捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行分析，推理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。2．犇犇閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。

Whenhospitalstaffareinfullscrubs(手術(shù)衣),theirfacesarealmostcompletelycoveredbytheircapsandfacemasks,andwecanonlyseetheireyesandeyebrows.Inordertosolvetheproblem,adoctorinSydney,Australia,calledRobHackettlaunchedacampaignnamed"Theatre(手術(shù)室)CapChallenge"-encouragehospitalstaffstowritetheir'namesandrolesontheircaps.Atfirst,hiscolleaguesdidn'ttakeitseriously.However,withtimegoingon,ithasbeenadoptedaroundtheworldwithstudiesfromtheUSandUKreportinghowthissimpleideacandecreasehumanerrorsinhealthcare.

"Iwenttoatheatrewheretherewereabout20doctorsandnursesintheroom,"Dr.RobHackettsaid."IstruggledtoevenasktobepassedsomeglovesbecausethepersonIwaspointingtothoughtIwaspointingtothepersonbehindthem,becauseIdon'tknowtheirnames."saidRob.Asweallknow,doctorsareastressfulprofession.Whenfacedwithlifeanddeath,theyneedtosavethepatient'slifeforasecond.Atthemoment,effectivecommunicationsareimportant.

"The'TheatreCapChallenge'isinresponsetoconcernsabouthoweasilyavoidablemistakesandpoorcommunicationarecontributingtorisingharmfuleventsforourpatients."saidRob."Weneedtodevelopsystemswhichreducemistakesandmisunderstandingwithoutcausingharm.Forthistohappen,weneedtoleteveryoneknowwe'rehuman."headdedOntheotherhand,fromthepatients'viewpoint,capswithnamesonthemcanmakepatientsmoreunworried.Wheneveryoneappearsthesame,itisextremelydifficulttodistinguishwhoiswho.Knowingthemrelaxed.（1）Whatcanwelearnfromparagraph1?A.

Hospitalstaffareaskedtocovertheirfacesinhospitals.B.

Robisinfavorofwritingnamesandrolesoncaps.C.

Robwantedtobeaprofessionaldoctor.D.

Rob'sideacanincreasehumanerrorsinhealthcare.（2）Whatcanweknowaboutthe"TheatreCapChallenge"fromthetext?A.

Itcanmakethecapsmorefashionable.B.

Itisstronglyopposedtobyallthedoctorsandnurses.C.

Itaimstoavoidmistakesandpoorcommunication.D.

Itcanhelppeoplepasssomeglovesinatheatre.（3）Whichofthefollowingbestexplains"werehuman"underlinedinparagraph3?A.

We'regenerous.

B.

We'renegative.

C.

We'resatisfied.

D.

We'rekind.（4）What'sthepatients'attitudetowardsthecampaign?A.

Supportive

B.

Disapproving

C.

Doubtful

D.

Uncaring【答案】（1）B（2）C（3）D（4）A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，在手術(shù)室里，醫(yī)生和護(hù)士都戴著手術(shù)帽和口罩，只露出眼睛和眉毛，這讓周?chē)娜苏J(rèn)不出他們，導(dǎo)致在交流過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生誤會(huì)。于是，一位澳大利亞的醫(yī)生Rob提出在手術(shù)帽上寫(xiě)上名字和職位，這一想法逐漸得到了全世界很多國(guó)家的認(rèn)可。（1）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段中的“Inordertosolvetheproblem,adoctorinSydney,Australia,calledRobHackettlaunchedacampaignname‘"Theatre(手術(shù)室)CapChallenge’-encouragehospitalstaffstowritetheir'namesandrolesontheircaps.”Rob提出在手術(shù)帽上寫(xiě)上名字和職位，由此可知他是支持這一想法的。故選B。（2）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段中的例子和第三段中的"The'TheatreCapChallenge'isinresponsetoconcernsabouthoweasilyavoidablemistakesandpoorcommunicationarecontributingtorisingharmfuleventsforourpatients."可知，TheatreCapchallenge活動(dòng)是為了應(yīng)對(duì)不斷增加的病患相關(guān)不良事件，而這些事件常是由一些很容易避免的錯(cuò)誤和溝通障礙引起的。所以這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)目的是盡量避免錯(cuò)誤和交流中的誤解。故選C。（3）考查詞義猜測(cè)。根據(jù)第三段中的“

Weneedtodevelopsystemswhichreducemistakesandmisunderstandingwithoutcausingharm.”可知,他們想建立一種在不造成傷害的情況下盡可能減少錯(cuò)誤和誤解的系統(tǒng)，而要達(dá)到這個(gè)目的，首先要讓每個(gè)人知道醫(yī)生是人類(lèi)，是有人情味的。只有病人也感覺(jué)到醫(yī)生的善良，才能減少病患之間的誤解。故選D。（4）考查觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度。全文最后三句是站在患者角度闡述這個(gè)活動(dòng)的意義。從其中的"unworried（不擔(dān)心的，不著急的）"和"relaxed（松懈的，放松的）"兩個(gè)詞可以知道，這個(gè)活動(dòng)能讓病人心情放松，病人對(duì)這一做法是很支持的。故選A?！军c(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及推理判斷，詞義猜測(cè)和觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度三個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科教類(lèi)閱讀，要求考生根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行分析，推理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。3．犇犇閱讀理解

Babieshaveanastonishingtalentthatadultsentirelylose.Bytheageofone,theycanrecognisethesignificantnoisesaroundthemandgroupthemintoalanguage.Whenwehavelostthiscapacityasadults,itbecomesenormouslydifficulttodistinguishbetweensoundsthatareglaringlydifferenttoanativespeaker.ItallsoundsGreektous.Thisisbecausetherangeofpossiblesoundsthathumansusetoconveymeaningmaybeashighas2,000,butfewlanguagesusemorethan100andeventhenthesignificantnoises－thephonemes(音素)ofalanguage－eachcoverarangeofsoundsandsovaguedistinctionswhichwouldchangethemeaningofawordinotherlanguages.

Butwheredothesephonemescomefromandwhydotheyshiftovertime?Newresearchsuggeststhattheapparentlyarbitrarydistributionofsomesoundsaroundtheworldmaybepartiallyexplainedbydiet.Thisisunexpected.We'dratherthinkoflanguageasproductofourthought

ratherthanofthearrangementofourteeth.Inreality,though,anygivenlanguagemustbeboth.

Huntergathererlanguagesveryseldomusethesoundsknownaslabiodentals(唇齒音)－thosesuchasfandv－thataremadebytouchingthelowerlipwiththeupperteeth.OnlytwoofthehundredsofAustralianaboriginallanguagesusethem,forexample.Butinculturesthathavediscoveredfarming,theseconsonants(輔音)aremuchmorecommon.Theargumentgoesthatfarmerseatmorecookedfoodandmoredairythanhuntergatherers.Eitherway,theyneedtochewmushless,andtobitelesswiththeirfrontteeth.Sofarmersgrewupwithsmallerlowerjawsandmoreofanoverbitethantheirancestorswhohadtobitethroughharderfoods.Itbecameeasierforthemtomakethelabiodentalconsonantsinsteadofpurelylabial(唇音)ones:oneexampleisthatfcometotaketheplaceofp.Romanssaid"pater"butEnglishspeakers(unlessthey'reRees－Moggs)say"father".

Beyondtheseparticularchanges,thestoryhighlightsthewayinwhicheverythingdistinctivelyhumanisbothmaterialandspiritual:speechmustcombinesoundandmeaning,andthemeaningcan'texistorbetransmittedwithoutarealobject.Butneithercanitbereducedtothepurelyphysical,asourinabilitytounderstandoreventorecogniseforeignlanguagesmakesclear.Thefoodweeatshapesourjaws,andourjawsinturnshapethesoundsofourlanguage.Theeasewithwhichweeatprobablyshapesourthoughttoo,asanyonewhohassufferedtoothachecouldtestify.Whatweeatmayhaveshapedthesoundsofourlanguage,buthowweeatchangeshowwefeelandwhatweuselanguagetoexpress.Afamilymealisverydifferentfromasandwichattheofficedesk,evenifthecalorieisthesame.FoodhaspurposesandmeaningsfarbeyondkeepingusaliveandpleasingthePalate(味覺(jué)).（1）Comparedwithadults,babiescouldmoreeasily

.A.

createsignificantnoisesB.

classifytheformsofnoisesC.

understandtheGreeklanguageD.

distinguishmeaningfulsounds（2）Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingfactorshelpshapelanguage?A.

Lipsandteeth.

B.

Jobsandhabits.

C.

Ageandregions.

D.

Foodandthinking.（3）Thereasonforfarmers'makingsoundsof"f"and"v"is

.A.

enjoyingmorecookedfoodsB.

bitingmorewithfrontteethC.

constantlychewingharderfoodsD.

growingupwithlagerlowerjaws（4）Bywritingthispassage,theauthorintendstoreveal

.A.

jawshelpshapeourthoughtB.

fooddeterminesourthoughtC.

diethassomeinfluenceonlanguageD.

languageconsistsofsoundandmeaning【答案】（1）D（2）D（3）A（4）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，人們一直以來(lái)認(rèn)為語(yǔ)言是思想的產(chǎn)物，但是有新的研究表明飲食對(duì)于語(yǔ)言也會(huì)產(chǎn)生一些影響。且以f和v的發(fā)音為例，揭示了農(nóng)民們發(fā)"f"和"v"音的原因是他們喜歡吃更多的熟食。同時(shí)這也強(qiáng)調(diào)了人類(lèi)特有的一切都是物質(zhì)和精神的結(jié)合:語(yǔ)言必須把聲音和意義結(jié)合起來(lái)，沒(méi)有真實(shí)的物體，意義就不可能存在或傳播。（1）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段中的“Bytheageofone,theycanrecognizethesignificantnoisesaroundthemandgroupthemintoalanguage.”可知一歲的嬰兒和成人相比更能識(shí)別出周?chē)闹匾曇?，故選D。（2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的“Newresearchsuggeststhattheapparentlyarbitrarydistributionofsomesoundsaroundtheworldmaybepartiallyexplainedbydiet.”可知某些聲音在世界范圍內(nèi)的任意分布，部分可以用飲食來(lái)解釋。本段提到sound和diet是有關(guān)系的,也就是food食物；另外也和思考有關(guān)theproductofthought,本段最后說(shuō)到和兩者都有關(guān)系。故選D。（3）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的“Theargumentgoesthatfamerseatmorecookedfoodandmoredairythanhuntergatherers.”可知農(nóng)民比狩獵采集者吃更多的熟食和奶制品，即農(nóng)民們發(fā)"f"和"v"音的原因是他們喜歡吃更多的熟食。故選A。（4）考查主旨大意。根據(jù)第二段中的“We'dratherthinkoflanguageasproductofourthought,ratherthanofthearrangementofourteeth.Inreality,though,anygivenlanguagemustbeboth.”可知任何一種語(yǔ)言的誕生都必須同時(shí)具備思想和飲食這兩種因素的影響。以及文章內(nèi)容可知敘述的都是日常飲食和發(fā)音對(duì)語(yǔ)言的影響，故選C?！军c(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解和主旨大意兩個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科研類(lèi)閱讀，考生需要準(zhǔn)確掌握細(xì)節(jié)信息，同時(shí)根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行推理，歸納，從而選出正確答案。4．犇犇閱讀理解

"Actingistheleastmysteriousofallcrafts,"MarionBrandooncesaid.Butforscientists,workingoutwhatisgoingoninanactor'sheadhasalwaysbeensomethingofapuzzle.

Now,researchershavesaidactorsshowdifferentpatternsofbrainactivitydependingonwhethertheyareincharacterornot.

DrStevenBrown,fromMcMasterUniversityinCanada,said,"Itlookslikewhenyouareacting,youaresuppressing(壓制)yourself;almostlikethecharacterispossessingyou."

Brownandcolleaguesreporthow15actors,mainlytheatrestudents,weretrainedtotakeonaShakespearerole—eitherRomeoorJuliet—inatheatreworkshop.Theyweretheninvitedintothelaboratory,wheretheirbrainswerescannedinaseriesofexperiments.

OnceinsidetheMRIscanner,theactorswereaskedtoansweranumberofquestions,suchas:wouldtheygototheparty?Andwouldtheytelltheirparentsthattheyhadfalleninlove?

Eachactorwasaskedtorespondtodifferentquestions,basedontwodifferentpremises(前提).Inone,theywereaskedfortheirownperspective,whileintheother,theywereaskedtorespondasthoughtheywereeitherRomeoorJuliet.

Theresultsrevealedthatthebrainactivitydiffereddependingonthesituationbeingtested.Theteamfoundthatwhentheactorswereincharacter,theyusesomethird-personknowledgeorinferencesabouttheircharacter.

Theteamsaidtheyalsofoundadditionalreductioninactivityintworegionsoftheprefrontalcortex(前額皮質(zhì))linkedtothesenseofself,comparedwithwhentheactorswererespondingasthemselves.

However,PhilipDavis,aprofessorattheUniversityofLiverpool,wasunimpressedbytheresearch,sayingactingisaboutfarmorethan"pretending"tobesomeone—itinvolvesembodying(體現(xiàn))thetextandlanguage.（1）HowdidDrBrown'steamconducttheirresearch?A.

Byscanningthebrainactivityofsomeactors.B.

Bydoingasurveywithsometheatregoers.C.

Byinterviewingsometheatreteachers.D.

Byconsultingsomeexperiencedresearchers.（2）WhatisthefindingofDrBrown'sresearch?A.

Actingisnotasmysteriousaspeoplethink.B.

Actors'brainactivitydifferswhentheyareacting.C.

Actingisfarmorethanpretendingtobethecharacter.D.

Actors'brainactivityismoreactivewhentheyareincharacter.（3）HowdidPhilipDavisreacttotheresearch?A.

Hesupportedit.

B.

Hedoubtedit.

C.

Heexplainedit.

D.

Headvocatedit.（4）Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.

Adebateofhowthebrainfunctions.B.

AplaywrittenbyShakespeare.C.

Aresearchonthebrainactivityofactors.D.

Areportofthecooperationofscientistsandactors.【答案】（1）A（2）B（3）B（4）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，介紹了一項(xiàng)對(duì)于演員大腦活動(dòng)的研究?，F(xiàn)在，研究人員表示，演員的大腦活動(dòng)模式不同，取決于他們是否扮演角色。（1）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第五段中的“OnceinsidetheMRIscanner,theactorswereaskedtoansweranumberofquestions,suchas:wouldtheygototheparty?”一旦進(jìn)入核磁共振掃描儀，演員們被要求回答一系列問(wèn)題，比如:他們會(huì)去參加派對(duì)嗎?由此推斷出Brown博士的團(tuán)隊(duì)是通過(guò)掃描一些演員的大腦活動(dòng)進(jìn)行他們的研究的，故選A。（2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段中的“Theresultsrevealedthatthebrainactivitydiffereddependingonthesituationbeingtested.Theteamfoundthatwhentheactorswereincharacter,theyusesomethird-personknowledgeorinferencesabouttheircharacter.”結(jié)果顯示，大腦活動(dòng)的不同取決于所測(cè)試的情境。研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)演員在扮演角色時(shí)，他們會(huì)使用一些第三人稱(chēng)知識(shí)或?qū)巧耐茢?。由此可知Brown博士的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，演員在表演時(shí)大腦活動(dòng)是不同的，故選B。（3）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段中的“However,PhilipDavis,aprofessorattheUniversityofLiverpool,wasunimpressedbytheresearch,sayingactingisaboutfarmorethan‘pretending’

tobesomeone—itinvolvesembodying(體現(xiàn))thetextandlanguage.”然而，利物浦大學(xué)教授PhilipDavis對(duì)這項(xiàng)研究并不以為然。他說(shuō)，表演不僅僅是"假裝"成某個(gè)人，它還包括文本和語(yǔ)言的體現(xiàn)。由此推斷出PhilipDavis對(duì)這項(xiàng)研究持懷疑態(tài)度，故選B。（4）考查主旨大意。第二段中的“Now,researchershavesaidactorsshowdifferentpatternsofbrainactivitydependingonwhethertheyareincharacterornot.”現(xiàn)在，研究人員表示，演員的大腦活動(dòng)模式不同，取決于他們是否扮演角色，是全文的主題句，結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容，可知這篇文章主要介紹了一項(xiàng)對(duì)于演員大腦活動(dòng)的研究，故選C?！军c(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，推理判斷和主旨大意三個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科研類(lèi)閱讀，要求考生在捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行分析，推理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。5．犇犇閱讀理解

Inourtwenties,wefinditfunnywhenwecan'trememberourneighbor'scat'snameorahandsomeactorwhostarredinafamousmovie.Inourthirties,wejokinglycallit"brainfreeze".Inourforties,welaughitoffasa"seniormoment"andfollowupwithoneoftheseoldagejokes.Buttherealityisthattherecomesapointwhenbeingforgetfulstopsbeingfunnyandstartstoseemabitdreadful.Youthink,"AmIlosingit？"Orworse,"IsthisasignofAlzheimer'sdisease（老年癡呆癥）？"

Well,don'tworry.Thefactthatyourecognizeyourownforgetfulnessmaybeaverygoodsign,atleastintermsofthepossibilityofyourdevelopingAlzheimer'sdisease（AD）.Theresearchersinanewstudyshowthatit'snotforgetfulnessbutnotbeingawarethatwe'reforgetfulthatweshouldfear.

TheresearchersbeganwiththeassumptionthatonecommonfeatureofAlzheimer'sdis-easeisadamagedawarenessofillness.Andtheywantedtoprovetheirtheorythatthelackofawarenesscanbeusedtopredictwhethersomeonewith"mildcognitive（認(rèn)知的）damage"willprogresstofull-onAD.Forthestudy,"mildcognitivedamage"wasdefinedassomeonewhosementalstatewasconsideredhealthybutwhohadeithercomplainedofmemorylossorhadsufferedobjectivememoryloss.

Theresearchersusedexistingdatafor1,062peoplebetweentheagesof55and90thathadbeenrecordedovera12-yearperiod.Thedataincludedbrainscans,whichtheresearchersusedtolookforvisualsignsofreducedglucoseuptake（葡萄糖吸收）.ItisanobjectivemarkerofthesortofreducedbrainfunctionthatgoesalongwithAD.Asexpected,glucoseuptakewasreducedinthosewithAD.Whattheresearchersalsodiscoveredwasthatglucoseuptakewasreducedinthosewithmildcognitivedamagewhoalsoshowedevidenceofreducedillnessawareness.Finally,theresearchersfoundthatthosewhohadreducedillnessawarenessweremorelikelytodevelopADthanthosewithout.（1）Whatcanbeimpliedfromparagraph1？A.

Peoplecanbeforgetfulatdifferentages.B.

Thememoryoftheyoungisbetterthantheold.C.

OldpeoplearemostafraidofgettingAlzheimer'sdisease.D.

It'sararephenomenonwhenyoungpeopleforgetsomething.（2）Whatstatementdoestheresearchersinthenewstudyagreewith?A.

Beingawareallthetimeisafearfulthing.B.

IllnessawarenesshasnothingtodowithAlzheimer'sdisease.C.

Recognizingforgetfulnessdoesn'tmeandevelopingAlzheimer'sdisease.D.

RealizingforgetfulnessmustbeasignofdevelopingAlzheimer'sdisease.（3）WhatcanbeasignofdevelopingAlzheimer'sdisease?A.

Realizingothers'forgetfulness.

B.

Reduceduptakeofglucose.C.

Havinghigherintakeofglucose.

D.

Expectedincreaseinbrainfunction.（4）Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?A.

Sciencefiction.

B.

Achemistrybook.

C.

Ascienceresearch.

D.

Ahealthbrochure.【答案】（1）A（2）C（3）B（4）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，介紹了如何預(yù)測(cè)你的記憶喪失是否是老年癡呆癥,

一項(xiàng)新的研究表明，不是遺忘，而是沒(méi)有意識(shí)到我們的健忘讓人們感到害怕。（1）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段中的“

Inourtwenties,wefinditfunnywhenwecan'trememberourneighbor'scat'snameorahandsomeactorwhostarredinafamousmovie.Inourthirties,wejokinglycallit‘brainfreeze’Inourforties,welaughitoffasa‘seniormoment’andfollowupwithoneoftheseoldagejokes.Buttherealityisthattherecomesapointwhenbeingforgetfulstopsbeingfunnyandstartstoseemabitdreadful.

”在二十多歲的時(shí)候，當(dāng)我們記不起鄰居的貓的名字或是主演一部著名電影的英俊演員時(shí)，我們覺(jué)得很有趣。在三十多歲的時(shí)候，我們開(kāi)玩笑地稱(chēng)它為“大腦凍結(jié)”，在四十多歲的時(shí)候，我們把它當(dāng)作“老年時(shí)期”來(lái)嘲笑，然后繼續(xù)講這些老年笑話(huà)。但現(xiàn)實(shí)是，有這樣的時(shí)候，健忘不再有趣，而且看起來(lái)有點(diǎn)可怕，可推知選A。（2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的“Thefactthatyourecognizeyourownforgetfulnessmaybeaverygoodsign,atleastintermsofthepossibilityofyourdevelopingAlzheimer'sdisease（AD）”承認(rèn)自己的健忘也許是一個(gè)很好的跡象，至少?gòu)哪慊祭夏臧V呆癥,的可能性來(lái)看，可知選C。（3）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第四段中的“ItisanobjectivemarkerofthesortofreducedbrainfunctionthatgoesalongwithAD.Asexpected,glucoseuptakewasreducedinthosewithAD.”這是一個(gè)患有老年癡呆癥降低了腦功能的客觀標(biāo)志。正如所料，老年癡呆癥患者的葡萄糖吸收降低，故選B。（4）考查推理判斷。縱觀全文可知，是一項(xiàng)科學(xué)研究，介紹了如何預(yù)測(cè)你的記憶喪失是否是老年癡呆癥,

故選C。【點(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷兩個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科研類(lèi)閱讀，考生需要準(zhǔn)確掌握細(xì)節(jié)信息，并根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行邏輯推理，從而選出正確答案。6．犇犇Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.

Escapingpredators(食肉動(dòng)物),digestionandotheranimalactivities—includingthoseofhumans—requireoxygen.Butthatessentialingredientisnolongersoeasyformarinelifetoobtain,severalnewstudiesreveal.

Inthepastdecadeoceanoxygenlevelshavetakenadive—analarmingtrendthatislinkedtoclimatechange,saysAndreasOschlies,anoceanographerattheHelmholtzCenterforOceanResearchinGermany,whoseteamtracksoceanoxygenlevelsworldwide."Weweresurprisedbytheintensityofthechangeswesaw,howrapidlyoxygenisgoingdownintheoceanandhowlargetheeffectsonmarineecosystemsare,"hesays.Itisnosurprisetoscientiststhatwarmingoceansarelosingoxygen,butthescaleofthedropcallsforurgentattention.Oxygenlevelsinsometropical(熱帶的)regionshavedroppedbyanastonishing40percentinthelast50years,somerecentstudiesreveal.Levelshavedroppedlesssignificantlyelsewhere,withanaveragelossof2percentglobally.

Awarmingoceanlosesoxygenfortworeasons:First,thewarmeraliquidbecomes,thelessgasitcanhold.Thatiswhycarbonateddrinksgoflatfasterwhenleftinthesun.Second,aspolarseaicemelts,itformsalayerofwaterabovecolder,moresaltyseawaters.Thisprocesscreatesasortoflidthatcankeepcurrentsfrommixingsurfacewaterdowntodeeperdepths.Andbecausealloxygenentersthesurface,lessmixingmeanslessofitatdepth.

Oceananimalslargeandsmall,however,respondtoevenslightchangesinoxygenbyseekingrefugeinhigheroxygenzonesorbyadjustingbehavior,Oschliesandothersinhisfieldhavefound.Theseadjustmentscanexposeanimalstonewpredatorsorforcethemintofood-scarceregions.Climatechangealreadyposesseriousproblemsformarinelife,suchasoceanacidification,butdeoxygenationisthemostpressingissuefacingseaanimalstoday,Oschliessays.Afterall,hesays,"theyallhavetobreathe."

Asidefromfoodwebproblems,animalsfacevariousotherphysiologicalchallengesastheirbodiesadjusttoloweroxygenlevels.Chineseshrimp(蝦)movetheirtailslessvigorouslytopreserveenergyinloweroxygenenvironments.Somecreatures,suchasjellyfishes,aremoretolerantoflowoxygenthanothersare.Butallanimalswillfeeltheimpactofdeoxygenationbecausetheyallhaveevolvedtheiroxygencapacityforareason,saysOschlies."Anydropinoxygenisgoingtodamagesurvivabilityandperformance,"hesays.（1）Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,whatworriesscientiststhemost?A.

Theworseningdeoxygenationinthewarmingocean.B.

Thesurvivalofpredatorsandvariousmarineanimals.C.

Thealarminglychangeableoxygenlevelsintheocean.D.

Thelackofattentiontothewarmingoftropicaloceans.（2）Whichofthefollowingisareasonfortheoxygenlossintheocean?A.

Polaricemeltingconsumesmuchoxygenintheocean.B.

Globalwarmingreducestheamountofoxygenintheair.C.

Thesurfacepolaricewaterpreventsoxygengoingdown.D.

Saltywaterholdslessgasintheincreasinglywarmerocean.（3）Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.

Oceandeoxygenationchangessomeanimals'naturalterritories.B.

Oceanacidificationismoreseriousaproblemthandeoxygenation.C.

Notalloceananimalsarebotheredbythedecreasingoxygenlevels.D.

Someanimalsreducetheirmovementsinordertoabsorbmoreoxygen.（4）Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.

TheOxygenLevelsofMarineLife

B.

OceanWarmingAffectsFoodWebC.

TheSurvivabilityofOceanAnimals

D.

TheOceanIsRunningOutofBreath【答案】（1）A（2）C（3）A（4）D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，介紹了海洋氧含量下降是一個(gè)與氣候變化有關(guān)的令人擔(dān)憂(yōu)的趨勢(shì)。同時(shí)介紹了海洋氧含量下降的原因以及對(duì)海洋生物的影響和對(duì)其生存的威脅。（1）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的"Itisnosurprisetoscientiststhatwarmingoceansarelosingoxygen,butthescaleofthedropcallsforurgentattention.Oxygenlevelsinsometropical(熱帶的)regionshavedroppedbyanastonishing40percentinthelast50years,somerecentstudiesreveal.Levelshavedroppedlesssignificantlyelsewhere,withanaveragelossof2percentglobally."可知，對(duì)于科學(xué)家來(lái)說(shuō)，變暖的海洋正在失去氧氣并不奇怪，但這種下降的規(guī)模需要緊急關(guān)注。一些最近的研究表明，在過(guò)去的50年里，一些熱帶地區(qū)的氧氣含量下降了驚人的40%。其他地區(qū)的降幅較小，全球平均降幅為2%。所以根據(jù)前兩段，科學(xué)家最擔(dān)心的是變暖的海洋中日益惡化的脫氧現(xiàn)象。故選A。（2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的"aspolarseaicemelts,itformsalayerofwaterabovecolder,moresaltyseawaters.Thisprocesscreatesasortoflidthatcankeepcurrentsfrommixingsurfacewaterdowntodeeperdepths.Andbecausealloxygenentersthesurface,lessmixingmeanslessofitatdepth."可知，當(dāng)極地海冰融化時(shí)，它會(huì)在更冷、更咸的海水上形成一層水。這個(gè)過(guò)程會(huì)形成一種冰蓋，它可以防止水流將地表水混合到海洋更深的深度。因?yàn)樗械难鯕舛歼M(jìn)入了表面，所以較少的與海洋水的混合意味著更深的海洋含氧量更少。所以表面的極地冰水阻止氧氣下沉是海洋缺氧的原因之一。故選C。（3）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的"Oceananimalslargeandsmall,however,respondtoevenslightchangesinoxygenbyseekingrefugeinhigheroxygenzonesorbyadjustingbehavior,Oschliesandothersinhisfieldhavefound.Theseadjustmentscanexposeanimalstonewpredatorsorforcethemintofood-scarceregions."可知，然而，Oschlies和他所在領(lǐng)域的其他人發(fā)現(xiàn)，無(wú)論大小，海洋動(dòng)物對(duì)氧氣的微小變化都有反應(yīng)，它們?cè)谳^高的含氧區(qū)尋求庇護(hù)，或是調(diào)整行為。這些調(diào)整可能使動(dòng)物暴露在新的掠食者面前，或迫使它們進(jìn)入食物匱乏的地區(qū)。所以海洋中氧含量減少迫使動(dòng)物離開(kāi)自己的棲息地，去氧氣含量較高的地區(qū)尋求庇護(hù)。故判斷出海洋脫氧改變了一些動(dòng)物的自然領(lǐng)地。故選A。（4）考查主旨大意。通讀全文可知，短文說(shuō)明了海洋氧含量下降是一個(gè)與氣候變化有關(guān)的令人擔(dān)憂(yōu)的趨勢(shì)，海洋氧含量下降的原因以及對(duì)海洋生物的影響和對(duì)其生存的威脅。所以短文主要是圍繞著海洋氧含量下降而展開(kāi)的。故短文的最佳標(biāo)題為"海洋快喘不過(guò)氣來(lái)了"符合題意。故選D?！军c(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，推理判斷和主旨大意三個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇環(huán)保類(lèi)閱讀，要求考生在捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行分析，推理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。7．閱讀理解

NASAhasanewjoblisting,andit'snojoke.TheUSspaceagencyislookingfora"joker"tojointheirplannedmissiontoMars.

AmissiontoMarsisnolaughingmatter.Onaverage,theredplanetis140millionmiles(225millionkilometers)awayfromEarth.Atriptherewouldtakearoundeightmonthsinasmallspacecraft.AndMarshasacommunicationsdelayof20minutes.Thismeansthatastronautswillhavetowait20minutesforareply,whenanemergencyhappens.

"Whenyou'relivingwithothersinaconfinedspaceforalongperiodoftime,suchasonamissiontoMars,problemsarelikelytooccur,"JeffreyJohnson,ascientistattheUniversityofFlorida,toldTheGuardian.

ThisisprobablywhyNASAwantsanastronautwithasenseofhumor."Thesearepeoplethathavetheabilitytopulleveryonetogether,"Johnsonsaid.

Instressfulsituations,perhapshumorisawaytoknowwearen'talone.Bylaughingtogether,weshareourstress.Thenwecanfocusonourjobsinsteadofjustworrying.

Thereareotherexamplesofteam"clowns".OneexampleisthejourneytotheSouthPoleledbyNorwegianexplorerRoaldAmundsen.Itwasadifficultjourneyfullofdanger.AdolfLindstrom,acookatAmundsen'steam,wasa"clown".Hemadepeoplelaughthroughthewholejourney.AmundsenlaterwrotethatLindstromwasthe