專題04閱讀理解之說明文12篇

［經(jīng)典基礎(chǔ)題?

（23-24高一上?福建?期末）Thankstoitsproximity（鄰近）toEngland,itssuccessfultourismindustryand

itsmulticulturalpopulation,EdinburghisquiteaspecialcityinScotland.

Edinburghsimplymakesitwithcultureduringitslongholidayseason.Itisnotjusiitsfamousfestivalsin

thesuminerbutitsChristmasandHogmanay（除夕）celebrations,whichfillthecitywithtouristsfromalloverthe

world.Alongwiththetourists,Edir.burghhaslotsofstudents.Theybringenergyandvarietytothecultureofthe

city.Althoughthiscanbeoverwhelming（令人不知所措）attimes,ifyouopenyourarmstothegoodthatitbrings

youcangetsomuchoutofthecity.

TheCyclingGardenersareapartofthelocalcommunity.Bybeingtotallydependentonbikesfbrtransport,

wcarclimitedtoworkingwithinthecitycentre.Wchavemadelifezbiteasieronourselvesbyusingelectricbikes,

andweoftenbeatcarsintrafficandhavenoproblemfindingplacetcpark.

Wehaveagreatcollectiveteamspiritwhichisveryimportant.WheneveryougotherefromMayto

September,youwilllikelymeetbothsunshineandrain.Butthewetweathercanbedealtwithbyhelpingeach

otherout,spendingtimeinthemanylocalcafes,catchingupwithyourfriendsandhavingagooddiscussionabout

therain!

WithoutdoubtmyfavouriteplaceinEdinburghistheMeadowsPark.Iwasborninthehospitaloverlooking

itandgrewupinbuildingsaroundit.Muchofmychildhooddayswerespentthere.Imetmywifethereanditis

whereItakemyyoungsontoplay.Ihavethehappiestmemoriesofbuildingsnowmenwhenthesnowcomesdown.

IreallyhopethatthiswinterbringsgoodsnowsoIcanreviewmyownchildhoodwithmyson!

1.WhatdoesEdinburghattractvisitorsmost?

A.Itssuccessfulindustry.B.Itsfamousfestivals.

C.Itsrainyseasons.D.Itsbeautifulview.

2.Comparedwithdrivingcars,what'stheadvantagesofridingelectricbikesfbrCyclingGardeners?

A.Speed.B.Comfort.

C.Convenience.D.Expense.

3.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase^catchingup“inparagraph4mean?

A.Gettingup.B.Meetingup.

C.Showingup.D.Pickingup.

4.WhyistheMeadowsParktheauthor'sfavoriteplaceinEdinburgh?

A.Hehasgoodmemoriesthere.B.Hewasbornthere.

C.Heplayedwithhisyoungsonthere.D.Hemethiswifethere.

【答案】1.B2.C3.B4.A

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文.由于毗鄰英格蘭、成功的旅游業(yè)和多元文化的人口，愛丁堡是蘇格蘭一個相當(dāng)

特殊的城市。文章對其進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)介紹。

1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二句"ItisnotjustitsfamousfestivalsinthesummerbutitsChristmasand

Hogmanay（除夕）celebrations,whichfillthecitywithtouristsfromallovertheworld.（這里不僅有夏季著名的節(jié)

F1,還有圣誕節(jié)和新年慶?；顒?，這些活動吸引了來自世界各地的游客。戶可知，愛丁堡最吸引游客的是其

著名的節(jié)口。故詵B。

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句"Wehavemadelifeabiteasieronourselvesbyusingelectricbikes,andwe

oftenbeatcarsintrafficandhavenoproblemfindingplacetopark.（通過使用電動自行車，我們讓自己的生活變

得更輕松，而且我們經(jīng)常在交通中擊敗汽車，找地方停車也沒有問題。）“可知，與開車相比，騎電動自行車

對自行車愛好者來說更方便。故選C。

3.詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句中的“andhavingagooddiscussionabouttherain!（好好討論了一下下雨

的事）"和“spendingtimeinthemanylocalcafes（在當(dāng)?shù)氐目Х瑞^消磨時間）”可知,此處是指和朋友小聚，所以

catchup意為“朋友小聚故選B>

4.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段"Iwasbominthehospitaloverlookingitandgrewupinbuildingsaroundit.Much

ofmychildhooddayswerespentthere.ImetmywifethereanditiswhereItakemyyoungsontoplay.Ihavethe

happiestmemoriesofbuildingsnowmenwhenthesnowcomesdown.（我出生在俯瞰它的醫(yī)院里，在它周圍的建

筑里長大。我童年的大部分時光都是在那里度過的。我在那里遇到了我的妻子，我?guī)е夷暧椎膬鹤尤ツ?/p>

里玩。下雪的時候堆雪人是我最快樂的回憶。廠可知，因為在梅多斯公園有很多作者美好的回憶，所以那里

是作者在愛丁堡最喜歡的地方。故選A。

（23-24高一上?福建?期末）Roadkillisaworldwideproblem.Everyyear:About340millionbirdsarekilled

onroadsintheUnitedStates;around9millionmammals（哺乳動物）ofaveragesizearekilledonBrazilianroads;

andChinaisnoexception.

Todealwiththis,astudyof“roadkiH“hasbeenconductedbyProfessorLiZhongqiuandhisteamfrom

NanjingUniversity.ThestudywasconductedinNanjing,whichhasmorethan9,700kmotwell-builtroads.Liand

histeammatesran26roadkillmoni:oring（監(jiān)測）activitiesover224.27kmofroads,totaling5,831kmduringthe

researchperiod.Thenineroadschosenfbrtheteam'sresearchweremonitoredeverytwoweeksoverthecourseof

ayear.

Theteamrecordedatotalof293deadbodies.Amongthem,birdsmadeupnearlyhalfthetotal.Asamain

birdspeciesinEastChina,blackbirdsareusuallyattractedbyfliesorotherinsectstodeadbodiesofroadkillalong

theroads.^Specifically,cats,dogsandblackbirdswerethethreemostcommonlykilledanimals,nLisaid."This

maybeduetothelargenumberofhomelesscatsanddogsincityareas.Petsthrownoutoftheirhomesaremore

likelytorunintotraffic.”

Accordingtothereport,roadkillhappenedalotfromMaytoSeptember.Theanimal'increasedreproductive

（生殖）activityinsummerandautumnisapossiblereason.Besides,roadkillissuesalsotoppedinNovemberand

Januaty.Thismaybeduetotheneedtosearchfbrfoodduringwinterwhenfoodresourcesarcfew,Lisaid.

“Thereisnodoubtthatroadkillhascontributedtothedecreaseofanimalpopulationsandmustbetaken

seriously/5Lisaid."Wecallonrelateddepartmentstotakemeasuressuchasspeedlimitsandnecessarytraffic

controlsduringtopperiodsofanimalactivities.Foranimalssuchascatsanddogsthatusuallyusetheroads,fences

canpreventthemfromenteringtraffic.”

1.Whatisparagraph1ofthetextmainlyabout?

A.Thepurposeofthestudy.B.Themethodofrhestudy.

C.Theresultofthestudy.D.Thebackgroundofthestudy.

2.Howoftenwerethechosenroadsmonitoredduringaresearchyear?

A.Onceeverytwoweeks.B.Onceaweek.

C.Threetimeseverytwoweeks.D.Twiceaweek.

3.WhatisthepossiblereasonwhyroadkillaccidentshappenthemostinNovemberandJanuary?

A.Largeanimalbirthrate.B.Busiertraffic.

C.Fewtrafficcontrols.D.Animals'demandforIbod.

4.WhatcanpolicymakersdotoreducecatroadkillincidentsaccordingtoProfessorLi?

A.Havingspeedlimits.B.Takingtrafficcontrols.

C.Buildingfences.D.Settingwarningsigns.

【答案】1.D2.A3.D4.C

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了動物道路死亡的現(xiàn)象，為了解決這個問題，南京大學(xué)的李忠秋

animalsinthewatertoeat.Morecver,indryseasons,watermightdryup,butfloodshelprefillthewetlands,

keepingtheecosystemgoing.

Floodsarcapartofnature.Theycandestroylivingthingsandtheenvironment.Butsomeecosystemsneed

floodstosunive.

I.Whal'sthepossiblemeaningoftheunderlinedword“clog"inParagraph2?

A.Become.B.Pollute.C.Block.D.Develop.

2.Howdofloodshelpecosystems?

A.Nutrientscarriedbyfloodscanmakesoilricher.

B.Floodsmakealltheanimalsmigratemoreeasily.

C.Tinyfishgoingwithfloodsfeedsomeanimals.

D.Floodscanimprovethedirtandhelpplantsgrow.

3.What'sthemainideaofParagraph3?

A.Thewayinwhichfloodsfeedanimals.B.Thebenefitsoffloodstoecosystems.

C.Aneffectivemeansofimprovingsoil.D.Thereasonfbrpeople'sappreciatingfloods.

4.What'sthebesttitleofthisarticle?

A.TheBadEffectsofFloodingB.TheSecretofFlooding

C.Floods-ADisastertoHumansD.Floods—APartofNature

【答案】1.C2.A3.B4.D

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了洪水的好處和壞處，指出洪水是自然的一部分，維持生態(tài)平衡。

1.詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞上文"Toomuchdirtwill”以及后文"riversandstreams,preventingtheriverfrom

flowing”可知，太多的污垢會堵塞河流和小溪，阻止河流流動。故劃線詞意思是“堵塞”。故選C。

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Sometimestheybringnewlifetoecosystems.Floodwaterscarrynutrientstothe

nearbyland.Overlime,thewalerdriesupandleavesbehindparticles（微粒）ofdirtandmud.Thuparticlesarc

calledsediment（沉淀物）whichcanbegoodduetoitsabilitytoimprovethedirtandhelpplantsgrow.（有時它們

會給生態(tài)系統(tǒng)帶來新的生命。洪水把養(yǎng)分帶到附近的土地上。隨著時間的推移，水干涸了，留下了灰塵和

泥漿顆粒。這些顆粒被稱為沉積物，因為它能改善土壤，幫助植物生長）”可知，洪水?dāng)y帶的養(yǎng)分可以使土壤

更肥沃，從而幫助生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選A。

3.旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段“However,noteverythingaboutfloodsisbad.Sometimestheybringnewlifeto

ecosystems.l;loodwaterscarrynutrientstothenearbyland.Overtime,thewaterdriesupandleavesbehind

particles（微粒）ofdirtandmud.Theparticlesarecalledsediment（沉淀物）whichcanbegoodduetoitsabilityto

improvethedirtandhelpplantsgrow.Floodsarcimportanttosomeanimalsaswell.Forinstance,someanimals

seefloodsasasignthatitistimetomateormigrate.Floodsleavesedimentonriverbedswherebabyfishcangrow

andcarrynutrientsfbrsmallanimalsinthewatertoeat.Moreover,indryseasons,watermightdryup,butfloods

helprefillthewetlands,keepingtheecosystemgoing.（然而，并非所有關(guān)于洪水的事情都是不好的.有時它們會

給生態(tài)系統(tǒng)帶來新的生命。洪水把養(yǎng)分帶到附近的土地上。隨著時間的推移，水干涸了，留下了灰塵和泥

漿顆粒。這些顆粒被稱為沉積物，因為它能改善土壤，幫助植物生長。洪水對一些動物也很重要。例如，

一些動物把洪水看作是交配或遷徙的信號。洪水在河床上留下沉積物，幼魚可以在河床上生長，并攜帶營

養(yǎng)物質(zhì)供水中的小動物食用。此外，在干旱季節(jié)，水可能會干涸，但洪水有助于補充濕地，保持生態(tài)系統(tǒng)

的運轉(zhuǎn)戶可知，第三段的主旨是洪水對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的好處。故選B。

4.主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后?段“Floodsarcapartofnature.Theycandestroylivingthingsandtheenvironment.

Butsomeecosystemsneedfloodstosurvive」洪水是自然的一部分。它們會破壞牛物和環(huán)境。但有些牛態(tài)系統(tǒng)

需要洪水才能生存戶結(jié)合文章主要說明了洪水的好處和壞處，指出洪水是自然的一部分，維持生態(tài)平衡?？?/p>

知，D選項“洪水——自然的一部分”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選D。

（23-24高一上?江蘇泰州?期末）Thoseofuswhoshoponlinemayscancustomerreviewstogetabetter

senseofproductswecan'tjudgefbrourselvesataphysicalstore.Wemaycheckoutonlinetestimonialsbefore

bookingahaircutorvisitinganewrestaurant.Butwhathappensifsemeofthosereviewscan'tbetrusted?

TheFederalTradeCommission（FTC）recentlyannounced:hatitwasproposingnewmeasurestocrack

downonfakereviewsandotherpracticesusedtomisleadconsumers.Thecommissionpublishedaproposedrule

thatwouldprohibitcompaniesfromwritingorsellingfakereviews,buyingpositivereviews,suppressingnegative

reviewsandmore.

“Ourproposedruleonfakereviewsshowsthatwe'reusingallavailablemeanstoattackdeceptive

advertisinginthedigitalage,“SamuelLevine,directoroftheFTC'sBureauofConsumerProtection,saidina

staiuiiiuni.

Researchshowspeopleover,vhelminglyconsultonlinereviews,buthumansarealsobadattellingwhich

consumerreviewsholdwaterandwhicharenonsense.

That'spotentiallyworrisomegiventhatnearlyoneineverythreereviewsisfake,accordingtoone

estimate.Inarguingfbrtheprcposal,theFTCcitedenforcementactionsithadtakenagainstcompaniesthat

manipulatedreviewsoftheirproducts.

in2022,fbrexample,thecommissionforcedtheonlineretailerbashionNovatopayS4.2milliontosettle

allegations（指控）thatitblockednegativereviewsfrombeingpostedonitswebsite—thefirstFTCaction

involvingacompany'sefforttohidenegativereviews.Foritspart.FashionNovasaidinastatementtoTheNew

YorkTimesthattheFTC'sallegationswere“inaccurate”andthatitonlysettledthechargestoavoid4tthcdistraction

andlegalfeesM.

Commentsontheproposedrulehavetobereceivedwithin60daysofitspublicationintheFederalRegister,

afterwhichtheFTCwilldecidewhethertoissuearevisedfinalversion.

1.WhatisthemainpurposeoftheFTC*sproposedrule?

A.Toimprovethequalityofproductsandservices.

B.Toprotecttheinterestsofphysicalstores.

C.Tobannegativereviewsfromonlineplatforms.

D.Toensuretruereviewsarcpresentedtocustomers.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“holdwater'inParagraph4mostprobablymean?

A.Becredible.B.Beprejudiced.C.Beofficial.D.Bemisleading.

3.WhywasFashionNovaforcedtopay$4.2millioninasettlementin2022?

A.Todeletenegativereviewsofitsproducts.

B.Topostcustomerreviewsonitswebsite.

C.Toresolveallegationsofdeceptiveadvertising.

D.Topreventitfromfacingfurthercriticismandlegalfees.

4.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheproposedrule?

A.Itiswell-received.B.Itisstillunderreview.

C.Ithasproventobeeffective.D.Ithasencounteredopposition.

【答案】1.D2.A3.C4.B

【導(dǎo)語】這是篇說明文。文章主要介紹了美國聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會發(fā)布了項建議規(guī)則，禁止公司撰寫或銷

售虛假評論，購買正面評論，壓制負(fù)面評論，并打擊虛假評論和其它誤導(dǎo)消費者的行為。

I.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“TheFederalTradeCommission(FTC)recentlyannouncedthatitwasproposing

newmeasurestocrackdownonfakereviewsandotherpracticesusedtomisleadconsumers.(美國聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員

會(FTC)最近宣布，將提出新措施，打擊虛假評論和其他誤導(dǎo)消費者的做法)“可知，聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會擬議規(guī)

則的主要目的是確保向客戶提供真實的評論。故選D項。

2.詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第四段中“Researchshowspeopleoverwhelminglyconsultonlinereviews,buthumansarc

alsobadattelling（研究表明，絕大多數(shù)人會查閱網(wǎng)上評論，但人類也不善于分辨）“以及“whicharenonsense（哪

些是胡說八道）''可知，此處為人類也不善于分辨哪些消費者評論站得住腳，哪些是胡說八道。由此猜測，劃

線短語holdwater為“站得住腳，可信的”意思，與A項Becredible（是可信的）意思一致。故選A項。

3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“In2022,forexample,thecommissionforcedtheonlineretailerFashionNova

topay$4.2milliontosettleallegations（指控）thatitblockednegativereviewsfrombeingpostedonitswebsite—

thefirstFTCactioninvolvingacompany'sefforttohidenegativereviews.（例如，在2022年，委員會迫使在線零

售商FashionNova支付420萬美元。該公司被指控阻止負(fù)面評論在其網(wǎng)站上發(fā)布——這是FTC首次針對一

家公司隱瞞負(fù)面評論的行為采取行動）“可知，F(xiàn)ashionNova在2022年被迫支付420萬美元的和解金是為了

解決關(guān)于欺騙性廣告的指控。故選C項。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段"Commentsontheproposedrulehavetobereceivedwithin60daysofits

publicationintheFederalRegister,afterwhichtheFTCwilldecidev/hethertoissuearevisedfinalversion.（對擬

議規(guī)則的評論必須在《聯(lián)邦公報》（FederalRegister）公布后60天內(nèi)收到，之后FTC將決定是否發(fā)布修訂后

的最終版本）”可推知，關(guān):擬議的規(guī)則仍在審查中。故選B項。

（23-24高一上?廣東惠州,期末）Therearethousandsoflanguagesintheworld.Butwhichlanguageisthe

oldest?Expertsusedifferentmethodstofindouttheageofalanguage.

Findingtheoldestlanguageisachallengingtask,accordingtoDannyHiebcr,anexpertinthestudyof

endangeredlanguages.t4Ifwcthinkthatmostlanguagescandatebacktoanoriginalhumanlanguage,alllanguages

areequallyold,"Hiebersaid.However,it'$impossibletofindoutsuchlanguagethedirectancestorofevery

languageintheworld.Accordingly,someexpertsbelievethatthe"oldestlanguage”shouldbelongtoonewitha

well-establishedwrittenrecord.

Manyoftheearliestrecordedexamplesofwritingcomefromlanguagesthatusedcuneifbmiscript（楔形文

字）.AmongtheselanguagesareSumerianandAkkadian,bothdatingbackatleast4,600years.Expertshavealso

foundEgyptianhieroglyphsthatdatetoaroundthesamehistoricalperiod.Thesehieroglyphs,whichcanbe

Irar.slalcdinlo“HehasunilcdliiuTwoLandslorhissun.DualKingPcribscnJarcconsideredtheearliestcoinpiclu

sentenceeverdiscovered.

ExpertsgenerallyagreethatSumerian,AkkadianandEgyptianaretheoldestlanguageswithaclearwritten

record.Allthreeareextinct,meaningthattheyarenolongerusedanddon'thaveanylivingfollowerswhichcan

carrythelanguagetothenextgeneration.

Asfbrtheoldestlanguagethatisstillspoken,severalcompetitorsappear.HebrewandArabicstandoutamong

suchlanguagestbrhavingtimelinesthatexpertscanreasonablyfind,accordingtoHicbcr.Althoughtheseearliest

writtenlanguagesonlydatebackaround3,000years,Hiebersaid,“bothofthembelongtotheAfroasiaticlanguage

family,whoserootsdatebackto18,000to8,000B.C.E.,orabout20,000to10,000yearsago.”Evenwiththis

wideperiodoftime,itiswidelyacceptedthatAfroasiaticistheoldestlanguagefamily.Buttheexactpointintime

whenHebrewandArabicseparatedfromotherAfroasiaticlanguagesisheavilydebatedamongexperts.

I.Howdoexpertsdeterminetheageofalanguage?

A.Bystudyingitsspokendialects.B.Byanalyzingitsbasicgrammar.

C.Byexaminingitswrittenrecords.D.Bycomparingittootherlanguages.

2.WhatisthevalueoftheEgyptianhieroglyphs?

A.They'reanexampleofcureifbrmscript.B.TheybelongtotheAfroasiaticlanguage.

C.Theyprovideevidenceoftheoldestlanguage.D.They'retheearliest-knowncompletesentences.

3.Whatdocstheunderlinedword“extinct”inparagraph4mean?

A.GoneB.Ancient.C.Outdated.D.Active.

4.WhatisthemaindisagreementamongexpertsregardingHebrewandArabic?

A.Thereasonfbrtheirstandingout.B.Theexacttimeoftheirseparation.

C.Theappearanceoftheircompetitors.D.Therootsofearliestwrittenlanguages.

【答案】1.C2.D3.A4.B

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文.文章主要說明了專家是如何確定語言的年齡的以及?些已經(jīng)滅絕了的古老語言.

1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Accordingly,someexpertsbelievethatthe"oldestlanguage55shouldbelongtoone

withawell-establishedwrittenrecord.（因此，一些專家認(rèn)為，“最古老的語言”應(yīng)該屬于具有完善書面記錄的語

言廣可知，專家通過審查書面記錄來確定一種語言的年齡。故選C。

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Thesehieroglyphs,whichcanbetranslatedinto“HehasunitedtheTwoLandsforhis

son,DualKingPcribscnJarcconsideredtheearliestcompletesentenceeverdiscovered.（這些象形文字可以翻譯

成“他為他的兒了——雙王佩里布森統(tǒng)了兩塊工地“，被認(rèn)為是迄今為止發(fā)現(xiàn)的最早的完整句了）“可知，埃

及象形文字的價值在于是已知最早的完整句子。故選D。

3.詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞后文“meaningthattheyarenolongerusedanddorTthaveanylivingfollowerswhich

cancarrythelanguagetothenextgeneration”可知，這三種語言不再被使用，也沒有任何活著的追隨者可以把

這種語言傳給下一代，即這三種語言都消失了。故劃線詞意思是“消失了的“。故選A。

4.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“ButtheexactpointintimewhenIlebrewandArabicseparatedfromother

Afroasiaticlanguagesisheavilydebatedamongexperts.（但是，希伯來居和阿拉伯語從具他亞非語言中分離出來

的確切時間點在專家之間存在激烈的爭論廣可知，專家們對希伯來語和阿拉伯語的主要分歧是它們分離出來

的確切時間。故選B。

（23-24高一上?廣東茂名?期末）Whenyouarcakid,gainingabestfriendforevercanhappeninasingle

playdate.Butwhenyougrowuptobeanadult,makingandmaintainingfriendshipsgetsharder.Sohowmuch

qualitytime（優(yōu)J貢時光）doyouneedbeforethatstrangerbecomesyourfriend?Anewstudyrecentlyfoundthat,on

average,ittakesabout50hourswithsomeonebeforeyouconsiderthemacasual（感情不深的）fr:end,about90

hoursbeforeyoubecomerealfriends,andabout200hourstobecomeclosefriends.

Thestudy'sauthorJeffreyHall,acommunicationsprofessor,invitedadultswhoareeagertomakefriendsto

takepartintwoexperiments—peoplewhohadjustmovedtoanewcityinthepastsixmonthsandcollege

freshmen.Heaskedthemtorateandtrackthedegreeofclosenessandtimespenttogetherwithanewperson.

“Resultssuggestthatthechanceofchangingfromcasualfriendtorealfriendisgreaterthan50%afteraround

80-100hourstogether,saidHall.

Thestudyfoundthattheamountoftimespenttalkingtogether,orthefactthatyouspenttimeatschoolor

workwiththem,wasunrelatedtofriendshipcloseness.*'Itisreallyeasytospendalotoftimewithpeopleasthey

areroutinelyinthesameplaceatthesametimeasyouJHallsaid."However,mystudyshowsyoucanhave

workmatesyouspendhundredsandhundredsofhourswithandstillnotdevelopafriendship.^^

Youdonotneedtobecomebestfriendswithyourworkmatesiodevelopmeaningfulrelationshipswiththem.

Butforthoseofushopingtochangefrom“girlwhoIeatlunchatworkwith''to4ifriendIcandependon,“Hall

suggeststhatyouneedtotaketherelationshipoutoftheworkplacefbritlobecomeafriendship.Theparticipants

whodidactivitiesoutsideofworkwithsomeone,suchasbeinginvitedtohavelunchintheirhome,weremore

likelytodevelopdeeperrelationshipswiththem.

1.Whatisthenewstudymainlyabout?

A.Waysofmakingfriendsinanewenvironment.B.Whypeopleneedtomakedifferentfriends.

C.DiffcrunllevelsofIriciidskip.D.Howlongitlakeslodevelopairiundship.

2.Whatdoweknowabouttheparticipantsinthestudy?

A.Theykneweachotherbefore.B.Theyhaddifficjltyinmakingnewfriends.

C.Theywereingreatneedoffriends.D.Theystartedtheirnewlifeinthesamecity.

3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword''routinely"probablymeaninparagraph3?

A.Usually.B.Actively.C.Seldom.D.Confidently.

4.WhichcanhelppeoplebuilddeeperrelationshipswithworkmatesaccordingtoHall?

A.Joiningthesameworkteam.B.Havinglunchatworkwiththem.

C.Invitingthemtoyourhomeafterwork.D.Sharingworkexperiencewitheachother.

【答案】1.D2.C3.A4.C

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹的是科學(xué)告訴我們一個成年人需要多長時間才能交到一個新朋友，

并且建議要想發(fā)展成為朋友需要將這種關(guān)系帶出工作場所。

1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的'Anewstudyrecentlyfoundthat,onaverage,ittakesabout50hourswith

someonebeforeyouconsiderthemacasual（感情不深的）friend,about90hoursbeforeyoubecomerealfriends,

andabout200hourstobecomeclosefriends.（最近的一項新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，平均來說，和一個人在一起大約50個

小時后，你就會把他們當(dāng)作普通朋友，大約90個小時后，你就會成為真正的朋友，大約200個小時后，你

就會成為親密的朋友。戶可知，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)與?個人在??起大約50小時會成為普通朋友，相處大約9（）個小時

會戌為真正的朋友，而相處大約200個小時后，就會成為親密朋尢。結(jié)合第二段中的“Heaskedthemtorateand

trackthedegreeofclosenessandtimespenttogetherwithanewperson.（他要求他們評估和跟蹤與一個陌生人在

一起的親密程度和時間。戶可知，在這項新研究中要求參與者評估和跟蹤與一個陌生人在一起的親密程度和

花費的時間，由此可知，該新研究主要是研究發(fā)展一段友誼需要多長時間。故選D項。

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Thestudy'sauthorJeffreyHall,acommunicationsprofessor,invitedadultswho

arceagertomakefriendstotakepartintwoexperiments-peoplewhohadjustmovedtoanewcityinthepast

sixmonthsandcollegeGeshmen.（該研究的作者、傳播學(xué)教授杰弗里?霍爾（JeffreyHall）邀請渴里交朋友的成

年人參加了兩個實驗——一個是過去六個月剛搬到一個新城市的人，另一個是大學(xué)新生。戶可知，研究者邀

請渴望交朋友的成年人參加了兩個實驗，由此可知，這項研究的參與者都是希望交朋友的人。故選C項。

3.詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Thestudyfoundthattheamountoftimespenttalkingtogether,crthefactthat

youspenttimeatschoolorworkwiththem,wasunrelatedtofriendshipcloseness.（研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在一起聊天的時間，

或者你在學(xué)校或工作中與他們在一起的時間，與友誼的親密程度無關(guān)。）”可知，在一起聊天的時間或者在學(xué)

?；蛘吖ぷ髦性谄鸬臅r間與友誼的親密程度無關(guān)，結(jié)合劃線單詞前的“hisreallyeasylospendalolofliinu

withpeople（花很多時間和別人在一起真的很容易）”可知，花很多時間與別人在一起很容易，劃線單詞所在的

句子與此處為因果關(guān)系。由此可以推斷，根據(jù)常識，作為學(xué)生或者同事，在一起很容易的原因是人們經(jīng)常

同時出現(xiàn)在同一個場所，由此可知，劃線單詞的意思與“經(jīng)常'噫義相近。故選A項。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)尾段中的“Theparticipantswhodidactivitiesoutsideofworkwithsomeone,suchasbeing

invitedtohavelunchintheirhome,weremorelikelytodevelopdeeperrelationshipswiththem.（在工作之夕卜與他

人一起參加活動的參與者，比如被邀請在他們家里吃午飯，更包可能與他們建立更深的關(guān)系。廣可知，在，

作之外與他人一起參加活動的參與者更有可能與他們建立更深的關(guān)系，由此可知，下班之后，邀請同事到

你的家里有助于和他們建立更深的關(guān)系。故選C項。

（23-24高一上?浙江杭州?期末）Imagineiftherewerearoboticfishthatfilteredmicroplasticoutofthe

waterasitswam.Well,nowthereisone,andit'sthephysicalversionofthewinningconceptinthefirst-ever

NaturalRoboticsContest.

AnnouncedthisMay,theUniversityofSurrey'sNaturalRobotsContestinvitedmembersofthepublicto

givetheirconceptsfbranimal—orplant-inspiredrobotscapableofperformingactivitiesthatwouldhelptheworld.

PlanscalledfbrexpertsfromvariousBritishandEuropeanresearchcenterstoselectwhattheythoughtwas

thebestconcept,whichwouldthenbemadeintoarealrobot.Engineerswouldproceedtofiirtherdevelopthe

technology.

Thewinningconcepttumccouttobetheplastic-collcctirgRobo-fish,designedbychemistrystudent

EleanorMackintosh-whoisaUniversityofSurreystudent.Mackintoshsaid,"Fish'sgillsareanincredible

mechanisminnaturethatarespecializedtofilteroxygenintothebloodstream—soIadaptedmydesignfromthat,

withthepurposeofdealingwiththeplasticpollutioninthewater.”

Therobotswimsbymovingitstail,holdingitsmouthwideopento-collectwaterandmicroplasticsinits

bellyasitdoesso.Oncethatcavityisfull,therobotclosesitsmouth,opensitsgills,andpushesthewaterout

through.Afinenetattachedtothegillflapsallowsthewatertopassthrough,butcapturesthemicroplastic.

Initscurrentphysicalform,the50cmlongRobofishcollectsmicroplasticassmallas2millimeters.Italso

usessensorstomonitorunderwaterenvironment,plusittracksitsmovementswithinthewater.

Futurerobotscouldcapturemuchsmallerparticles.Otherpossibleimprovementsincludeafasterbodyshape,

amorepowerfultail,andtheabilitytoswimautonomously.

1.HowdotheparticipantsattendtheNaturalRoboticsContest?

A.Byhandinginrealrobots.B.Bysendingtheconceptsofrobots.

C.Byselectingthebustrobotuunucpls.D.BydevelopingLhutechnologyofrobots.

2.WhatinspiredMackintoshtodesigntherobot?

A.Theenthusiasmfbrrobots.B.Thefunctionoffish^gills.

C.Thebodyshapeofthefish.D.Theplasticpollutioninthewater.

3.Whatdoestheauthorintendtoshowinparagraph5?

A.Howtheroboticfishworksinwater.B.Howtheroboticfishisfurtherimproved.

C.WhyMackintosh'srobotwonthecontest.D.Whatmaterialstheroboticfishismadeof.

4.Whatisthebesttitleofthetext?

A.TheFirstBio-InspiredRoboticsContcstB.TheOnc-Sizc-Fits-AllSolutiontoPlastics

C.AnAutonomouslyOperativeRoboticFishD.AStudent-DesignedPlastic-CollectingFish

【答案】1.B2.B3.A4.D

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要敘述薩里大學(xué)自然機器人競賽中，一名學(xué)生設(shè)計的塑料收集機器魚

獲獎。具體介紹了其運作過程、現(xiàn)狀即未來發(fā)展。

1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“AnnouncedthisMay,theUniversityofSurrey'sNaturalRobotsContestinvited

membersofthepublictogivetheirconceptsfbranimal-orplant-inspiredrobotscapableofperformingactivities

thalwouldhelptheworld.（今年5月，薩里大學(xué)舉辦了自然機器人大賽，邀請公眾提出他們的概念，設(shè)計以動

物或植物為靈感的機器人，這些機器人能夠從事幫助世界的活動）”可知，參與者提交機器人創(chuàng)意參加競賽。

故詵Bo

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“Mackintoshsaid,"Fish'sgillsareanincrediblemechanisminnaturetliatare

specializedtofilteroxygenintothebloodstream—soIadaptedmydesignfromthat,withthepurposeofdealing

withtheplasticpollutioninthewater.,XMackintosh說：“魚的鰥是一種令人難以置信的自然機制，專門用于將

氯氣過濾到血液中，