第1題Themaindifferencebetweeninterstitialfluidandplasmais____?ATheproteinconcentrationishigherinplasmaBTheNa+concentrationishigherinplasmaCTheproteinconcentrationishigherininterstitialfluidDTheNa+concentrationishigherininterstitialfluidETheorganicacidconcentrationishigherinplasma第2題Thecharacteristicofhypovolemichyponatremiais____?ASerumNa+concentrationisincreased,thevolumeofextracellularfluidisdecreasedBSerumNa+concentrationisdecreased,thevolumeofextracellularfluidisincreasedCSerumNa+concentrationisdecreased,thevolumeofextracellularfluidisdecreasedDSerumNa+concentrationisdecreased,thevolumeofintracellularfluidisdecreasedESerumNa+concentrationisincreased,thevolumeofintracellularfluidisdecreased第3題Whichdisorderofwaterandsodiummetabolismmightresultincentralnervoussystem()symptomsintheearlystage?____?AHypotonicdehydrationBHypertonicdehydrationCIsotonicdehydrationDAcutewaterintoxicationEChronicwaterintoxication正確答案：CD第4題Hyperpyrexia(highfever),withprofusesweatingmightresultinwhichoneofthefollowingpathologicalprocesses?____?AHypovolemichypernatremiaBHypovolemichyponatremiaCHypervolemichyponatremiaDHypervolemichypernatremiaEIsovolemichyponatremia第5題Amansuffersfrompneumonia,accompaniedwithhyperpyrexia(體溫升高),thirst,andurinaryconcentration.Hisurinarysodiumcontentishigh,andtheserumNa+concentrationismorethan150mmol/L.Thisisprobablyanexampleof____?AedemaBwaterintoxicationChypertonicdehydrationDisotonicdehydrationEhypotonicdehydration第6題Whichoneofthefollowingdisordersofwaterandsodiummetabolismmightresultincerebralhemorrhage?____?AHypertonicdehydrationBIsotonicdehydrationCHypotonicdehydrationDWaterintoxicationEEdema第1題Themaindifferencebetweeninterstitialfluidandplasmais____?ATheproteinconcentrationishigherinplasmaBTheNa+concentrationishigherinplasmaCTheproteinconcentrationishigherininterstitialfluidDTheNa+concentrationishigherininterstitialfluidETheorganicacidconcentrationishigherinplasma第2題Whichoneofthefollowingdisordersofwaterandsodiummetabolisminducesperipheralcirculatoryfailureeasily?()AHypertonicdehydrationBHypotonicdehydrationCIsotonicdehydrationDWaterintoxicationEEdema第3題Themaincharacteristicofbodyfluidchangeinhypovolemichyponatremiais()AIntracellularfluidisdecreasedBExtracellularfluidisdecreasedCBothintracellularandextracellularfluidaredecreasedDIntracellularfluidisdecreased,extracellularfluidisincreasedEIntracellularfluidlossisidenticaltoextracellularfluidloss第4題Themostcommoncauseofhypotonicdehydrationis()AExcessivelossofdigestivejuicesBBodyfluidlossthroughtheskinCAscitesformationDOnlywatertoreplacethelossesofwaterandsodiumEExcessivelossofblood第5題Whichofthefollowingaretrueabouthypotonicdehydration?()AThirstinearlystageBExtracellularfluidlossobviouslyCPeripheralcirculatoryfailureinearlystageDOliguriaandincreasedurinespecificgravityinearlystageEInducedbyinappropriatesolutionadministration正確答案：BCE第6題Whichsymptomslistedbelowwillbeseenintheearlystageofhypotonicdehydration?()AThirstBDecreasedskinturgorCHypotensionDTachycardiaEOliguria正確答案：BCD第7題Whichofthefollowingstatementsaretrueaboutisotonicdehydration?()AWaterlossisproportionaltosaltlossBSerumsodiumconcentrationis130~150mmol/LCPlasmaosmoticpressureis280~310mmol/LDBloodvolumeisdecreasedESimpleisotonicdehydrationisnotcommonintheclinic正確答案：ABCDEEdema第1題Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutedema?()AThereisaccumulationofexcessivewaterinthebodyBThereisaccumulationofexcessivebodyfluidinthecellCThereisaccumulationofexcessivebodyfluidinthebloodvesselDThereisaccumulationofexcessivebodyfluidinthetissuespaceEThereisaccumulationofexcessivebodyfluidinthelymphaticvessel第2題Bloodvesselcompressedbyatumorwouldinducewhichoneofthefollowing?()ACapillaryhydrostaticpressureisincreasedBPlasmacolloidosmoticpressureisdecreasedCCapillarypermeabilityisincreasedDLymphaticreturnisobstructedESodiumandwateraremaintainedinthebody第3題Thebasicmechanisminducingretentionofsodiumandwateris()ACapillaryhydrostaticpressureisincreasedBPlasmacolloidosmoticpressureisdecreasedCCapillarypermeabilityisincreasedDLymphaticreturnisobstructedEThereisaglomerular-tubularimbalance正確答案：E第4題Whichoneofthefollowingisthemainmechanismforlocaledemainapersonbittenbyaninsect?()ACapillaryhydrostaticpressureisincreasedBPlasmacolloidosmoticpressureisdecreasedCCapillarypermeabilityisincreasedDLymphaticreturnisdecreasedEPlasmacrystalosmoticpressureisdecreased第5題Thepredominantharmfuleffectinacutewaterintoxicationis()ACerebraledemaandintracranialhypertensionBPulmonaryedemaCAcutehypertensionDHemodilutionandanaemiaEAcuteheartfailure第6題Inwaterintoxication,whichoneofthefollowingiscorrect?()AThevolumeofintracellularandextracellularfluidisincreased,andosmoticpressureishighBThevolumeofintracellularandextracellularfluidisincreased,andosmoticpressureislowCThevolumeofintracellularandextracellularfluidisdecreased,andosmoticpressureishighDThevolumeofintracellularandextracellularfluidisdecreased,andosmoticpressureislowEThevolumeofintracellularandextracellularfluidisincreased,andosmoticpressureisidenticalHypokalemia第1題Foreffectsofhypokalemiaonthecardiacmuscle,whichofthefollowingisNOTcorrect

()

AExcitabilityisincreasedBContractilefunctionisconstantlyincreasedCConductivityisreducedDMaycausenecrosis(壞死)ofthemusclecellECancausecardiacarrhythmia第2題Themechanismsbywhichdiarrhealeadstohypokalemiamayinvolve(

)AIncreasedinsulinsecretionBDecreasedK+absorptioninthesmallintestineCReducedaldosteronesecretionDIncreasedhydrocortisonesecretionEIncreasedglucocorticoidsecretion第3題Theexcitabilityofskeletalmusclesmaybereducedinhypokalemia.Thereasonisthat(

)ARestingpotentialbecomeslessnegative,andtheNa+channelisinactive.BRestingpotentialbecomesmorenegative,thedifferencebetweenrestingpotentialandthresholdpotentialincreases.CRestingpotentialelevates,thedifferencebetweenrestingpotentialandthresholdpotentialincreases.DRestingpotentialbecomeslessnegative,thedifferencebetweenrestingpotentialandthresholdpotentialdecreases.ERestingpotentialelevates,andtheeffectofthemembranebarrierbecomesgreater.Hyperkalemia第1題WhichconditionwillNOTcausehyperkalemia?

()

AIntravascularhemolysisBMetabolicalkalosisCDiabeticketoacidosisDRenalfailureESeverecrashinjury第2題Massiveinjuryofskeletalmusclescausedbyseveretraumacanfrequentlyresultin()

AHypomagnesemiaBHyperkalemiaCHypokalemiaDHypernatremiaEHyponatremia第3題Inhyperkalemia,whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheelectro-physiologicalchangesofthecardiacmusclecells()AIrritability(興奮性)↓--↑c(diǎn)onductivity(傳導(dǎo)性)↑automaticity(自律性)↑c(diǎn)ontractility(收縮性)↑BIrritability(興奮性)↑c(diǎn)onductivity(傳導(dǎo)性)↓automaticity(自律性)↑c(diǎn)ontractility(收縮性)↑CIrritability(興奮性)↓conductivity(傳導(dǎo)性)↓automaticity(自律性)↓contractility(收縮性)↓DIrritability(興奮性)↑--↓conductivity(傳導(dǎo)性)↓automaticity(自律性)↓contractility(收縮性)↓EIrritability(興奮性)↑--↓conductivity(傳導(dǎo)性)↑automaticity(自律性)↑c(diǎn)ontractility(收縮性)↑第4題WhichofthefollowingconditionscauseK+tomoveoutofcells?()AAcidosisBInjectionofinsulinintoindividualswithdiabetesmellitusCUseofβ-receptorantagonistsDUseofα-receptoragonistsEInjectionofNaCO3intoindividuals正確答案：ACDEMetabolicacidosis(I)第1題UnderwhichsituationofthefollowingscouldpHvalueofarterialbloodbeinanormalrange?(_)?AAcombinationofmetabolicacidosisandmetabolicalkalosisBThere'snoacid-basedisorder.CInacompensatedphaseofsimpleacid-basedisorderDAcombinationofmetabolicacidosisandrespiratoryacidosisEAcombinationofmetabolicalkalosisandrespiratoryalkalosis正確答案：ABC第2題WhichofthefollowingcanoccurwhenPaCO2ishigherthanthenormallevel?(_)?APrimarymetabolicacidosisBCompensatedmetabolicalkalosisCPrimaryrespiratoryacidosisDPrimaryrespiratoryalkalosisECompensatedrespiratoryalkalosis正確答案：BCMetabolicacidosis(II)第1題WhichofthefollowingcanleadtometabolicacidosiswithanincreasedAG?()AAspirinpoisoningBDiabetesCRenaltubularacidosis(RTA)DCarbonmonoxide(CO)poisoningEEthanol(alcohol)poisoning正確答案：ABDE第2題Theresultsofbloodgasanalysisonthearterialbloodfromanindividualwithpyelonephritisare:pH7.32,PaCO234mmHg,SB18mmol/L.Whichofthefollowingmayhaveoccurred?(

)AMetabolicacidosisBRespiratoryacidosisCMetabolicalkalosisDRespiratoryalkalosisENormalstateofacid-basebalance第3題5mmol/L.Whatdiagnosisofthefollowingshouldbemade?()AMetabolicacidosiswithanormalAGBMetabolicacidosiswithanincreasedAGCMetabolicacidosiswithanincreasedAGplusmetabolicalkalosisDMetabolicacidosiswithanormalAGplusmetabolicalkalosisENormalstateofacid-basebalance第4題Whichofthefollowingisthemostimportantmechanismofcompensationinacutemetabolicacidosis?

()

ARegulationofbloodbuffersystemBRegulationofintracellularbuffersystemCPulmonarycompensationDRenalcompensationEDissolutionofbonephosphateMetabolicalkalosis第1題Anindividualwithpepticulcerdiseasecomplicatedbypyloricobstructionwasadmittedtothehospitalbecauseofrepeatedvomiting.Theresultsofbloodgasanalysiswereasfollows:pH7.49,PaCO248mmHg,[HCO3-

]36mmol/L.Whichofthefollowingsituationsoccurredforthepatient?()AMetabolicacidosisBMetabolicalkalosisCRespiratoryacidosisDRespiratoryalkalosisENormalstateofacid-basebalanceRespiratoryacidosisandrespiratoryalkalosis第1題Whichofthefollowingwillnotcauserespiratoryacidosis?

()

ATraveltoahighaltitudeareaaround4500mBInhibitionoftherespiratorycentreCRespiratorymuscleparalysisDRespiratorytractobstructionESeverepneumothorax第2題WhichofthefollowingcanleadtoincreasesofbothABandSB?()AAcuterespiratoryacidosisBChronicrespiratoryacidosisCAcuterespiratoryalkalosisDChronicrespiratoryalkalosisEAcutemetabolicacidosis第3題Theresultsofbloodgasanalysisonthearterialbloodfromanindividualwhowasjustrescuedfromdrowning(溺水)are:pH7.20,PaCO280mmHg,[HCO3-]27mmol/L.Whatdiagnosisshouldbemade()AMetabolicacidosisBMetabolicalkalosisCAcuterespiratoryacidosisDChronicrespiratoryacidosisEMixedacidosis第4題Whichofthefollowingismostlikelytooccurifbothactualbicarbonate()andstandardbicarbonate()arehigherthanthenormalvalues,andwithhigherABthanSB?()AMetabolicacidosiswithanormalAGBMetabolicacidosiswithanincreasedAGCRespiratoryacidosisDRespiratoryalkalosisEMixedalkalosis正確答案：ABC第5題Anindividualwithpulmonaryheartdiseaseisadmittedtothehospital,complainingofcoughandexpectoration(咳痰)aftercatchingacold.Theresultsofarterialbloodgasanalysisandelectrolytedetectionshow:pH7.25,PaCO285.8mmHg,[HCO3-]15.8mmol/L,[Na+]140mmol/L,[Cl-]92mmol/L.Whatdiagnosiscanbemade?()ARespiratoryacidosiscomplicatedbymetabolicalkalosisBMetabolicacidosiscomplicatedbymetabolicalkalosisCRespiratoryacidosiscomplicatedbymetabolicacidosisDRespiratoryalkalosiscomplicatedbymetabolicalkalosisERespiratoryalkalosiscomplicatedbymetabolicacidosis2.HypotonicHypoxia第1題Thepatientswithchronicbronchitisareinclinedtosufferfrom()AAtmospherichypoxiaBHemichypoxiaCHypotonichypoxiaDIsotonichypoxiaEHistogenousehypoxia第2題Whichoneofthefollowingdiseasescauseshypoxiawithoutcyanosis?()ATetralogyofFallotBCyanidepoisoningCVenousadmixtureDHeartfailureERespiratoryfailure第3題Inapatient'slaboratorytest,theresultsshowedCO2maxof20m1/dl,CaO2of15m1/dl,PaO2of50mmHgandCa-VO2of4m1/dl.Thishypoxiabelongsto()AHypotonichypoxiaBHemichypoxiaCCirculatoryhypoxiaDHistogenoushypoxiaEMixedhypoxia第4題Duringacutehypoxia,whatisthemainmechanismofpulmonaryhypertension?()AIncreaseofrightcardiacoutputBContractionofsmallpulmonaryarteryCLeftcardiacinsufficiencyDCongestionofsmallpulmonaryveinEIncreaseofpulmonarybloodflow第5題Thecauseoftheenterogenouscyanosisis()ACarbonmonoxide(CO)poisoningBKCNpoisoningCNaNO2poisoningDNH4CNpoisoningEAnemia第6題Foramountaineerat4000metersabovesealevel,themaincauseofhypoxiais()ADeclineofPO2ininspiredairBLowgasexchangeinlungsCDeclineofpulmonarybloodflowDDeclineofoxygencarryingcapacityofbloodEDeclineoftissuebloodflow第7題Inhypoxiabecauseofvenous-to-arterialshunts,thechangeofbloodoxygenparametersis()ADecreaseofPO2inpulmonaryveinsBIncreaseofPO2inpulmonaryarteriesCDecreaseofPO2insystemicarteriesDIncreaseofPO2insystemicveinsEIncreaseofCa-vO2第8題Inhypoxiacausedbyrespiratoryinsufficiency,thediagnosticchangeinthearterialbloodis()ADecreasedCaO2maxBDecreasedPaO2CIncreasedCaO2DIncreasedSaO2EO2dissociationcurveshifttotheleftHemicHypoxia,CirculatoryHypoxiaandHistogenousHypoxia第1題Ca-vO2,thetypeofhypoxiawouldbe()ACirculatoryhypoxiaBHistogenoushypoxiaCAnemiahypoxiaDHypotonichypoxiaEHemichypoxia第2題Ifallparameters,includingPaO2,SO2,CaO2,CaO2maxarenormalexceptanincreaseinCa-vO2,thetypeofhypoxiawouldbe()ACirculatoryhypoxiaBHistogenoushypoxiaCAnemiahypoxiaDHypotonichypoxiaEHemichypoxia第3題Thecolorofapatient'sskinandmucousmembranesincarbonmonoxidepoisoningisusually()ACoffeebrownBRosypinkCPaleDCherryredECyanosis第4題Whichofthefollowingdescriptionofcarbonmonoxidepoisoningaretrue?

ACOreactswithHbtoformCOHbandCOHbcannottakeupO2.BCOinhibitsglycolysisinRBCandcausesa2，3-DPGdecrease,whichshiftstheoxygendissociationcurvetotheleft.CInhaling0.1%ofCOcancause50%ofHbtocombinewithCOtoformCOHb.

DCOpoisoningslowsdownthedissolvingrateofHbO2.ETheskinandmucousmembranearecherry-red.

正確答案：ABCDEAlterationofmetabolismandfunctionofhypoxia第1題Oxygentherapyismosteffectiveinhypoxiacausedby()APulmonaryedemaBHemorrhagicshockCAnemiaDCyanidepoisoningENitritepoisoning第2題Whichofthefollowingchangesoccurincellsdamagedbyseverehypoxia?()ATheconcentrationofintracellularNa+increasesBTheconcentrationofintracellularCa2+decreasesCTheconcentrationofintracellularK+increasesDTheconcentrationofextracellularH+decreasesETheconcentrationofintracellularNa+decreases第3題Thebody'smajorcompensatoryresponseinacutehypotonichypoxiais()AHeartrateincreasesBMyocardialcontractilityincreasesCAlveolarventilationincreasesDCerebralbloodflowincreasesEAbdominalviscerabloodflowdecreases第4題Theeffectofacutehypoxiaonbloodvesselsis()ACoronaryandcerebralvasoconstrictionwhereaspulmonaryvasodilationBCoronaryandpulmonaryvasodilationwhereascerebralvasoconstriction.CCoronary,pulmonaryandcerebralvasodilation.DCoronaryandcerebralvasodilationwhereaspulmonaryvasoconstriction.ECoronaryandpulmonaryvasoconstrictionwhereascerebralvasodilation.第5題Whichofthefollowingcauseshypoxiawithouttheappearanceofcyanosis?()ARespiratoryfailureBHeartfailureCCyanidepoisoningDNitritepoisoningELowPO2ofinspiredairFever第1題Duringfever,the“setpoint”()Awillbeup-shiftandthebodytemperaturewillbeelevatedinitiatively.Bwillbedownwardshiftandthebodytemperaturewillbeelevatedinitiatively.Cwillbeup-shiftandthebodytemperaturewillbeelevatedpassively.Dwillbedownwardshiftandthebodytemperaturewillbeelevatedpassively.Ewillnotchangeandthebodytemperaturewillbeelevatedinitiatively.第2題Underwhatcircumstances,theelevationofbodytemperaturebelongstofever?()ABeforemenstruationBGestationCAfterstrenuousexerciseDHeatstrokeEInfluenza正確答案：DE第3題Whichoneofthefollowingbelongstopyrogenicactivators?()ALeukocytepyrogenBInterferonCTumornecrosisfactorDMacrophageinflammatoryprotein-1EEndotoxin正確答案：E第4題Duringthefervescencestage,thecharacteristicsofmetabolisminclude()ADecreaseofthermolysis,increaseofthermogenesisandelevationofbodytemperatureBDecreaseofthermogenesis,increaseofthermolysisandelevationofbodytemperatureCDecreaseofthermolysis,increaseofthermogenesisandmaintenanceofbodytemperatureatahighlevelDBalancebetweenthermogenesisandthermolysisandmaintenanceofbodytemperatureatahighlevelEDecreaseofthermogenesis,increaseofthermolysisandfallofbodytemperature第5題Duringthedefervescencestage,thecharacteristicsofmetabolisminclude()ADecreaseofthermolysis,increaseofthermogenesisandelevationofbodytemperatureBDecreaseofthermogenesis,increaseofthermolysisandelevationofbodytemperatureCDecreaseofthermolysis,increaseofthermogenesisandmaintenanceofbodytemperatureatahighlevelDBalancebetweenthermogenesisandthermolysisandmaintenanceofbodytemperatureatahighlevelEDecreaseofthermogenesis,increaseofthermolysisandfallofbodytemperature正確答案：E第6題Asforapatientwithhyperpyrexia,whichoneofthefollowingsiseasytooccur?()AWaterintoxicationBEdemaCHypotonicdehydrationDIsotonicdehydrationEHypertonicdehydration正確答案：E第7題Duringthepersistentfebrilestage,()ABloodtemperatureishigherthanthelevelof“setpoint”andbodytemperatureelevatesconstantly.BBloodtemperatureislowerthanthelevelof“setpoint”andbodytemperatureelevatesconstantly.CTheheatproductionbalancestheheatlosstomaintainthetemperatureattheelevatedlevel.DBloodtemperatureishigherthanthelevelof“setpoint”andbodytemperaturedescendsthen.EBloodtemperatureislowerthanthelevelof“setpoint”andbodytemperaturedescendsthen.Overviewofrespiratoryfailure第1題Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsisnotrightabouttherespiratoryfailure?()ARespiratoryfailureisdividedintohypoxemic(typeⅠ)andhypercapnic(typeⅡ)respiratoryfailureBRespiratoryfailureisapathologicalprocess,inwhichtheinternalrespiratorydysfunctionleadstoanabnormaldecreaseofarterialpartialpressureofoxygenwithorwithouthypercapniaCThebloodgascriterionforthediagnosisofrespiratoryfailureatsealevelisthePaO2<60mmHg(8.0kPa),withorwithoutPaCO2>50mmHg\(6.67kPa)DAccordingtothepathogenesis,respiratoryfailurecouldbecategorizedintoventilationdisorderandgasexchangedisorderEPatientswithrespiratoryfailuremusthavelowPaO2,whichmaybenotaccompaniedbyahighPaCO2第2題Respiratoryinsufficiencyis()AThepathologicalprocessofPaO2<60mmHg(8.0kPa)BThedecreaseofdischargeofCO2CThelowoxygenpartialpressureofinspiredairandthedecreaseofdischargeofCO2DApathologicalprocesscausedbytheexternalrespiratorydysfunctionEApathologicalprocesscausedbytheinternalrespiratorydysfunction第3題Thepathogenesisofrespiratoryfailureincludes()AImpairedventilationBIncreasedlungtrueshuntCVentilationandperfusionimbalanceDImpaireddiffusionEImpairedoxygenutilizationoftissues正確答案：ABCDPulmonaryVentilationDisturbance第1題Themaincauseofrestrictivehypoventilationis()ADysfunctionofrespiratorymusclesBDecreaseinthesurfaceareaofalveolarmembrane,andincreaseinthethicknessofalveolarmembraneCIncreaseinthethicknessandstenosisofairwaywallDVentilation-perfusionimbalanceETheexternalairwayobstruction第2題Obstructivehypoventilationisdueto()AIncreaseofnon-elasticresistanceBDecreasedcomplianceoflungsCThedilationorinflationofalveoliisrestrictedDDecreaseofalveolarsurfactantEDecreasedcomplianceofchestwall第3題Thefeatureofbloodgasalterationinrespiratoryfailureresultingfromnarcoticoverdoseis()AIncreasedPaCO2BThedecreaseofPaO2ismoreprominentthantheincreaseofPaCO2CThedecreaseofPaO2isaccompaniedbyaproportionalincreaseofPaCO2DTheincreaseofPaCO2ismoreprominentthanthedecreaseofPaO2EDecreasedPaO2第4題Themainmechanismofexpiratorydyspnearesultingfromchronicobstructivepulmonarydisease()is()ACenterairwayobstructionBTheequalpressurepointbeingshiftedtolargeairwayCThepressureonintrathoracicairwaybeingincreasedDTheincreaseinthethicknessoftrachealwallEIncreaseinthesmallairwayresistance正確答案：CDE第5題Whichofthefollowingsituationscouldbecausedbyglotticparalysis?()AInspiratorydyspneaBExpiratorydyspneaCNodyspneaDParoxysmaldyspneaEBothinspiratorydyspneaandexpiratorydyspnea.第6題Inpulmonaryfibrosispatients,hypoxemiaoccursjustonexercise.Thisisdueto()AThedecreaseinthesurfaceareaofalveolarmembraneBTheincreaseinthethicknessofalveolarmembraneCThedecreaseinpartialpressuredifferencebetweenalveolarmembranesDTheshorteningofthedurationforthebloodtocontactalveolargasETheequalpressurepointbeingshiftedtosmallairway第7題Thefeatureofbloodgasalterationsofrespiratoryfailurecausedbyneuron-muscularparalysisis()ADecreasedPaO2,andincreasedPaCO2BDecreasedPaO2,anddecreasedPaCO2CDecreasedPaO2,andproportionallyincreasedPaCO2DDecreasedPaO2pluswithanormal,ordecreased,orincreasedPaCO2EBothPaO2andPaCO2maybenormal,decreased,orincreased(notdefinitive)PulmonaryGasExchangeDisturbance第1題Thefeatureofbloodgasalterationscausedbyventilationandperfusionimbalanceis()ADecreasedPaO2,andIncreasedPaCO2BDecreasedPaO2,anddecreasedPaCO2CDecreasedPaO2,andproportionallyincreasedPaCO2DDecreasedPaO2withanormalordecreased,orincreasedPaCO2EBothPaO2andPaCO2maybenotdefinitive.第2題Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsisnotrightaboutvenousadmixture?()AItcanbecalledfunctionalshunt,tooBItoccurswhenpartialalveolihavehypoventilation,buttheirbloodflowisnotdecreasedproportionallyCHealthypersonsalsohavevenousadmixtureDPulmonaryvesselsconstrictcanalsoresultinvenousadmixtureETheblood,asaresultofvenousadmixture,isnotarterializedcompletely,sothatitspartialpressureofoxygenisdecreased,andthepartialpressureofcarbondioxideisincreased.第3題Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsisnotrightaboutdeadspacelikeventilation?()AItmeanspartialalveolarhypoperfusionwithnormalventilationBProminentlyincreaseddeadspacelikeventilationcanresultinrespiratoryfailureCItcanbecausedbypulmonarydisseminatedintravascularcoagulationDDeadspacevolumeincludesanatomicdeadspaceandalveolardeadspaceEDeadspacelikeventilationofpartialalveolimakesthebloodflowoftheremainingalveoliincrease,whichresultsinthecharacteristicbloodgasalterationofdecreasedPaO2,andincreasedPaCO2正確答案：E第4題Whichofthefollowingdiseasescanmaketheratioofalveolarventilationtopulmonarybloodflowtomorethan0.8?()ASevereCOPDpatientsBLungedemaCPulmonaryembolismDChronicbronchitisEPulmonaryconsolidation第5題Whichofthefollowingisrightaboutthemeaningoftrueshunt?()ALocalalveolarhypoperfusionBLocalalveolarhypoventilationCBothalveolarhypoventilationandhypoperfusionDLocalalveolarhypoventilationwithnormalperfusionELocalalveolihavenoventilation,buttheirbloodflowexists正確答案：EAlterationofmetabolismandfunctionofrespiratoryfailure第1題Themostcommonacid-baseimbalancethatresultsfromrespiratoryfailureis()AMetabolicacidosisBRespiratoryacidosisCMetabolicalkalosisDRespiratoryalkalosisEMixedacid-basebalancedisorder正確答案：E第2題Themostcommonacid-baseimbalancethatresultsfromtypeⅠrespiratoryfailureis()ARespiratoryacidosisBMetabolicacidosisCRespiratoryalkalosisDMetabolicalkalosisEMixedacid-basebalancedisorder第3題Thereasonthatoxygenadministrationathighinspirationfractionisnotsuitableforrespiratoryfailureinsevereobstructiveemphysemapatientsisthat()AInthatcase,thepatientissusceptibletooxygenintoxicationBExpirationofCO2istooquickCTherespiratorycompensationmainlydependsonthestimulationofchemoreceptorbyhypoxiawhenPaCO2risetomorethan80mmHgDTheinhibitoryinfluenceofhypoxiaonrespiratorycenterismorethanitseffectofreflexexcitationETheexcitationofhypoxiaonchemoreceptorisobviouswhenPaO2descendstolessthan60mmHg第4題Themainmechanismofrespiratoryfailureaccompaniedbyrenalinsufficiencyis()ARespiratoryfailureisaccompaniedbydisseminatedintravascularcoagulationBHyperkalemiaoccursasaresultofacidosisCTherespiratoryfailurepatientissusceptibletoacuterenaltubularnecrosisDExcessiveconstrictionofrenalvesselsdecreasesthekidneybloodflowEHypoxiadirectlyimpairstherenalfunction第5題Themechanismsbywhichsomerespiratoryfailurepatientsdevelopgastriculcerandgastrichemorrhagemayinclude()AImpairedgastricmucosalbarrierBVasoconstrictionofgastricwallCWeakenedactivityofcarbonicanhydraseingastricparietalcellsDAnincreaseingastricacidsecretionERespiratoryfailureresultsinacomplicationofdisseminatedintravascularcoagulation.正確答案：ABDEMechanisms-1第1題Ammonia,whichcancausehepaticencephalopathy,mainlycomesfrom()AIntestinegermproducingammoniaBCatalyzingaminoacidtoproducingammoniabymusclesCCatalyzingaminoacidtoproducingammoniabybrainDKidneyproducingammoniaETransformfromNH4+第2題Whichofthefollowingisnotthemechanismofammoniaintoxication?()AInterferencewithcerebralenergymetabolismBInfluencingthesynthesisofneurotransmittersCDirectharmfuleffectontheneuronalmembraneDDecreasedlevelofglutamineEDecreasedlevelofglutamicacidandacetylcholine(Ach)第3題Whichofthefollowingisnotthemechanismofammoniaintoxication()AImpairmentofenergymetabolismofbrainBReductionofexcitativeneurotransmittersinCNSCIncreaseofinhibitiveneurotransmittersinCNSDIncreaseofcerebralsensitivityEInhibitionofnervecellmembraneexcitability第4題Insufficiencyoftheammoniaelimination,whichmaycausehepaticencephalopathy,ismainlydueto()ADisorderofcitricacidcycleBDisorderofglutamicacidproductionCDisorderofglutamineproductionDDisorderofornithinecycleETransformfromNH4+Mechanisms-2第1題Plasmabranchedchainaminoacid()decreaseinhepaticencephalopathyisdueto()AHyperinsulinemiaBHypoinsulinemiaCHyperglucago