第3講題型突破——主旨大意題

I題型分析

I'________________________________________________________

思維品質(zhì)體現(xiàn)英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)的心智特征，而主旨大意題較好地反映了學(xué)生的思維品

質(zhì)。主旨大意題旨在考查考生通過閱讀文章正確獲取丈量主旨，推斷文章的主題、標(biāo)題、段

落大甑、中心思想的能力，即考查考生歸納概括以及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。它既

考查閱讀理解能力，又考查深層次的推理、概括能力。此類題目可分為三大類：標(biāo)題歸納題、

文章大意題和段落大意題C

【選項(xiàng)特征】

正確選項(xiàng)特征概括性強(qiáng)

范圍恰當(dāng)

精準(zhǔn)到位

概括過度

以儡概全

偷梁換柱

無中生有

I解題策略

I_________________________________________________________

技法一標(biāo)題歸納題

——“高度概括”定標(biāo)題

記敘文、說明文和議論文三種文體涉及不同話題的閱讀材料都會(huì)考查到標(biāo)題歸納題。

【設(shè)問方式】

1.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

2.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?

3.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

4.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?

5.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?

此類試題的解題流程如下：

關(guān)鍵詞法——多次出現(xiàn)的詞語

或觀點(diǎn)是體現(xiàn)主旨的關(guān)鍵訶

主題句法一依主題句定中心詞

運(yùn)用4大穿珠連串法一從文章細(xì)方中

技巧我共同點(diǎn)，如同穿珠般,串聯(lián)細(xì)

節(jié)共同點(diǎn)，斷定標(biāo)題

逆向思維法一考慮四個(gè)選項(xiàng)

標(biāo)的可能內(nèi)容.對(duì)照原文,最相似

題者為最佳標(biāo)題

歸

納概括精準(zhǔn)

題一融合標(biāo)題

-統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全文

3大特點(diǎn)

醒目新穎

概括范圍窄，只含某個(gè)細(xì)埼

排除3種

-概括范國(guó)寬，超出文章內(nèi)容

干擾項(xiàng)

包含文中未提及的信息

感悟真題?體驗(yàn)技法

（2022?浙江1月C）

Thebenefitsofregularexercisearewelldocumentedbutthere*sanewbonustoaddtothe

ever-growinglist.Newresearchfoundthatmiddle-agedwomenwhowerephysicallyfitcouldbe

nearly90percentlesslikelytodevelopdementia（癡呆癥）inlaterlife—andiftheydid,itcameon

adecadelaterthanlesssportywomen.

LeadresearcherDrHelenaHorder,oftheUniversityofGothenburginSweden?said：”These

findingsareexcitingbecauseit,spossiblethatimprovingpeople*scardiovasculai■（心血管的）

fitnessinmiddleagecoulddelayorevenpreventthemfromdevelopingdementia.n

Forthestudy,191womenwithanaverageageof50tookabicycleexercisetestuntilthey

weretiredouttomeasuretheirpeak（最大值的）cardiovascularcapacity.Theaveragepeakworkload

wasmeasuredat103watts.

Atotalof40womenmetthecriteriaforahighfitnesslevelwithacapacityof120wattsor

higher,while92womenwereinthemediumfitnesscategory.Atotalof59wereoflowfitness

level,withapeakworkloadof80wattsorless,orhavingtheirtestsstoppedbecauseofhealth

problems.

Thesewomenwerethentestedfordementiasixtimesoverthefollowingfourdecades.During

thattime,44ofthewomendevelopeddementia.Fivepercentofthehighlyfitwomendeveloped

dementia,comparedto25percentofthewomenwithmediumfitnessand32percentofthewomen

withlowfitness.

44However,thisstudydoesnotshowcauseandeffectbetweencardiovascularfitnessand

dementia,itonlyshowsanassociation,“saidHorder."Moreresearchisneededtoseeif

improvedfitnesscouldhaveapositiveeffectontheriskofdementiaandalsotolookatwhen

duringalifetimeahighfitnesslevelismostimportant.Shealsoadmittedthatarelativelysmall

numberofwomenwerestudied,allofwhomwerefromSweden,sotheresultsmightnotbe

applicabletoothergroups.

30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.MoreWomenAreExercisingtoPreventDementia

B.Middle-AgedWomenNeedtoDoMoreExercise

C.FitWomenAreLessLikelytoDevelopDementia

D.BikingImprovesWomen'sCardiovascularFitness

答案C

解析標(biāo)題歸納題。依據(jù)“穿珠連串”法，由第一段最后一句可知，新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，身體健

康的中年女性在晚年患癡呆癥的可能性要低近90%,而且如果她們患上癡呆癥，與不太喜歡

運(yùn)動(dòng)的女性相比，她們患癡呆癥的時(shí)間要晚十年。再根據(jù)文章后面幾段通過列舉實(shí)臉目的、

過程、方式、結(jié)果等，說明了身體健康的中年女性在老年時(shí)患癡呆癥的概率會(huì)大大降低。故

選Co

技法二文章大意題

——“主題句定位”尋主旨

說明文、記敘文、議論文三種文體涉及的多種話題，如社會(huì)文化類、人物故事類、科普

說明類，都會(huì)考查文章大意類題目。

【設(shè)問方式：

1.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

2.Whatmessagedoestheauthorseemtoconveyinthetext?

3.Whatdocsthepassagefocuson?

此類試題的解題流程如下：

f感悟真題?體驗(yàn)技法」

（2022?全國(guó)甲C）

AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica,shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittleGentoo

penguins（企鵝）longingtosayhello.Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherand

kick-starledwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.

Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouther

career（職'也）asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplore

further.Whensheretiredfremdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwas

timetotaketheplunge.

AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotravelthe

world,eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshe

discoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoff

TierradelFucgo,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland."IjustdecidedIwantedto

go,"shesays."IhadnoideaaboutwhatI'dfindthereandIwasn'tnervous.Ijustwantedtodo

it.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”

InMarch2008,Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe'dnevermetbefore,tobeginthe

journeytowardsAntarctica.uFromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises,thewholeexperience

wasamazing.Antarcticaleftanimpressiononmethatnootherplacehas,“Ginnisays."I

rememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjustroseoutofthewalerlikesomeprehistoric

creatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillheartheoperaticsoundsitwasir.aking

underwater.?，

Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggest

thingsthathithometoGinni.

31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Achildhooddream.

B.Anunforgettableexperience.

C.Sailingaroundtheworld.

D.MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.

答案B

解析主旨大意題。依據(jù)“主題句定位”法，通讀全文，尤其是第一段中的“Thesegentle,

lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldnever

forget.”可知，Anunforgeilableexperience（一次難忘的經(jīng)歷）能夠概括文章主旨。故選B。

技法三段落大意題

—首尾兼顧知段意

段落大意題常在說明文和議論文中考查。文章的每一個(gè)段落都要圍繞一個(gè)特定的主題按

照一定的邏輯順序展開，所以，段落的結(jié)構(gòu)也有一定的規(guī)律性。相對(duì)于標(biāo)題類試題和文章大

意類試題，段落大意類試題考查頻率較低。

【設(shè)問方式】

1.Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?

2.Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytellusabout...?

3.Inthelastparagraph,theauthormainlytellsus.

4.Whichofthefollowingisthemainideaofthesecondparagraph?

5.Thethirdparagraphmainlytellsusthat.

此類試題的解題流程如下：

段百：說明文和議論文中的主題

抓

住

段

落

主

題

句

r感悟真題?體驗(yàn)技法」

（2022?全國(guó)甲?D片段）

Sometimeintheearly1960s,asignificantthinghappenedinSydney?Australia.Thecity

discovereditsharbor.Then>oneafteranother,Sydneydiscoveredlotsofthingsthatwerejustsortof

there-broadparks,superbbeaches,andaculturallydiversepopulation.Butitistheharborthat

makesthecity.

32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Sydney,sstrikingarchitecture.

B.TheculturaldiversityofSydney.

C.ThekeytoSydney'sdevelopment.

D.SydneyJstouristattractionsinthe1960s.

答案C

解析段落大意題。依據(jù)“首尾兼顧知段意”原則，即根據(jù)第一段中的“Sometimeiniheearly

1960s,asignificantthinghappenedinSydney,Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.”以及

“Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.”可知，本段主要介紹了悉尼發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵是港口。故選

Co

I隨堂演練

廣"_'_________________________________________

A

（原創(chuàng)題）選自：ScientificAmerican

Humansarenottheonlyanimals（hatbeardivorce；somebirdsgothroughitaswell.Arecent

studyrevealswhymembersofonesuchspecies,theEurasianbluetit,sometimesbreaktheirbond.

Whenornithologists（鳥類學(xué)家）refertowdivorcew,theymeanthatbothmembersofa

breedingpairsurvivetothefollowingbreedingseasonbutenduppairingwithnewpartnersrather

thanreuniting.Greatblueheronsdivorceaftereverybreedingseason,andemperorpenguinssplit

uparound85percentofthetimc.Incontrast,just9percentofmallardduckpairscallitquits,and

albatrossesalmostneverbreakup.Manyresearchershavefocusedonunderstandinghowthese

separationsaffectreproductivesuccess,butuntilnowfewhavefocusedontheprocessitself.

BehavioralecologistCarolGilsenanoftheMaxPlanckInstituteforOrnithologyinGermany

andhercolleaguesmonitoredhundredsofEurasianbluetitsforeightyears,usingartificialnest

boxesinaprotectedforestinsouthernGcrmany.Intheirfindings,publishedinAnimalBehaviour,

64percentofbreedingpairssplitupduringthestudy—eventhoughfaithfulpairsproducedmore

eggsandrearedmorefledglings（幼鳥）.Ifbothmembersofapairreturnedtotheirprevious

territoryaroundthesametime,theyweremorelikelytoreunite：iftheywereondifferent

schedules,（heyweremorelikelytoseparate.

“Ifyouturnupearly,youcan'taffordtowaitaround,“Gilsenansays."Itcouldbethat

yourformermateisinjuredorevendead.Ifyouwait,youmayforgoabreedingopportunity,soyou

needtopairup."Adultdeathrateinbluetitsisextremelyhigh——around50percent——sothebird

thatreturnsfirstismorelikelytobreedagainbyfindinganewpartnerratherthanriskbeingleft

outentirely.Thebirdsseemtobesimplyplayingtheodds.

Theresearchersalsodiscoveredthatifpairsmaintainedcontactoutsidethebreedingseason,

theyweremorelikelytohavesynchronizedschedulesandthereforetoremainfaithfultceach

other.

JoshA.Firth,azoologistattheUniversityofOxford,whowasnotinvolvedwiththestudy,

saysthisanalysisapparentlyrulesoutanumberofotherpossiblecausesofbirddivorce,including

lowreproductivesuccessrates,infidelity,andgeneticorbehavioralcompatibility."Inwildanimal

populations,“hesays,divorcecanbedrivenbyconsequentialeffects—almostaccidentally.w

語篇解讀這是一篇說明文。不僅人可以離婚，自然界中的鳥兒也可以“離婚”，這是因?yàn)?/p>

一個(gè)交配季節(jié)過后，這一對(duì)鳥兒就會(huì)分開，在下一個(gè)交配季節(jié)來臨時(shí)，其中一個(gè)可能不回來

了，為了繁殖，另一只鳥兒就不再等待，而是去找一個(gè)新配偶。

I.Whichbirdsofthefollowingarefaithfultotheirformerpartner?

A.Greatblueherons.

B.Emperorpenguins.

C.Mallardducks.

D.Albatrosses.

答案D

解析推理判斷題。由第二段中的"Incontrast,just9percentofmallardduckpairscallitquits,

andalbatrossesalmostneverbreakup.v可知，信天翁這類鳥幾乎不“離婚”，由此可推斷信天

翁對(duì)自己的伴侶是最忠實(shí)的。故選D。

2.Whatisparagraph4mainlyabout?

A.TheresultofCarolGilsenan'sfindings.

B.Thereasonwhysomebirdswillfindanewpartner.

C.Thenumberofbirdsthatpairwithnewpartners.

D.Thekindsofbirdsthatbeardivorce.

答案B

解析段落大意題。由第四段第二、三句"hcouldbeIhalyour「ormermaleisinjuredoreven

dead.Ifyouwait,youmayforgoabreedingopportunity,soyouneedtopairup.”可知，本段主

要告訴我們鳥兒為什么在新的交配季節(jié)去找新的伴侶。故選Bo

3.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?

A.BirdsBreakUp

B.Birds

C.Animals

D.HumanandNature

答案A

解析標(biāo)題歸納題。由第一段第一句"Humansarenoliheonlyanimalsthatbeardivorce;some

birdsgothroughitaswell.”以及下文多次提到鳥兒divorce,breakup,findanewpartner可知，

A項(xiàng)適合作為本文的標(biāo)題。故選A。

4.Inwhichofthefollowingwouldthispassagemostlikelybefound?

A.Sciencefiction.B.Newspaper.

C.Magazine.D.Website.

答案C

解析文章出處題。本文主題語境是人與自然，向我們講述了鮮為人知的鳥兒也“離婚”現(xiàn)

象，所以最有可能是雜志上的一篇文章。故選C。

B

Forgivenessisimportantinchildrenandadultsforrestoringrelationshipsandlimitingfuture

conflicts.Arecentstudysuggeststhatteachingchildrentounderstandotherpeople,sperspectives

couldmakeiteasierforthemtolearnhowtoforgiveotherpeople.Thestudyalsofoundthat

teachingchildrentomakesincereapologiescanhelp(hemreceiveforgivenessfromothers.

Mulvey,anassociateprofessorofpsychologyatNorthCarolinaStaleUniversity,ledthe

study.Herteamenlisted185children,agedbetween5and14,inthestudy.Researchersconductedin

aninterviewwitheachchildthatcollectedbackgroundinformationandassessedthechild*s

“theoryofmind”skills.Theoryofmindisyourabilitytounderstandthatsomeoneelse'sbeliefs?

intentionsanddesiresareditTcrcntfromyourown.

Researchersthenledeachchildthroughaseriesofscenarios(設(shè)想情況)involvingother

childrenwhoare”in-group"andout-groupv.Specifically,eachparticipantwastoldthey

werepartofagroup?suchasthegreenteam.Duringinterviews,researchersdescribedsome

childrenasalsobeingonthegreentcam(makingthemin-group),whileotherchildrenwereonthe

yellowteam(makingthemout-group).Ineachscenario,interviewersaskedstudyparticipants

whethertheywerewillingtoforgiveagroupthatleftthemoutofagameoractivity.

Therewerethreemainfindings.First,childrenarcmorelikelytoforgivesomeoneifhe/shchas

apologized.Second,childrenaremorelikelytoforgivepeoplewhoareuin-group".Third>the

moreadvancedachild'stheoryofmindskillsare?themorelikelytheyaretoforgiveothers.

Theresearchersidentifiedtwothingsthatparentsandteachersmaywanttofbcusonrelatedto

fbrgiveness.Oncishelpingkidsunderstandhowimportantitistoapologizeinameaningful

way.Thcsecondfocusareaishelpingkidsunderstandtheperspectivesofotherpeople,evenifthey

aredifferentfromyou.

Mulveysays,uOneofthebiggestimplicationsofourstudyisthatteachersandparentsneed

toactivelyhelpchildrencultivatetheoryofmindskills,whichwillaidtheminnavigatingadiverse

andcomplexworldin(hefuture.n

語篇解讀這是一篇說明文，介紹了北卡羅來納州立大學(xué)通過對(duì)185名兒童進(jìn)行觀察，研究

幫助兒童學(xué)會(huì)寬恕行為的方法。一是教會(huì)孩子們進(jìn)行誠(chéng)摯的道歉；二是幫助孩子理解其他人

的不同觀點(diǎn)。

5.Whatdoweknowaboutthestudyparticipants?

A.Theyweredividedintotwogroupsbasedontheage.

B.Theyneededtooffersomeoftheirpersonalinformation.

C.Theyhadtofillinaquestionnaireaboutreal-lifesituations.

D.Theytookpartinagamsoractivitybeforeeachinterview.

答案B

解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第三句可知，參與研究的孩子需要提供個(gè)人的背景資料，故

選Bo

6.Accordingtothestudy,childrenaremorelikelytoforgiveothers.

A.fromhighersocialbackgrounds

B.having(hehabitofapologizing

C.withbettertheoryofmindskills

D.belongingtoadifferentgroup

答案C

解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句可知，孩子的心理理論技能越高級(jí)，他們就越有可

能原諒他人，故選C。

7.Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Thepossibleeffectofthestudy.

B.Thelimitationofthestudy.

C.Thetheoreticalbasisofthestudy.

D.Thefocusoffuturestudies.

答案A

解析段落大意題。根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容可知，本段主要講的是這項(xiàng)研究可能產(chǎn)生的影響。故

選Ao

8.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.ForgivenessHelpsChildrentoLimitFutureConflicts

B.Forgiveness：WhatShouldTeachersandParentsFocuson?

C.StudyOutlinesWaystoHelpChildrenLearnForgiveness

D.AreYouWillingtoForgiveOthersorReceiveForgiveness?

答案C

解析標(biāo)題歸納題。通讀全文尤其根據(jù)第一段最后兩句可知，文章主要介紹了最近的一項(xiàng)研

究發(fā)現(xiàn)了如何讓孩子學(xué)會(huì)寬恕，C項(xiàng)“研究展示了幫助孩子學(xué)會(huì)寬恕的辦法”切題。故選C。

強(qiáng)化練（七）主旨大意題（1）

A

WoodyWilliamsofCharlotte?NorthCarolinaissimplyWoodyWilliams,aretiredgraphic

artistandmusicianwhoplaysinlocalclubsandbars.Butonlinetthe72-ycar-oldisknownasFunky

Geezer（時(shí)髦老頭），andhe'sgotmorethan3millionfollowersonliklokalone!

InDecember2020,WcodywasstayinginhishometoavoidcatchingtheCOVID-19,justlike

everybodyelse.Hefoundhimselfwithmorefreetimethanusual,andsincehecouldn,tgoto

performinacluborjamwithanybands?hedecidedtocheckoutwhatwashappeningonline.He

downloadedTikTokanduploadedashortvideoofhimselfdoingalittledancc.Thclikesand

commentsstartedpouringin,andbeforeheknewit,hisvideohadbeenviewedmillionsoftimes!

Encouraged,WoodyleanedintohisFunkyGeezerpersona（人設(shè)），uploadingmorevideosto

hischannel.Heenjoysconnectingwithpeopleagain,andalwayslovesputtingonashowtomake

otherssmile.

FunkyGeezerhasnowgoneviralmorethanonce,andhe'sgotalargefollowingacrossallof

hissocialchannels.Hc,sevengettingrequeststobringhisdancemovestoforeignlands,although

he*snotsurehe*11betravelingmuchbeyondhisusualcircles.

“IwasaskedtodoshowsinCanada,EnglandandMicronesia,vhesaid."Idon'levenknow

whereMicronesiais.”

Woodysayshedocsn'trunhis“FunkyGcczcrShow"forfameorfortune;hesimplywants

toputasmileonsomeone*sface!”Mymottois(oinspireuntilyoudie,"hesaid,adding,"I

amjustencouraging(henewbiestocomeup,grabtheirguitar,getinvolved,andexpress

themselves.n

語篇解讀本文是一篇記敘文，主要講述了70多歲的老人Woody在抖音上發(fā)布短視頻，從

而受到關(guān)注的經(jīng)歷和感受°

1.WhydidWoodyuploadashortvideoonT汰Tok?

A.Topasstime.

B.Toattractfollowers.

C.Toshowadancingstyle.

D.Topromotelocalclubsandbars.

答案A

解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段前兩句可知，Woody是日為疫情期間在家無聊，為了打發(fā)時(shí)

間才在抖音上發(fā)布短視頻的。故選A項(xiàng)。

2.WhatdidWoodydoafterthesuccessofhisfirstvideo?

A.Heviewedmillionsofvideos.

B.Heencouragedotherstojamwithbands.

C.Hebeganconnectingpeoplewithdancing.

D.Hewentonestepfurthertowardshisnewpersona.

答案D

解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Encouraged,WoodyleanedintohisFunkyGcczcr

persona(人設(shè))，uploadingmorevideostohischannel.M可知，他進(jìn)一塑造了自己的人設(shè)。故

選D項(xiàng)。

3.Whatareparagraphs4and5mainlyabout?

A.HowpopularWoodyis.

B.WhereWoodywilltravel.

C.WhatchannelsWoodyuses.

D.WhyWoodymovedabroad.

答案A

解析段落大意題。從第四段中的"FunkyGeezerhasnowgoneviralmorethanonce”以及第

五段中的“IwasaskedtodoshowsinCanada,EnglandandMicronesiav可知，Woody走紅了，

而且還被邀請(qǐng)出國(guó)表演，由此可見他很受歡迎。故選A項(xiàng)。

4.WhichisaproperwordtodescribeWoody?

A.Proud.B.Lazy.

C.Sensitive.D.Enthusiastic.

答案D

解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的"Iamjustencouragingthenewbiestocomeup,grabtheir

guitar,andgetinvolved,expressthemselves.”可知，他杷自己跳舞的視頻分享到抖音上，而

且他還想要激勵(lì)新手，說明他是充滿熱情的。故選D項(xiàng),

B

(2022?安徽“皖南八?！甭?lián)考)

Whatdoesit(ake(obecomeanastronaut?h*saquestionthat'sbeenaskedsincethestartof

theSpaceAgeinthe1960s.Inthosedays,pilotswereconsideredthemostwell-trained

professionals,somilitaryflierswerefirstinlinetogotospace.Morerecently,peoplefromawide

rangeofprofessionalbackgrounds-doctors,scientists?andeventeachers—havetrainedtoliveand

workinnear-Earthorbit.Evenso,thoseselectedtogotospacemustmeethighstandards.

Peoplewhowanttobecomeastronautsmustbeintopphysicalcondition.Eachcountry's

spaceprogramhashealthrequirementsforitsspacetravelers.Theyusuallyassessacandidate's

fitnesstowithstandsomeprettytoughconditions.Forexample,agoodcandidatemusthavethe

abilitytoendure(herigorsoflift-offandtofunctioninweightlessness.Allastronautsmusthave

goodvisualacuityandnormalbloodpressure.Beyondthat,thereisnoagelimit.Mostastronaut

traineesarebetweentheagesof25and46,althougholderpeoplehavealsoflowntospacelaterin

theircareers.

Peoplewhogotospaceareusuallyself-confident,risk-takers?adeptalstressmanagementand

multitasking.Theyalsoneedtobeabletoworkaspartofateamforanygivenassignment.On

Earth,astronautsareusuallyrequiredtoperformvariouspublicrelationsduties,suchasspeakingto

thepublic,workingwithotherprofessionals,andsometimeseventestifyingbeforegovernment

officials.So,astronautswhocanrelatewelltomanydifferentkindsofpeopleareseenasvaluable

teammembers.

Often,astronautshaveabackgroundasscientistsandmanyhavehigh-leveldegrees?like

PhDs.Othershavemilitarytrainingorspaceindustryexpertise.Regardlessoftheirbackground.

onceanastronautisacceptedintoacountry'sspaceprogram,heorshegoesthroughrigorous

trainingtoactuallyliveandworkinspace.

語篇解讀這是一篇說明文。文章主要分析了成為一名宇航員需要具備的條件。

5.Whichofthefollowingisofleastimportancetoanastronaut?

A.Normalbloodpressure.

B.Goodeyesight.

C.Toughbody.

D.Youngage.

答案D

解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后兩句可知，成為宇航員并沒有嚴(yán)格的年齡限制，甚至有

人在年齡較大的時(shí)候也飛往太空，所以相比其他條件，年齡對(duì)于宇航員是最不重要的。故選

D。

6.Accordingtothepassage,anastronautisonewho.

A.isstrongandhealthy

B.hasself-confidence

C.canworkundergreatpressure

D.alloftheabove

答案D

解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段前三句可知，宇航員需要健康和強(qiáng)壯的身體；根據(jù)第三段第

一句可知，宇航員充滿自信且能承受高壓，故選D。

7.Whyarcastronautsaskedtoperformpublicduties?

A.Tomakethemfamousamongpeople.

B.Torelievetheirfeelingsoftension.

C.Toraisetheirawarenessofteamwork.

D.Topromotepublicinterestintheaerospace.

答案C

解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中第二、三、四句可知，宇航員被要求履行公共職責(zé)是為了

俄煉他們的團(tuán)隊(duì)合作能力，提高他們的團(tuán)隊(duì)合作意識(shí)，使他們成為團(tuán)隊(duì)中有價(jià)值的成員。故

選C。

8.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.EveryoneCanBeanAstronaut

B.TheProfessionalQualitiesofanAstronaut

C.TrainingAstronautsisMuchEasierNowadays

D.It,sNotMysterioustoBeanAstronaut

答案B

解析標(biāo)題歸納題。文章第一句"Whatdoesittaketobecomeanastronaut?”以設(shè)問的方式引

起下文，是文章的主旨句，接下來具體分析了成為一名守航員需要具備的專業(yè)素質(zhì)，包括身

體素質(zhì)、心理素質(zhì)、專業(yè)知識(shí)等。B項(xiàng)（一名宇航員的專業(yè)素質(zhì)）符合題意。故選B。

C

Whenevaluatingpeopleonvariouspsychologicaltests,psychologistsoftendistinguish

betweenmarkersofabsoluteperformanceandrelativeperformance.Absoluteperformancereflects

therawmeasurementofsomething,likethetimeittakestorunamile.Relativeperformanceishow

apersonratesinrelationtotheirpeers?asinwhatplacearunnergetsinarace.

Thestandardsweusetoevaluateourselvesarcalmostalwaysrelative,aswccompare

ourselvestoourpeersandihestandardsthatarcmostfamiliartous.Forinstance,inmyprivate

practice,IhaveonepatientIwillcall“Omar"whoisdependentonsocialservicesandmakesless

than$30,000peryearathisjob.Whilethislevelofpovertywouldleadmostpeopletowakeup

depressedeachday,OmarisoneofthemostoptimisticandappreciativeindividualsIknow.Why?

Becausemostofhisclosestpeers—hissiblingsandfriendsfromchildhood—havelivesfarworse

thanhis.

IncontrasttoOmar,Ihaveanotherpatient,anadolescentI,IIcall“Lena"，whosefamily

haspropertyover$5million.Lena,however,livesinanupper-classneighborhoodwhereherfamily

isatthelowerendoftheincomelevel.ThoughLena'sfamilyallowshertoenjoypossessionsand

experiences（hatlessthanIpercentofherpeersacross（heworldcanshare,sheconsistentlyfeels

ulessthan".Why?BecauseLenadoesn'tcompareherselftotherestoftheworld.Thisistoo

abstractanexerciseforher,asitwouldbeformostofus.

Accordingly,whetherapsychologistispsychodynamicorcognitive-behavioral?therapy（療

法）withindividualsstrugglingwithsituationalorpsychologicaldepressionaimstosolvethe

problemsassociatedwithbasingone'sself-worthoncomparisonswithothers.Psychologiststryto

helppeoplefocusonpersonalgrowtharoundtheachievementofconcretegoalsinlinewith（heir

values?independentoftheachievementofothers.Forallofus,definingthesegoals?especially

duringperiodsofemotionalcalm,cangoalongwayinhelpingustoavoidthetrapofrelativitythat

oftenleadstosituationalandpsychologicaldepression.

語篇解讀本文為一篇說明文。主要介紹幸福與比較的關(guān)系，文章通過對(duì)比兩個(gè)例子介紹了

兩個(gè)收入不同、幸福感不同的人，說明一個(gè)人的幸福通常取決于他們選擇與自己進(jìn)行比較的

人的類型。最后建議人們要建立自尊，避免不健康的比較。

9.Whatisthefunctionofparagraph1?

A.Toshowthesignificanceofevaluatingpeople.

B.Tomotivatereaderstostudypsychologicaltests.

C.Tohelppeopleperformwellinpsychologicaltests.

D.Toprovidesomebackgroundinformationonevaluatingpeople.

答案D

解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段可知，第一段提供了兩種評(píng)估人的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)即“絕對(duì)性表現(xiàn)”和

“相對(duì)性表現(xiàn)”，為下文作鋪墊。故選D。

10.Whydoestheauthormentionhistwopatients?

A.Tomeasuredifferentachievements.

B.Tointroducethestandardstoevaluatepeople.

C.Toexplainrelativeperformancewithexamples.

D.Tocontrastrelativeperformanceandabsoluteperformance.

答案C

解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第一句以及下文的介紹可知，作者通過舉例子的方式介紹了

什么叫幸福和收入的相對(duì)性表現(xiàn)。故選C。

11.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkabout?

A.Settinggoalsinlifeisessentialforeveryone.

B.Il'simportanttoavoidunhealthycomparis