醫(yī)學院校碩士研究生英語

視聽說(第四版）EnglishforGraduateStudentsinMedicalUniversitiesUnit4SectionACelebritiesOutlineBrainstormingMonologuePassageBrainstorming

WilliamJefferson“Bill”Clinton(1946—)servedastheforty-secondPresidentoftheUnitedStatesfrom1993to2001.DuringClinton’spresidency,thecountryenjoyedthelongestperiodofeconomicgrowthinitshistory.Agracefulspeaker,Clintonhadaremarkableabilitytoconnectwithpeople,whichenabledhimtobouncebackfromdefeats,scandals,andevenimpeachment.Heleftofficewiththehighestvoterapprovalratingofallmodernpresidents.

Brainstorming

JaneAusten(1775—1817)wasanEnglishnovelistwhoserealism,bitingsocialcommentaryandmasterfuluseoffreeindirectspeech,burlesqueandironyhaveearnedheraplaceasoneofthemostwidelyreadandbest-lovedwritersinBritishliterature.HerworksincludeSenseandSensibility,PrideandPrejudice,Emma,etc.Socrates(469BC—399BC)wasaclassicalGreekphilosopher.Creditedasoneofthefoundersofwesternphilosophy,inrealityheisanenigmaticfigureknownonlythroughotherpeople’saccounts.ItisPlato’sDialoguesthathaslargelycreatedtoday’simpressionofhim.

Brainstorming

YaoMing(1980—)isaChineseprofessionalbasketballplayerwhoplaysfortheHoustonRocketsoftheNationalBasketballAssociation(NBA).HeiscurrentlythetallestplayerintheNBA,at7feet6inches(2.26m).BarbraStreisand(1942—)isanAmericansinger,filmandtheateractress.Shehasalsoachievedsomenoteasacomposer,politicalactivist,filmproduceranddirector.ShehaswonAcademyAwardsforBestActressandBestOriginalSongaswellasmultipleEmmyAwards,GrammyAwards,andGoldenGlobeAwards.

Brainstorming

ErnestMillerHemingway(1899—1961)wasanAmericannovelist,short-storywriter,andjournalist.Hewaspartofthe1920sexpatriatecommunityinParis,andoneoftheveteransofWorldWarⅠlaterknownas“theLostGeneration”.Hemingway’sdistinctivewritingstyleischaracterizedbyeconomyandunderstatement,incontrasttothestyleofhisliteraryrivalWilliamFaulkner.Ithadasignificantinfluenceonthedevelopmentoftwentieth-centuryfictionwriting.Hisprotagonistsaretypicallystoicmenwhoexhibitanidealdescribedas“graceunderpressure”.ManyofhisworksarenowconsideredbasicclassicsofAmericanliterature.

Brainstorming

SamuelLanghorneClemens(1835—1910),betterknownbythepennameMarkTwain,wasanAmericanhumorist,satirist,lecturerandwriter.TwainismostnotedforhisnovelsAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn,whichhassincebeencalledthe“GreatAmericanNovel”,andTheAdventuresofTomSawyer.Heisalsoknownforhisquotations.Twainenjoyedimmensepublicpopularity,andhiskeenwitandincisivesatireearnedhimpraisefrombothcriticsandpeers.AmericanauthorWilliamFaulknercalledTwain“thefatherofAmericanliterature.”

Brainstorming

ShirleyJaneTemple(1928—2014)wasanAcademyAward-winningactressandtapdancer,mostfamousforbeinganiconicAmericanchildactressofthe1930s,whoenjoyedanotablecareerasadiplomatasanadult.AfterrisingtofameattheageofsixwithherbreakthroughperformanceinBrightEyesin1934,shestarredinaseriesofhighlysuccessfulfilmswhichwonherwidespreadpublicadulationandsawherbecomethetopgrossingstarattheAmericanbox-officeduringtheheightoftheDepression.Shewentontostarinfilmsasayoungadultinthe1940s.Inlaterlife,shebecameaUnitedStatesambassadoranddiplomat.

Brainstorming

AudreyHepburn(1929—1993)wasanEnglishAcademyAward-,EmmyAward-,TonyAward-,andGrammyAward-winningfilmandstageactress,fashionicon,andhumanitarian.In1999,shewasrankedasthethirdgreatestfemalestarofalltimebytheAmericanFilmInstitute.ShealsoservedasaUNICEFGoodwillAmbassadorandwashonoredwiththePresidentialMedalofFreedomforherwork.

Brainstorming

SteveJobs(1955—2011),anAmericanentrepreneur,marketer,andinventor,whowastheco-founder,chairman,andCEOofAppleInc.ThroughApple,heis

widelyrecognizedasacharismaticpioneerofthepersonalcomputerrevolutionandforhisinfluentialcareerinthecomputerandconsumerelectronicsfields,

transforming“oneindustryafteranother,fromcomputersandsmartphonestomusicandmovies”.

Brainstorming

UncleSamisanationalpersonificationoftheUnitedStates(US),withthefirstusageofthetermdatingfromtheWarof1812andthefirstillustrationdatingfrom1852.Heisoftendepictedasaseriouselderlywhitemanwithwhitehairandagoatee,withanobviousresemblancetoPresidentsAndrewJacksonandAbrahamLincoln,anddressedinclothingthatrecallsthedesignelementsoftheflagoftheUnitedStates—forexample,typicallyatophatwithredandwhitestripesandwhitestarsonablueband,andredandwhitestripedtrousers.

Brainstorming

KofiAttaAnnan(1938—)isaGhanaiandiplomatwhoservedastheseventhSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNationsfromJanuary1,1997toJanuary1,2007.AnnanandtheUnitedNationsweretheco-recipientsofthe2001NobelPeacePrize.

Brainstorming

FlorenceNightingale(1820—1910),whocametobeknownas“TheLadywiththeLamp,”wasapioneeringnurse,writerandnotedstatistician.

TheFlorenceNightingalePledge:

IsolemnlypledgemyselfbeforeGodandinthepresenceofthisassembly,topassmylifeinpurityandtopracticemyprofessionfaithfully.Iwillabstainfromwhateverisdeleteriousandmischievous,andwillnottakeorknowinglyadministeranyharmfuldrug.

Brainstorming

Iwilldoallinmypowertomaintainandelevatethestandardofmyprofession,andwillholdinconfidenceallpersonalmatterscommittedtomykeepingandallfamilyaffairscomingtomyknowledgeinthepracticeofmycalling.WithloyaltywillIendeavortoaidthephysicianinhiswork,anddevotemyselftothewelfareofthosecommittedtomycare.

Brainstorming

SupermanisafictionalcomicbooksuperherowidelyconsideredtobeoneofthemostfamousandpopularofsuchcharactersandanAmericanculturalicon.CreatedbyAmericanwriterJerrySiegelandCanadian-bornartistJoeShusterin1932whilebothwerelivinginCleveland,Ohio,andsoldtoDetectiveComics,Inc.in1938,thecharacterfirstappearedinActionComics#1(June1938)andsubsequentlyappearedinvariousradioserials,televisionprograms,films,newspaperstrips,andvideogames.Withthesuccessofhisadventures,Supermanhelpedtocreatethesuperherogenreandestablishitsprimacywithinthe

Americancomicbook.

Brainstorming

ElizabethⅡ(ElizabethAlexandraMary,1926—)isthequeenregnantof16independentstatesandtheiroverseasterritoriesanddependencies.Thoughshe

holdseachcrownandtitleseparatelyandequally,sheisresidentinandmostdirectlyinvolvedwiththeUnitedKingdom,heroldestrealm;partofherlineagetracesthroughtheroyalhousesofEngland,Wessex,andScotlandforoverfifteenhundredyears.SheascendedthethronesofsevencountriesinFebruary1952,on

thedeathofherfatherKingGeorgeⅥ.

Brainstorming

Confucius(lit.“MasterKung,”551BC—479BC)wasaChinesethinkerandsocialphilosopher,whoseteachingsandphilosophyhavedeeplyinfluencedChinese,Korean,Japanese,andVietnamesethoughtsandlife.Hisphilosophyemphasizedpersonalandgovernmentalmorality,correctnessofsocialrelationships,justiceandsincerity.ThesevaluesgainedprominenceinChinaoverotherdoctrines,suchasLegalism(法家)orTaoism(道家)duringtheHanDynasty(206BC—220AD).Confucius’thoughtshavebeendevelopedintoasystemofphilosophyknownasConfucianism(儒家).

Brainstorming

SherlockHolmesisafamousfictionaldetectiveofthelate19thandearly20thcenturies,whofirstappearedinpublicationin1887.Heisthecreationof

Scottish-bornauthorandphysicianSirArthurConanDoyle.AbrilliantLondonbaseddetective,Holmesisfamousforhisintellectualprowess,andisrenowned

forhisskillfuluseof“deductivereasoning”whileusingabductivereasoning(inferencetothebestexplanation)andastuteobservationtosolvedifficultcases.

Brainstorming

Tsung-DaoLee(李政道)isaChinese-bornAmericanphysicist,wellknownforhisworkonparityviolation,LeeModel,particlephysics,relativisticheavyion(RHIC)physics,nontopologicalsolitonsandsolitonstars.In1957,Lee,atage31,withC.N.YangreceivedtheNobelPrizeinPhysicsforworkontheviolationofparitylawinweakinteraction,whichChien-ShiungWuexperimentallyverified.LeeisthesecondyoungestNobellaureate,andLeeandYangwerethefirstChineselaureates.

Brainstorming

WilliamHenryGatesⅢ(1955—)isanAmericanbusinessmagnate,philanthropist,theworld’sthirdrichestperson(asof2008),andchairmanofMicrosoft,thesoftwarecompanyhefoundedwithPaulAllen.DuringhiscareeratMicrosoft,GatesheldthepositionsofCEOandchiefsoftwarearchitect,andremainsthelargestindividualshareholderwithmorethan8percentofthecommonstock.

Brainstorming

LibertyEnlighteningtheWorld,commonlyknownastheStatueofLiberty,waspresentedtotheUnitedStatesbythepeopleofFrancein1886.ItstandsonLibertyIslandinNewYorkHarborasawelcometoallvisitors,immigrants,

andreturningAmericans.AlexandreGustaveEiffel(designeroftheEiffelTower)engineeredtheinternalstructure.Worldwide,theStatueofLibertyisoneofthe

mostrecognizableiconsoftheUnitedStates,and,moregenerally,representslibertyandescapefromoppression.TheStatueofLibertywas,from1886untilthejetage,oftenoneofthefirstglimpsesoftheUnitedStatesformillionsofimmigrantsafteroceanvoyagesfromEurope.

Monologue1.tobeimpeached2.bornafterWorldWarⅡ3.longtime4.thedirectionthecountryhadtakenunderthetwopreviousRepublicanpresidents5.thepoliciesofhisownDemocraticPartyMonologue6.admittingtoanimproperrelationshipwithaWhiteHouseintern7.morepeaceandeconomicwell-beingthanatanytimeinitshistory8.unemploymentrateinmoderntimes9.inflationin30years10.homeownershipinthecountry’shistoryPassagePassage11.B2.A3.D4.D5.APassagePassage2I.2-5-4-6-3-1II.1.D2.C3.D4.B5.BIII. 1.mostproductive

2.cofounded;4,000employees

3.underwentsurgeryforpancreaticcancer

4.generous;donate

5.poppingup;surrounded

PassagePassage31.F2.T3.T4.T5.F

Unit4SectionBDoctor-PatientCommunicationOutlineWatchingandDoingWatchingandDoingBackgroundInformationaboutDoctor-PatientCommunicationMedicineisanartwhosemagicandcreativeabilityhavelongbeenrecognizedasresidingintheinterpersonalaspectsofpatient-physicianrelationship.Adoctor’scommunicationandinterpersonalskillsencompasstheabilitytogatherinformationinordertofacilitateaccuratediagnosis,counselappropriately,givetherapeuticinstructions,andestablishcaringrelationshipswithpatients.Thesearethecoreclinicalskillsinthepracticeofmedicine,withtheultimategoalofachievingthebestoutcomeandpatientsatisfaction,whichareessentialfortheeffectivedeliveryofhealthcare..WatchingandDoingBackgroundInformationaboutHippocratesGreekphysicianHippocrateslivedduringtheageofPericles.Thoughconsideredtheparagonofmodernmedicine,it’sdifficulttoseparatethefactsfromthelegendandadequatelyassesshismedicalacumen.AcompilationofwritingsattributedtoHippocratespresentsarudimentaryunderstandingofhowthebodyworksandthenatureofdisease.AlastinglegacyistheHippocraticoath,derivedfromhisethicalpracticesandstandards,thatservesasamoralguideforphysicianstoday.WatchingandDoingBackgroundInformationaboutEmpathyEmpathyistheabilitytoemotionallyunderstandwhatotherpeoplefeel,seethingsfromtheirpointofview,andimagineyourselfintheirplace.Essentially,itisputtingyourselfinsomeoneelse’spositionandfeelingwhattheyarefeeling.Empathymeansthatwhenyouseeanotherpersonsuffering,suchasafterthey’velostalovedone,youareabletoinstantlyenvisionyourselfgoingthroughthatsameexperienceandfeelwhattheyaregoingthrough.Whilepeoplecanbeadaptedtotheirownfeelingsandemotions,gettingintosomeoneelse’sheadcanbeabitmoredifficult.Theabilitytofeelempathyallowspeopleto“walkamileinanother’sshoes,”sotospeak.Itpermitspeopletounderstandtheemotionsthatothersarefeeling.WatchingandDoingBackgroundInformationaboutPatient-CenteredApproach“Patient-centeredApproach”isfrequentlyusedtodescribeaconceptwiththeobjectiveofimplementingshareddecisionmakingthroughpatientautonomy.Thisconceptintegratesthepreferences,values,andbeliefsofthepersonintotheprocessofdecision-making,producingatreatmentplanthatisbothappropriateandmeaningfulforthepatient.Itsupportstheroleofpatientsmakinginformedandactivechoices,ratherthanremainingpassiverecipientsoftheircare.WatchingandDoingI.Exercise11.True2.False3.False4.True5.TrueExercise21.passed2.preached3.forces4.comparisons5.regimens6.weather7.graduation8.best9.privacy10.sympathyExercise31.Open.2.Open.WatchingandDoingII.Exercise1.1.False2.False3.True4.True5.TrueExercise2.1.discomfort2.depersonalize3.frustrated4.worn5.out6.contact7.intentional8.acknowledge9.concrete10.validatedWatchingandDoingExercise31.Open2.Therearemanywaystobuildempathyskills.Thefollowingaresomesuggestions:1)Workonlisteningtopeoplewithoutinterrupting;2)Payattentiontobodylanguageandothertypesofnonverbalcommunication;3)Trytounderstandpeople,evenwhenyoudon’tagreewiththem;4)Askpeoplequestionstolearnmoreaboutthemandtheirlives;5)Imagineyourselfinanotherperson’sshoes;6)Strengthenyourconnectionwithotherstolearnmoreabouthowtheyfeel;7)Seektoidentifybiasesyoumayhaveandhowtheyaffectyourempathyforothers;8)Lookforwaysinwhichyouaresimilartoothersversusfocusingondifferences;9)Engageinnewexperiences,givingyoubetterinsightintohowothersinthatsituationmayfeel;10)Getinvolvedinorganizationsthatpushforsocialchange.WatchingandDoing3.Havingagreatdealofempathymakesyouconcernedforthewell-beingandhappinessofothers.Italsomeans,however,thatyoucansometimesgetoverwhelmed,burnedout,orevenoverstimulatedfromalwaysthinkingaboutotherpeople’semotions.Thiscanleadtoempathyfatigue.Empathyfatigueisaconcernincertainsituations,suchaswhenactingasacaregiver.Ifhealthcareworkerscan’tbalancetheirfeelingsofempathy(affectiveempathy,inparticular),itcanresultincompassionfatigueaswell.Higherlevelsofempathywithatendencytowardemotionalnegativitypotentiallyincreasesyourriskofempathicdistress.Itcanevenaffectyourjudgment,causingyoutogoagainstyourmoralsbasedontheempathyyoufeelforsomeoneelse.WatchingandDoingIII.Exercise11.False2.False3.False4.True5.TrueExercise21.goover,insurancepolicy2.dim3.shootingpain4.ten5.gradually,goneaway,justthesame.WatchingandDoingExercise31.Occasionalheadachesarenormal.Butifmypainischronic,severeorincludesothersymptoms,it’stimetogetcheckedout.Asapatient,Imayexpecttoreceiveadiagnosisandtreatmentforeverycomplaintandexpecthigh-techsolutionsformyproblems.2.Dr.ConnieHarrisusedgeneralwordsinsteadofmedicaltermsintheirconversation.Sheguidedthepatienttotalkmoreaboutherheadacheindetailsandlookedatthepatientwithsmilewhilethepatientdescribedherunbearableconditions,thusmakingthepatientfeelclosetothedoctor.WatchingandDoing3.Likemanyotherpeoplebasedprofessions,communicationsskillsareessentialtomedicalpracticealso.Traditionalmedicalteachingdoesnotaddresscommunicationskillswhicharemostessentialindealingwithpatients.Communications