1、英語詞匯學(xué)Chapter 2The development of the English Vocabulary英語詞匯的發(fā)展,2.1 The Indo-European language family 印歐語系,1 - It is assumed that the world has approximately 3, 000 (some put it 5, 000 ) languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic wor

2、d stock and grammar. 據(jù)估計(jì)，世界上約有 3 000 多種（有人認(rèn)為 5 000 種 ）語言，這些語言可以根據(jù)他們的基本詞匯和語法的相似性大致劃分為 300 個譜系。,2 - The Indo-European is one of them. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. 印歐語就是其中之一。該語系包括歐洲的大多數(shù)語言、近東諸語言和古梵語。,3 - They accordingly fall into eight principal groups, wh

3、ich can be grouped into an Eastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-Iranian , Armenian and Albanian ; a Western set: Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, Germanic. 這些語族相應(yīng)地分為 8 大語族，這 8 大語族又可分為東部諸語族。東部諸語族有波羅的海-斯拉夫語族，印 度-伊朗語族，亞美尼亞-阿爾巴尼亞語族; 西部諸語族有凱爾特語族，意大利語族，希臘語族，日耳曼語族。,4 - In the Eastern set, Armenian and Albanian are ea

4、ch the only modern language respectively. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and Russian. 在東部諸語族中，亞美尼亞-阿爾巴尼亞語族都只留下今天的亞美尼亞語和阿爾巴尼亞語。波羅的海-斯拉夫語族包括普魯士語，立陶宛語，波蘭語，捷克語，保加利亞語，斯洛文尼亞語和俄語等。,5 - In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian. Bengal

5、i, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language Sanskrit. 印度-伊朗語族語族波斯語，孟加拉國語，印地語，吉普賽語，后 3 門語言來源于已經(jīng)消亡的古梵語。,6 - In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. 在西部諸語族中，現(xiàn)代希臘語來源于古希臘語族。,7 - The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Lan

6、guages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English. 日耳曼語族包括 4 門北歐語言：挪威語，冰島語，丹麥語和瑞典語，這 4 門語言統(tǒng)稱為斯堪的納維亞 語。其次是德語，荷蘭語，佛蘭芒語和英語。,2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary 英語詞匯歷史概述,2.2.1 Old Englis

7、h (450-1150) 古英語 Anglo-Saxon as Old English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50, 000 to 60, 000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like moderm German. 盎格魯-撒克遜語被稱為古英語。古英語約有 50000 至 60000 詞匯。而且也和現(xiàn)代德語一樣是一門典型的屈折語。,2.2.2 Middle English (1150-1500) -中古英語 Although there were borrowings fr

8、om Latin, the influence on English was mainly Germanic.雖然英語也從拉丁語中借詞，但影響英語的主要還是日耳曼語。 Between 1250 and 1500 about 9000 words of French origin poured into English. Seventy-five percent of them are still in use today.從 1250 年到 1500 年的 250 年間，大約有 9000 個法語詞匯進(jìn)入到英語中，其中 75%仍在使用。 If we say that Old English wa

9、s a language of full endings. Middle English was one of leveled endings. 如果說古英語是全詞尾的話，那么中古英語的詞尾已去了一半,2.2.3 Modern English (1500-up to now)現(xiàn)代英語 Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England. 現(xiàn)代英語開始于印刷術(shù)傳入英國。 Early (1500-1700) and Late (1700-up to the present) Modern English 現(xiàn)在英語分為

10、早期現(xiàn)代英語（ 1500 至 1700 年）和晚期現(xiàn)代英語（ 1700 -至今）,In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. This is known in history as the Renaissance. 在早期現(xiàn)代英語階段，歐洲掀起了學(xué)習(xí)希臘和羅馬的古典著作的運(yùn)動。這場運(yùn)動史稱文藝復(fù)興。 Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Weste

11、rn worlds great literary heritage and of great scholarship. 當(dāng)時拉丁語和希臘語被認(rèn)為是西方世界燦爛文學(xué)遺產(chǎn)的語言，是學(xué)術(shù)語言,In fact, more than twenty-five percent of modern English words come almost directly from classical languages. 事實(shí)上，現(xiàn)代英語詞匯中有 25%以上幾乎是直接從古典語言中直接介入的（WBD）。 In modern English, word endings were mostly lost with ju

12、st a few exceptions. It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language.在現(xiàn)代英語中，除了少數(shù)幾個詞之外，詞尾幾乎都消失了?？梢赃@樣說，英語已從古英語的綜合型語言發(fā)展成了現(xiàn)在的分析型語言 。,2.3 Growth of Present-day Enlish Vocabulary現(xiàn)代英語詞匯量的增長,Three main sources of new words: the rapid deve

13、lopment of modern science and technology 45 ） social, economic and political changes 11 ） the influence （ ; （ ; of other cultures and languages（ 24 ）. 新詞的產(chǎn)生有 3 大來源：現(xiàn)代科學(xué)和技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展（ 45 ） ;社會，經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治的變化（ 11 ） ; 其它文化和語言的影響（ 24 ）。,2.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development詞匯發(fā)展的模式,Modern English vocabulary develops

14、through three channels: creation, semantic change, borrowing. 現(xiàn)代英語詞匯的發(fā)展主要通過三個渠道：創(chuàng)詞、舊詞新義和借詞。 Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements. In modern times, this is the most important way of vocabulary expansion. 創(chuàng)詞是指通過使用現(xiàn)有的材料，

15、即詞根，詞綴和其它形式創(chuàng)造新詞。在現(xiàn)代時期，這是詞匯擴(kuò)展的最重要的形式。,Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need. This does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new usages of the words, thus enriching the vocabulary. 舊詞新義是指賦予舊詞新的含義以滿足新的需要。這一方式不增加詞得數(shù)量，但卻創(chuàng)造了詞的許多新用法，以豐富詞匯。,Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary, particularly in earlier times. Borrowed words constitute merely six to seven percent of all new words.借詞在詞匯的發(fā)展中起了重要的作用，尤其是在早期。借詞在所有新詞中，借詞只占 6%-7%。 In earlier stages of English, Fren