1、PSY 369: Psycholinguistics,Language Comprehension: Sentence comprehension,Announcements,Getting dates set Homework 4 due Tuesday March 27 Three articles to choose from, pick one Quiz on chapters 6 Veterinarian Takes Over Kids Make Nutritious Snacks Squad Helps Dog Bite Victim Hospitals are Sued by 7

2、 Foot Doctors,Sentence Comprehension,Garden path sentences The horse raced past the barn fell.,Sentence Comprehension,Garden path sentences The horse raced past the barn fell.,VP,V,raced,S,NP,The horse,Sentence Comprehension,Garden path sentences The horse raced past the barn fell.,VP,V,PP,P,NP,race

3、d,past,S,NP,The horse,Sentence Comprehension,Garden path sentences The horse raced past the barn fell.,VP,V,PP,P,NP,raced,past,the barn,S,NP,The horse,Sentence Comprehension,Garden path sentences The horse raced past the barn fell.,VP,V,PP,P,NP,raced,past,the barn,S,NP,The horse,fell,Sentence Compre

4、hension,Garden path sentences The horse raced past the barn fell.,VP,V,PP,P,NP,raced,past,the barn,S,NP,The horse,raced is initially treated as a past tense verb,Sentence Comprehension,Garden path sentences The horse raced past the barn fell.,VP,V,PP,P,NP,raced,past,the barn,S,NP,The horse,fell,race

5、d is initially treated as a past tense verb This analysis fails when the verb fell is encountered,Sentence Comprehension,Garden path sentences The horse raced past the barn fell.,VP,V,PP,P,NP,raced,past,the barn,S,NP,The horse,fell,raced is initially treated as a past tense verb This analysis fails

6、when the verb fell is encountered raced can be re-analyzed as a past participle.,A serial model,Formulated by Lyn Frazier (1978, 1987) Related to work by Kimball (1973) Build trees using syntactic cues: phrase structure rules plus two parsing principles Minimal Attachment Late Closure Go back and re

7、vise the syntax if later semantic information suggests things were wrong,A serial model,Minimal Attachment Prefer the interpretation that is accompanied by the simplest structure. simplest = fewest branchings (tree metaphor!) Count the number of nodes = branching points,The girl hit the man with the

8、 umbrella.,S,NP,the girl,VP,V,hit,NP,the man,PP,P,with,NP,the umbrella,S,NP,the girl,VP,V,hit,NP,NP,the man,PP,P,with,NP,the umbrella,The girl hit the man with the umbrella.,8 Nodes,9 nodes,Minimal attachment,Preferred,A serial model,Late Closure Incorporate incoming material into the phrase or clau

9、se currently being processed. OR Associate incoming material with the most recent material possible.,She said he tickled her yesterday,Parsing Preferences . late closure,She said he tickled her yesterday,S,np,she,vp,v,said,S,np,he,vp,v,tickled,np,her,adv,yesterday,S,np,she,vp,v,said,S,np,he,vp,v,tic

10、kled,np,her,adv,yesterday,Preferred,(Both have 10 nodes, so use LC not MA),Minimal attachment,Garden path sentences,The spy saw the cop with a telescope.,minimal attach,non-minimal attach,Build this structure first,Build this structure first,(Rayner & Frazier, 1983),Minimal attachment,Garden path se

11、ntences,The spy saw the cop with a revolver.,minimal attach,non-minimal attach,Build this structure first,Build this structure first,(Rayner & Frazier, 1983),Minimal attachment,Garden path sentences,(Rayner & Frazier, 1983),MA,Non-MA,The spy saw the cop with the binoculars. The spy saw the cop with

12、the revolver,Conclusion: participants didnt use semantic information initially, built the wrong structure and had to reanalyze. Supports a serial model.,- takes longer to read,Interactive Models,The evidence examined by the lawyer The defendant examined by the lawyer,Other factors (e.g., semantic co

13、ntext, co-occurrence of usage & expectation) may provide cues about the likely interpretation of a sentence,Trueswell et al (1994),But See Ferreira & Clifton (1986),Interactive Models,Other factors (e.g., semantic context, co-occurrence of usage & expectation) may provide cues about the likely inter

14、pretation of a sentence,The evidence examined by the lawyer The defendant examined by the lawyer ,A defendant can be examined but can also do examining.,Trueswell et al (1994),Semantic expectations,Taraban & McCelland (1988) Expectation,The couple admired the house with a friend but knew that it was

15、 over-priced. The couple admired the house with a garden but knew that it was over-priced.,Other factors (e.g., semantic context, co-occurrence of usage & expectation) may provide cues about the likely interpretation of a sentence,The Non-MA structure may be favored,Semantic expectations,Taraban & M

16、cCelland, 1988,The couple admired the house with a friend but knew that it was over-priced. The couple admired the house with a garden but knew that it was over-priced.,What about spoken sentences?,All of the previous research focused on reading, what about parsing of speech? Methodological limits e

17、ar analog of eye-movements not well developed Auditory moving window Reading while listening Looking at a scene while listening Some research on use of intonation,Intonation as a cue,A: Id like to fly to Davenport, Iowa on TWA. B: TWA doesnt fly there . B1: They fly to Des Moines. B2: They fly to De

18、s Moines.,Chunking, or “phrasing”,A1: I met Mary and Elenas mother at the mall yesterday. A2: I met Mary and Elenas mother at the mall yesterday.,Phrasing can disambiguate,I met Mary and Elenas mother at the mall yesterday,Mary & Elenas mother,mall,One intonation phrase with relatively flat overall pitch range.,Phrasing can disambiguate,I met Mary and Elenas mother at the mall yesterday,Mary,mall,Elenas mother,Separate phrases, with expanded pitch movements.,S