1、中學(xué)英語語法,Chapter 1 詞類、句子成分和構(gòu)詞法,一、詞類（10種） 名詞 形容詞 代詞 數(shù)詞 冠詞,動詞 副詞 介詞 連詞 感嘆詞,名詞:表示人、事物、地點或抽象概念的名稱。 boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange 代詞主要用來代替名詞 who, she, you, it 形容詞表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或特征. good, right 數(shù)詞: 表示數(shù)目或事物的one, two, first 動詞：表示動作或狀.am, is, are, have,see 副詞：修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說明時間、地點、程度等 now, very, here, ofte

2、n, quietly, slowly 冠詞：用在名詞前,幫助說明名詞 a, an, the 介詞： 表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。in, on, from, above, behind 連詞:用來連接詞、短語或句子and, but, before 感嘆詞:表示喜、怒、哀、樂等感情oh, well, hi, hello.,二、句子成分（7種） 主語:誰（名詞或代詞）Im Miss Green. 謂語:做什么（動詞）He cleans the room. 表語:怎么樣（名詞、代詞或形容詞） My name is Ping ping 賓語:什么（名詞或代詞） He can spell

3、the word 定語:修飾名詞或代詞 a big city 狀語:修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞（副詞） . works hard 賓補:說明賓語怎么樣或干什么(形容詞或動詞) keep their classroom clean 同位語:緊跟在名詞代詞后面,進一步說明 Where is your classmate, Tom ?,CHU SAN YING YU ZONG FU XI,英語總復(fù)習(xí),名詞的數(shù),名詞的所有格,名詞的變化,可數(shù)名詞,不可數(shù)名詞,名詞.,普通名詞,專有名詞,名詞：,可數(shù)名詞,不可數(shù)名詞,單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù),轉(zhuǎn)變,一、英語可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù),規(guī)則變化 在單數(shù)名詞詞尾加s s,o,x ,s

4、h,ch結(jié)尾的詞加es 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i,再加es 以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f或fe為v,再加es。 不規(guī)則變化 manmen, womanwomen, sheepsheep 不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說明其數(shù)量時,要用有關(guān)計量名詞 a bag of ricetwo bags of rice, a piece of paperthree pieces of paper,Practice:,There are many (bus) and (car) on the street. .I have two (watch), so I give a (watch) to my s

5、ister. Yesterday I went to the supermarket and bought some （dish）,cars,buses,watches,watch,dishes,練習(xí)：,寫出下列單詞的單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式,friend,cat,tree,s,s,question,s,s,key,s,toy,s,photo,s,tomato,es,potato,es,leaf,/leaves,zoo,s,radio,s,holiday,s,baby,/babies,city,/cities,roof,s,bus,es,box,es,二、名詞所有格,表示人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞

6、尾加s：Childerns Day(兒童節(jié)) 以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加 Teachers Day(教師節(jié)) 有些表示時間、距離以及世界、國家、城鎮(zhèn)等無生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加s Chinas population(中國的人口). 無論表示有生命還是無生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語來表示所有關(guān)系 a fine daughter of the Party(黨的好女兒).,單復(fù)數(shù)同形: 英語中，有些名詞的單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù)同行: 例：people、Chinese、Japanese、 fish 、 deer（鹿）、 sheep（綿羊） e.g: There are many fish i

7、n the river. We have a fish for lunch.,記住以下10個要把f或者fe改成v加es的單詞： wife(妻子)，life(生命)，knife(小刀)，leaf(樹葉)，thief(賊)，half(一半)，self(自己)，shelf(架子)，loaf(面包)，wolf(狼)。,重點,但roof-roofs(屋頂)是例外！,辨認(rèn)下列哪些是名詞，哪些不是名詞：,computer， take coffee， water， run. notebook. bring, table, sport interesting, Monday age new actor sell

8、,根據(jù)所給單詞的正確形式填空： 1. Different people may have different _. (idea) 2. I often go to work on . (foot) 3. I know one of the . (boy) 4. Mr. Brown is wearing a pair of . (glass) 5. Please give them their . (photo) 6. Are there any in the box? (watch) 7. There are twelve in a year. (month),ideas,foot,boys,

9、glasses,photos,watches,months,NOUN.,8. Would you like some ? (tomato) 9. Look at those in the boats! (people) 10. Look! The are singing. (woman) 11. September 10th is Day. (teacher) 12. Jim has some . (knife) 13. How much are these ? (vegetable) 14. My school is twenty _ walk from here. (minute) 15.

10、 The girl under the tree is a friend of_. (Lucy),Lucys,minutes,vegetables,tomatoes,people,women,Teachers,knives,代詞,人稱代詞 物主代詞 反身代詞 指示代詞 關(guān)系代詞 疑問代詞 連接代詞 不定代詞,人稱代詞 物主代詞 反身代詞指示代詞 相互代詞 疑問代詞 關(guān)系代詞 不定代詞,一.概念,二、分類: 按其意義、特征及在句中的作用分為：,主格I, you, she, he, it, we, you, they, 賓格 me, you, her, him, it, us, you, them

11、,adj性 my, your, her, his, its, our, your, their, n性 mine, yours, hers, his, its, ours, yours, theirs,myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves,oneself,this, that, these, those,each other, one another,who, whom, which, whose, what,who, whom, which, whose, that, as,

12、代詞是代替名詞的一種詞類。用來代替上文中提到過的人或物。大多數(shù)代詞具有名詞和形容詞的功能。,sth; sb; both; all; no; another, others ,一.人稱代詞,第一人稱,第二人稱,第三人稱,人稱,格,數(shù),單數(shù),復(fù)數(shù),主格,賓格,主格,賓格,I,you,he,she,it,me,you,him,her,it,we,you,they,us,you,them,主格、賓格、所有格講解,1、人稱代詞主格：在句子開頭作主語，表示誰怎么樣了、干什么了。 例:1)Iamateacher. 2)Youarestudent.Heisastudent,too. 3)We/You/They

13、arestudents. 2、人稱代詞賓格：在動詞或介詞后作賓語，表示動作行為的對象。 例： 1）Giveittome. 2)Letsgo(lets=letus) 3.物主代詞所有格:用在名詞前，表示是誰的東西 例:1)Thisismybook. 2)Weloveourmotherland.我們熱愛我們的祖國,二.物主代詞,my,our,your,your,his,her,its,their,mine,ours,yours,yours,his,hers,its,theirs,5. Shall _ have a look at that classroom? That is _ classroo

14、m. ( we ) 6. Are these _ tickets? No, _are not _. _arent here. ( they ) 7.I have a beautiful cat. _name is Mimi. These cakes are _. ( it ),they,their,our,we,theirs,Theirs,its,its,1、單數(shù)你他我，復(fù)數(shù)一二三，道歉我為先.,一.人稱代詞,1.我、你、他、都18歲。_ 2.你們、我們、他們都來自中國。 _.,You, he and I are 18.,We, you and they are from China,2、在簡

15、短對話中，當(dāng)人稱代詞單獨使用或在not 后多用賓格., I like English. _ too. A. I B. He C. Me,1. Who broke the window? Not _. A. I B. he C. her 2. Miss Li invited _ have dinner with her . A. me and you B. you and I C. you and me 3. Who taught _ English last term? A. them B. their C. they,1Is this _ book? AYou BI Cshe Dyour 2

16、Its a bird. _ name is Polly. AItsBIts CHisDIt 3Whats that ?_ a jeep. AitsBIts CItsDits 4Whats that in English? _. AIts eggBThats egg CIts a eggDIts an egg,練習(xí)一、用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1. That is not _ kite. That kite is very small, but _ is very big. ( I ) 2. The dress is _. Give it to _. ( she ) 3. _ dresses are

17、 red. (we) What colour are _? ( you ) 4. _ is my brother. _ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are _. ( he ),my,mine,her,hers,He,His,Our,his,yours,一、選出括號中正確的詞， 在正確的詞上打勾。 This is（my / I）mother. 2. Nice to meet （your / you）. 3. （He / His）name is Mark. 4. Whats（she / her）name? 5. Excuse（me / my / I）.,Exe

18、rcises：正確的代詞形式填空。,1. _ am Peter. _ mom is a teacher. (my) 2. _ is a tall boy. _ name is Jim. (He) 3. That isnt a cat. _ (It/ They) is a dog. 4. _ are from Britain. Whats _ name? (you) . 5. _ is new. Whats _ name? (her) 6. _ are students. (you),I,My,He,His,It,You,your,She,her,They,1.這是你的狗。這只狗是你的。 2.這

19、是她的漢堡包。這個漢堡包是她的。 3.這是他的貓。這只貓是他的。 4.這些是我們的香蕉。這些香蕉是我們的。 5.這是他們的汽車。這輛汽車是他們的。,This is her hamburger. This hamburger is hers.,This is your dog. This dog is yours.,This is his cat. This cat is his.,These are our bananas. These bananas are ours.,This is their car. This car is theirs.,練習(xí)二、單項選擇。( ) 1. My unc

20、le gave a new bike to _. A. theirsB. they C. meD. I ( ) 2. This is a photo of _family. May I have one of _? A. yours; my B. my; yours C. your; my D. yours; mine ( ) 3. Heres a postcard for you, Jim! Oh, _is from Mary. A. heB. it C. she D. its,B,B,C,4、Give _（她 ）a toy, please. 5、_(你們的) eyes are black.

21、 _ （你們） come from Japan. 6、Tim and Bill are twins. _ （他們）are from England. Show _ （他們）around _ (我們的)school.,her,Your,You,They,them,our,三.反身代詞,myself,ourselves,yourself,yourselves,himself,themselves,herself,itself,The man is rich , he can buy _ a lot of things . A. he B. his C. himself 2. - What a lo

22、vely card ! Where did you buy it? - I made it by _. A. me B. myself C. itself 3. “Help _ to some chicken ,”my mother said to the guests. A. yourself B. yourselves C. your,few / a few hundreds B. hundreds; hundreds C. hundreds; hundred,one oclock,ten past two,half past three,twenty to five,a quarter

23、past five,a quarter to seven,seven fifty,表示在幾點鐘用介詞 at,四.數(shù)詞的表示法 時間,1. Its already 7:40 now. When will the film start? _. We still have five minutes. A. A quarter to seven B. Seven past forty-five C. A quarter to eight,(1)序數(shù)詞作定語，前面要加the； The first truck is carrying a food basket John lives on the fift

24、eenth floor She is my first English teacher. (2)有時加a/an，“再一”，“又一” 的意思 Well have to do it a second time Shall I ask him a third time？ When I sat down，a fourth man rose to speak They had a second child in 1988,序數(shù)詞的用法,1. In figures (數(shù)字), a million is _.,A. 10,000 B. 100,000 C. 1,000,000 D. 100,000,000,

25、1 5,分子 基數(shù)詞 分母 序數(shù)詞,one fifth,2 7,分子 1 分母 + s,two sevenths,1 4,分子 a 分母 quarter,a quarter,3 4,three quarters,1 2,a half,1 3,three and one third,3,基數(shù)詞 + and + 分?jǐn)?shù),四.數(shù)詞的表示法 分?jǐn)?shù)百分?jǐn)?shù),1/2 1/3 1/4 24/25 3/4 3,three fourths / three quarters,one third /a third,twenty-four twenty-fifths,three and six sevenths,one

26、quarter /a quarter/ one fourth,a half,Can you read a fraction?,1. The accident happened on_. A. April 5, 2001 B. 2001, April 5 C. April 2001, 5 2. I was born _. A. in March 8, 1993 B. on July 9, 1994 C. on May, 1995,冠詞,不定冠詞：a 、an,定冠詞：the,零冠詞：不用冠詞,不定冠詞:表示名詞不特定者,定冠詞:表示名詞為特定者,特指:特指是指在上文已提到的人或事物,泛指:是指首次

27、提到的，不限定的人或事物。,不定冠詞a 、an 1、泛指某一類人或事物中的一個或一類。 如：An elephant is much heavier than a horse. His father is a taxi driver. 2、用于序數(shù)詞前，表示“又一，再一”。 I have read the books twice, but I want to read a third time. 3、a / an 的區(qū)別 a 用在輔音音素開頭的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或字母前，an 用在元音音素開頭的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或字母前。 特殊詞： a usual boy ; a useful book ; a unive

28、rsity ; a one leg dog an honest boy ; an hour ; an honor an “a , e , i , o , f, h , l , m , n , r , s , x ”,Exercise I have _ apple. He has _orange . This is _ egg. Jim is _ honest boy and he is _ university student . 4. Do you have _ computer ? 5. There is _ car in front of the house. English is _

29、useful language. He is _ unhappy boy. My father will come back in _ hour . There is _ beautiful flower. There is _ “u” and _ “s” in the word “use” Please take _ seat and have _ rest,an an,an,an a,a,a,a,an,an,a,a an a a,定冠詞 the的用法 1. 第二次提到 This is an apple. The apple is mine. 2. 特指 The boy in red is

30、my brother. 3. 用在獨一無二的名詞前 地球 the sun 太陽 / the moon 月亮 / the earth 4. 用在最高級前 the youngest / the most beautiful 5. 用在序數(shù)詞前 the first / the second / the third / the fourth 6. 用在西洋樂器前 play the piano / the guitar 7. The +姓的復(fù)數(shù) 表示一家人 The Smiths / the Greens smith 一家 / 格林一家 8. 用在方位名詞前 或習(xí)慣用法 in the south / on

31、 the right / in the day / in the end,_ earth goes round _ sun. Jim is _ tallest and _ most interesting 3. _man over there is my teacher. 4. There is _ orange on the table . _ orange is mine . 5. I live on _ twelfth floor. 6. _ Great Wall is _oldest building. 7. I have _aunt . _ aunt is _ doctor. 8.

32、In this exam ,he is _ second. Jim is _ boy . He is _ American boy. _Yellow River is one of _ longest rivers. Beijing is in _ north of China,The the,the the,The,an the,the,The the,an the a,the,a an,The the the,三:零冠詞的幾種情況: 1.不可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)名詞前表泛指 Horses are useful animals. 2.季節(jié)、節(jié)日、星期、三餐等之前，一般不加冠詞。（除了特指某年的季節(jié)等

33、） on Sunday; have lunch; on the spring of 2009 3. 球類、棋類、學(xué)科等名稱前，一般不加冠詞。 play football; play chess I like studying English。 4. 稱呼、頭銜、職務(wù)等表示抽象性質(zhì)的名詞前，不加冠詞。 Doctor, I am not feeling well. 5. 中國樂器前不加冠詞。 play erhu; play piba 6. 在與by連用交通工具名稱前不加冠詞。 by car; by train,.冠詞填空：在下列句中空白處填入適當(dāng)冠詞，不需用冠詞處劃。 1There is _ pi

34、cture of _ elephant on _ wall 2This is _ useful bookIve read it for _ hour 3 _ elephant is much heavier than _ horse 4 _ doctor told him to take _ medicine three times _ day 5Lets go out for _ walk 6Its too hotOpen _ door，please 7There is _ woman over there _ woman is Meimeis mother 8 _ sun rises in

35、 _ east 9 _ Changjiang River is _ longest river in _ China 10Are you going to do it _ second time？ 11Washington is _ capital of _ USA,a,an,the,a,an,An,a,The,the,a,a,The,The,a,the,The,The,the,/,a,the,the,7、 固定搭配 at first at last at noon at home 首先 最后 在中午 在家 on foot in bed in hospital go to school 步行

36、躺在床上 住院 上學(xué) 1. Do you like playing _ soccer ? 2. I usually have _ milk for _breakfast 3. We will go to the park on _ Monday . 4. My uncle lives in _America now . 5. Leaves turn yellow in _ autumn. 6. We can go swimming on _Sunday in _summer. 7. March 8th is _ Womens Day. 8. His father is ill in _ hos

37、pital .,/ / / / / / / / / /,1.This is _ orange , _ orange is orange 2.English is _useful language. 3.My brother is _usual boy but _ honest boy. 4. He is holding _umbrella. 5. _man in red is his father. Hes at _dinner 6. Who is _ strongest and _ most friendly? 7._girl over there is _ university stude

38、nt. 8. I have _ cat . _ cats name is Mimi. 9. Monday is _ second day of a week. 10 _ sun is bigger than_ moon 11. I like playing _ basketball and _ piano. 12. He was born in _ May. 13. I saw _ old man pass by and _old man looked sad.,an the a a an an The / the the The a a The the The the / the / an

39、the,形容詞、副詞,一.形容詞的用法,二.副詞的用法,三.形容詞、副詞比較等級,用以修飾名詞，表示事物的特征的詞。e.g. long, empty, cheap, hungry, etc.,什么叫形容詞?,在句中作定語、表語、賓語補足語等成分,1、形容詞的用法,1. Many local people in Leshan prefer to go to _ in Mount Emei for their summer holiday.,A. somewhere cold B. cold somewhere C. somewhere cool D. cool somewhere,2. Can

40、you tell me _ about your friends?,A. something different B. different anything C. different something,3. I have _ to do today.,A. anything important B. something important C. important nothing D. important something,一、形容詞的用法,1、形容詞+名詞,2、連系動詞(be, look, feel, taste, sound,smell, get, turn等)+形容詞,a beaut

41、iful girl,Your mother looks happy today.,3、something，anything等不定代詞 +形容詞,I cant see_ (其他的東西),anything else,4、the+形容詞（表示一類人或物）,The rich should help the poor,構(gòu)成方法 原級 比較級 最高級,一般在詞尾加 -er 或 -est,以字母e結(jié)尾的，加 -r 或 -st,以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，且末尾只有一個輔音字母，要先雙寫這一字母，再加 -er 或 -est,以輔音字母加 y 結(jié)尾的，先把 y 變成 i，再加 -er 或 -est,單音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞

42、,雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞,在形容詞、 副詞前加 more 或 most。,tall, long,taller, longer,tallest, longest,nice, late,nicer, later,nicest, latest,big, thin,bigger, thinner,biggest, thinnest,happy heavy,happier heavier,happiest heaviest,beautiful careful expensive interesting dangerous,more beautiful more careful more expensive

43、more interesting more dangerous,Grammar,most beautiful most careful most expensive most interesting most dangerous,3、形容詞，副詞比較等級的用法,25. Damel plays chess _, if not better than, David.,A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. not well as,taller harder larger wider,tallest hardest largest widest,bigger h

44、otter fatter wetter,biggest hottest fattest wettest,happier drier earlier,happiest driest earliest,narrower cleverer,narrowest cleverest,more difficult more popular more slowly,most difficult most popular most slowly,少數(shù)以-er,-ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞可加-er或-est,規(guī)則變化,52. English is one of _ imporant subjects in our s

45、chool.,A. most B. the most C. more D. much more,54. Of all the ball games, I like baseball _. its really my favorite.,A. well B. good C. better D. best,二、不規(guī)則變化：（需記憶）,原 形 比 較 級 最 高 級,good well bad ill many much little old far,better worse more less older elder farther further,best worst most least ol

46、dest eldest farthest furthest,Grammar,28. Some people think that CD-ROMs will soon be _ books.,A. as more popular than B. the most popular than C. so popular as D. more popular than,29. Amy makes fewer mistakes than Frank. She does her homework _.,A. more carefully B. more carelessly C. more careful

47、 D. more careless,句型轉(zhuǎn)換： 1. Tom is tall. Jim is short.(比較級合并) Tom is _ _ Jim. 2. My hair is long. Marys hair is longer .(合并成一句) Marys hair _ _ _ mine. 3. Pedro is thinner than Sam. (改為同義句) Sam is _ _ Pedro. 4. My sister is better at study than me. She is clever. (改為同義句) My sister is _ intellectual (聰

48、明的) than me at study. 5. Peter is funny. Paul is funny, too. (合并成一句) Peter is _ funny _ Paul.,taller,than,is,longer,than,fatter/heavier,than,more,as,as,用來修飾動詞、形容詞、其它副詞、全句或 名詞詞組及句子的詞。 e.g.,什么叫副詞?,very, early, out, soon, quickly, etc.,1.副詞的作用: 用來修飾動詞.形容詞.其它副詞.全句或 名詞詞組及句子,二 、副詞,二、副詞用法,1、動詞+副詞,動詞后如有賓語，副

49、詞放在 賓語后面,She speaks English _.(well, good),2、quite a + 形容詞+ 名詞,a + very / rather +形容詞+名詞,一個相當(dāng)不錯的女孩,quite a good girl,a very / rather good girl,副詞的分類,時間副詞 yesterday, then, later, just, soon, first, finally, never, seldom, often 地點副詞 here, there, home, anywhere, everywhere, somewhere, above, down, bac

50、k 方式副詞 carefully, clearly, easily 程度副詞 very, quite, rather 疑問副詞 when ,how, why 連接副詞 however 句子副詞 certainly, generally, surely,三、形容詞變副詞,1、一般加-ly,careful- slow-,carefully,slowly,2、輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾，變y為i再加-ly,happy- heavy-,happily,heavily,3、-ly結(jié)尾，但為形容詞的詞,lovely, lively, lonely, friendly,More practice3,( )1. Do

51、es he speak English _ his father? A. as good as B. as well as C. best than D. as better as ( )2. Peter is _ than his uncle. A. more fatter B. fatter C. fat D. very fat ( )3. Tom is _ than I. A. older five years B. five years older C. five years elder D. oldest by five years ( )4. This maths problem

52、is _ that one. A. not so easy as B. more easy than C. as easier as D. easy than ( )5. The Summer Palace is _ than all the other parks in Beijing and it is _ park in Beijing. A. beautiful, beautiful B. more beautiful, more beautiful C. most beautiful, the most beautiful D. more beautiful, the most be

53、autiful,B,B,B,A,D,介詞的種類,一.表示時間介詞,三.表示方位介詞,二.表示地點介詞,四.表示方法、手段,五.常見介詞的搭配,介詞 1.是一種用來表示:詞與詞, :詞與句之間的關(guān)系的詞。 2.在句中不能單獨作句子成分 介詞 后面一般有:名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類，短語或從句作它的賓語。,介詞的含義,on,down,under,up,below,over,above,bewteen,什么是介詞？它的作用是什么？,1.Look at me.( ) 2.He goes to school by bike.( ) 3.He is interested in drawing.( )

54、 4.The book is on the desk.( ),代詞,名詞,動名詞,介詞:通常用在_、_、_ 之前，表示某個人、事物/東西、事件與 另一個之間的_。,名詞,代詞,名詞,動名詞,關(guān)系,介詞的主要分類：,1. at the cinema, in the hospital _ 2. Write with a pen, go by bus _ 3. in summer, on Septemper 1st _ 4. by the way, at last, in the end _,地點介詞,方式介詞,時間介詞,固定搭配,一.時間介詞,1.,注意：at noon 在中午 at night

55、在夜間 in the morning 在早上 on the morning of July 1st 在七月一日的早上 on a rainy day 在雨天,1. Mary is flying to France soon. She will arrive in Paris _ the morning of July 9. A. on B. in C. at 2. The twins were born _ a Friday evening. A. in B. on C. at 3. We travelled overnight to Paris and arrived _5 oclock _ the morning. A. on, in B. at, in C. at, in 4. We finish our lessons _ 11:30 and then have a rest _ noon. A. in , in