1、Coordination and Subordination,1.當(dāng)我們提及同等重要的兩件或多件事情或觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，我們多采用由并列連詞連接的并列分句(coordinate clauses),這種方法稱為并列(coordination)。 而在表達(dá)一個(gè)主句中更加重要的觀點(diǎn)或以從句來(lái)表達(dá)不太重要的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，我們會(huì)使用從屬(subordination)的方法。 采用何種方法取決于我們所需要表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)之間的內(nèi)部關(guān)系。,試比較以下三句。 e.g: This rich man went to church every Sunday, and he never donated a cent for the ben

2、efit of his neighborhood. This rich man went to church every Sunday, but he never donated a cent for the benefit of his neighborhood. Although he was rich and went to church every Sunday, he never donated a cent for the benefit of his neighborhood.,Types of Sentence (句子的類型),陳述句，疑問(wèn)句，祈使句和感嘆句.（declarat

3、ive, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences） 簡(jiǎn)單句，并列句，復(fù)合句，和并列復(fù)合句(simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences) 松散句，圓周句和對(duì)偶句(loose, periodic, and balanced sentences) 短句和長(zhǎng)句(short and long sentences),1.陳述句，疑問(wèn)句，祈使句和感嘆句.,根據(jù)用法來(lái)分，句子可分為陳述句，疑問(wèn)句，祈使句和感嘆句. 陳述句： 陳述觀點(diǎn)和事實(shí) 疑問(wèn)句： 提出問(wèn)題 祈使句：表達(dá)命

4、令和請(qǐng)求 感嘆句：抒發(fā)強(qiáng)烈的感情,2.簡(jiǎn)單句，并列句，復(fù)合句，和并列復(fù)合句,按句子結(jié)構(gòu)劃分 簡(jiǎn)單句：一個(gè)主語(yǔ)和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，但可以有幾個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。 如：We encouraged our children to be brave. 但是如下句子：He and his brothers went to town and bought a pile of books.有的語(yǔ)法書做簡(jiǎn)單句，有的做并列句。,并列句,包含兩個(gè)或者更多個(gè)的獨(dú)立從句（或簡(jiǎn)單句）。這些意思 相關(guān)的獨(dú)立從句用并列連詞（and, but, or）或分號(hào)等連接起來(lái)。意思相關(guān)的各從句不相互矛盾，大致同等重要，并按一定順序排列。

5、 如：Lin looks like Li; however, they are not related. He can go to Canada to have further education or he has the choice to stay.,復(fù)合句,包含一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或者更多的從句。主句和從句從連詞來(lái)顯示它們的關(guān)系。從句可以充當(dāng)全句的主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。 如： The one who sat in front of me is Mr. Chen. Even the wisest one, who was usually quick in thinking and ac

6、tion, was silent this time.,并列復(fù)合句,包含至少兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)和一個(gè)從句，即并列句和復(fù)合句的組合。 如：Actually, not all Americans hold all these values, and those who do may hold other, and at times contradictory, values that affect their ways of behaving.,寫作中這種類型句子要注意的地方,1. 簡(jiǎn)單句強(qiáng)勁有力，意思清楚，和長(zhǎng)句子一起用還會(huì)使句式富于變化。 簡(jiǎn)單句一般用于表達(dá)需要強(qiáng)調(diào)或重要的意思。 2. 長(zhǎng)的并列復(fù)合句可

7、以容納多種修飾詞能清楚并準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)復(fù)雜的意思。,改寫下列句子，把短句變?yōu)椴⒘芯?、?fù)合句或帶有分詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)或其他短語(yǔ)的句子：,1. Xu comes from a working-class family. He enrolled in college last fall. 2. The dean issued a bulletin. It said the library would remain open at weekend. 3. Last night was a wild night. The thunder roared. The wind blew a gale. The r

8、ain fell in torrents. 4. There are icicles on the trees. The temperature must have fallen considerable during the night . 5. He returned to his hometown. He had been away for 12 years. He looked in vain for the familiar landmarks.,6. We have made some progress. We still have a long way to go. 7. The

9、 sky was cloudless. The sun was shining brightly. 8. There were over two hundred passengers on board the plane. About one third of them were foreigners. 9. The girl began to learn to play piano when she was a child. Her mother was a famous pianist. 10. Napoleon was born in Corsica in 1769. At that t

10、ime the island had just been acquired by France.,3.松散句，圓周句和對(duì)偶句(loose, periodic, and balanced sentences),從修辭的角度來(lái)看，句子有松散句，圓周句和對(duì)偶句(loose, periodic, and balanced sentences)之分。,松散句(loose sentences),把主要意思放在次要意思之前，先說(shuō)最重要的事情，讀者看到前面的詞就知道這個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容。(即重要的先說(shuō)） He knew he had little chance of getting the job, althoug

11、h he wanted it more than anything else in the world. The willow somehow suggested a young woman, with her long hair flowing in the wind.,圓周句(periodic sentences),把最重要的安排在最后面或靠后的位置，讀者只有看完整句話才知道意思。 With her long hair flowing in the wind, the willow somehow suggested a young woman. Although he wanted th

12、e job more than anything else in the world, he knew he had little chance of getting it.,More Examples,She decided to study English though she was interested in music. Although she was interested in music, she finally decided to study English. 第一個(gè)句子的第一個(gè)部分是完整的結(jié)構(gòu)，除去第二部分仍然成立，為松散句。 第二個(gè)句子第一部分只是從句，起來(lái)修飾說(shuō)明的作

13、用，加上第二部分才是完整的句子，為圓周句。 It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.(?),平衡句(balanced sentences),平衡句是并列句和并列復(fù)合句的一種。句中的各部分結(jié)構(gòu)相同，但是意義相互對(duì)立。 The humid summers drained my strength; the mild winters renewed my energy. As the years went by,

14、 the mansion faded from their memories, and the new home occupied their efforts.,松散句比較易懂，簡(jiǎn)單，自然和直接。 圓周句比較復(fù)雜，著重，正式和文雅。 對(duì)偶句的語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)勁有力，因?yàn)榘喾吹囊馑?，?jié)奏和諧而悅耳，容易給人留下深刻的印象。如：Let us be ruthless in our criticism, cruel to personal vanities, indifferent to age, rank or experience if these stand in our way. On hearin

15、g the news, he was angered, and I was saddened.,指出下列各句的類型（松散，圓周，對(duì)偶句）,She missed the step and sprained her ankle. Badly frightened by the explosion, the boy rushed out of the laboratory. The Wangs must have gone away for the summer holidays, for we have not seen them for a long time. It will not be d

16、one by the Government; it cannot be done by Parliament. Our friends, who had started before us, promised that they would meet us, but when we arrived at the bus stop, they were nowhere to be seen.,4.短句和長(zhǎng)句(short and long sentences),根據(jù)句子長(zhǎng)短來(lái)分 短句：語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)而有力，令人矚目，適宜陳述重要的事實(shí)和想法。 長(zhǎng)句：含有修飾詞，能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)復(fù)雜的思想，適宜于解釋觀點(diǎn)，理論或

17、描寫有很多細(xì)節(jié)的事物。 但是對(duì)于中國(guó)學(xué)生來(lái)講，因?yàn)槭艿侥刚Z(yǔ)影響，學(xué)會(huì)寫長(zhǎng)句表達(dá)連貫，通順的意思才是鍛煉的重點(diǎn)。,試比較。 I like reading novels. They often tell me interesting and moving stories. Some stories are also instructive. They describe good and evil people. They describe the bright side and the dark side of life. They help me distinguish between righ

18、t and wrong. In this way they have helped me to understand people and life. As a result, I seem to become wiser.,I like reading novels because they often tell me interesting and moving stories. Moreover, some stories are also instructive. By describing good and evil people, and the bright side and t

19、he dark side of life, they help me distinguish between rightand wrong and understand people and life. Reading them has perhaps made me wiser.,簡(jiǎn)單句，短句成復(fù)雜句，長(zhǎng)句的小方法：,a. 根據(jù)關(guān)系，加合并詞。如： John was a charming young man. He was quite intelligent, too. The little boy has defeated many grown-ups at chess. He is on

20、ly eleven. Not only was John a charming young man, but he was also quite intelligent. The little boy has defeated many grown-ups at chess, although he is only eleven.,b. 根據(jù)英語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣和句子結(jié)構(gòu)，重組句子。,I returned to my room. There was a note under my door. It was from Bill. He said he was in the town looking for

21、 a job. He hadnt found anything. When I returned to my room, I found a note from Bill under my door. He said he was in the town looking for a job, but hadnt found anything yet.,c.用不同的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu),When he left he was a beggar. When he returned he was a millionaire. He left a beggar and returned a millionaire.,d. 利用從屬關(guān)系，合并成復(fù)合句,Mark Twain was a well-known American writer. His experience as a pilot on a steamboat was no doubt an important factor that helped to become a famous writer. Mark Twain，whose experience as a pilot on a steamboa