1、chapter 2,economy,contents,overview agriculture industry service major cities,three branches of economy: agriculture, industry, service ( tertiary industries). the role the british government plays on british economy.,i overview,britain has a“ mixed economy ”i ean economy in which there is some publ

2、ic ownership as well as privately owned businessesall 0f which operate within the context of well-defined regulations and lawsduring the twentieth century the government has become increasingly involved in the economy through the introduction of social welfare policies and laws to regulate industria

3、l relationsin 1945,as part of its policy to achieve full employmentthe labor government began to nationalize key industries such as coal，steel，and transportby 1970s，under the premiership of margaret thatcherbeating inflation became the primary objective and the trend to sell back these key industrie

4、s to the private sector began,ii answer the questions,1.what is the conservative partys solution to the economic problems in the 1970s? was it successful?,the conservative party denationalized most of the industries controlled by the government between 1979 and 1996 for the purpose of stimulating pr

5、ivate competition . meanwhile , the government is still exercising regulation over the newly privatized industries by controlling prices and keeping a close watch over their performances.,result:it has achieved some success but unemployment is still high. the government also tries to fine tune the e

6、conomy by adjusting monetary and fiscal policies.,the historical division of britains economic development,a. a period of empire (1701-1944) b. a period of decline (1944-1989) c. a period of europeanism (1990-present)relationship with eu.,questions for discussion,ii agriculture,2. how do the country

7、s natural conditions influence its agricultural production?,2. how do the countrys natural conditions influence its agricultural production?,britains mild climate has provided the country with a favorable environment for agriculture and animal husbandry. although the countrys land surface is small c

8、ompared with other european nations, its agriculture is intense and highly productive.,european union,the european union (eu) is a union of twenty-seven independent states based on the european communities and founded to enhance political, economic and social co-operation. formerly known as european

9、 community (ec) or european economic community (eec).,austria (since 1995-01-01) (eur) belgium (eur) bulgaria (since 2007-01-01) cyprus (greek part) (since 2004-05-01) (eur: 2008-01-01) czech republic (since 2004-05-01) denmark estonia (since 2004-05-01) finland (since 1995-01-01) (eur) france (eur)

10、 germany (eur) greece (eur) hungary (since 2004-05-01) ireland (eur) italy (eur) latvia (since 2004-05-01) lithuania (since 2004-05-01) luxembourg (eur) malta (since 2004-05-01) (eur: 2008-01-01) netherlands (eur) poland (since 2004-05-01) portugal (eur) romania (since 2007-01-01) slovakia (since 20

11、04-05-01) (eur: 2009-01-01) slovenia (since 2004-05-01) (eur) spain (eur) sweden (since 1995-01-01) united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland,member states (eur: euro currency):,britain and eu,britain joined ec/eec(1993 eu) in 1973 whist the origin members of the eec saw as their aim an i

12、ncreasingly united europe. britain was never an enthusiastic advocate of closer political union. the british governments view was that economic freedom of movement should not be confused with political union. in 1992 the single european market was introduced. this enables the free passage of goods.

13、capital and labor between the member countries. form 1999 a common currency euro was set up as the legal currency in most of the 15 eu member states. it was put to circulation in 2002 in all the 15 member states except the uk , denmark and sweden.,uk has been a member of eu . however uk remains outs

14、ide of the european economic and monetary union( emu) and opinion polls show the majority of the britons oppose the joining of euro.,cap (common agricultural policies),the common agricultural policy (cap) is one of the most controversial european union policies. it initially sought to increase agric

15、ultural productivity in the eu and secure availability of food supplies during the cold war. its aims have now changed and instead it tries to protect agriculture throughout the eu by controlling prices and levels of production and by subsidising(補(bǔ)助，給予津貼） the rural lifestyle in order to safeguard th

16、e countryside. several attempts have been made to reform the cap. however, there has been only limited success in reducing its cost. it has been a cause of controversy not only because of its huge cost as a proportion of the eu budget, but also because it is seen as an unfair way of protecting europ

17、ean agriculture from overseas competition when farming contributes relatively little to eu gdp.,the cap is a form of protectionism designed to defend european producers from cheaper products outside the eu. this was once done by subsidising agricultural produce but is now achieved by the eu deterrin

18、g（制止） imports from outside the eu with a system of import tariffs and simultaneously subsidising farmers through the single farm payment. if surplus food is produced then the eu intervenes in the market either by subsidising export of the product at below cost price; by storing it, creating the eu f

19、ood mountains; selling it later; or destroying it. such exports are generally dumped on poor countries, especially in africa. the cap also seeks to control production by setting quotas on how much a farmer can produce then paying them not to produce more.,heavy industry: 1)resource-deficient in meta

20、llic minerals 2)coal, 3) oil 4)manufacturing industry light industry,iii industry,banks : bank of england stock exchange center insurance companies,iv service,a. financial service,1 what are the functions of the bank of england?,questions for discussion,1. the control monetary policy and giving dire

21、ctives to commercial banks 2.note-issuing 3.keeping the exchange rate of british pound against other currencies,do you know?,1.英國貨幣 英國貨幣由英鎊（pound）和便士（pence）組成，也分為紙幣notes和硬幣coins。紙幣有面值五鎊、十鎊、二十鎊和五十鎊；而硬幣，即金屬貨幣有一便士、二便士、五便士、十便士、二十便士、五十便士和一鎊等。若指一定數(shù)額的硬幣，通常用piece，如2p（pieces）；隨身帶的硬幣可用change表示。100 pence等于1 po

22、und。在數(shù)字前加表示多少英鎊，如：800為800英鎊；在數(shù)字后加p表示多少便士，如：5p表示五便士（penny的復(fù)數(shù)）；表示由英鎊和便士組成的錢數(shù)時通常不說出pence，如3鎊50便士可說成350或three pounds and fifty。,notes,coins,2.how do you use banks in uk?,open a account check book (支票薄） current/checking account/deposit/savings account,3.london & the city of london & the “ square mile”,wh

23、en we speak about london generally, we normally talk about the commercial areas, and the places where the museums are, the tourist areas and that is quite different from the city of london . the city of london refers to financial area of london, its also one of the oldest districts in the wider lond

24、on area. also a place where people live. its where youll find all the main financial institutions of britain, the big banks and the stock exchange. usually peopleuse a term “the “ square mile” to describe the city of london.,london stock exchange,lloyds is the worlds specialist insurance market prov

25、iding insurance services in over 200 countries and territories.,service industry is britains most rapidly-growing and most important sector of the national economy. there are two reasons for the rising of service industry: on one hand, it requires a large group of people working in it so that abunda

26、nt employment opportunities are provided. over the last ten years , employment of the sector has grown by 13%. on the other hand, the service industry causes little pollution.,b tourism and transportation,if you are a tourist guide working for a famous travel agency in britain. please give an introd

27、uction to the following cities so that your clients can make a wise choice to the place where they are going to travel.,london, manchester, edinburgh ,birmingham, plymouth,iv cities -,london the capital of england and that of the uk. it has many historical buildings,london,london bridge,tower bridge

28、,house of parliament,the houses of parliament, also known as the palace of westminster is the seat of britains two parliamentary houses, the house of lords and the house of commons.,the most famous part of charles barrys design is the elegant clock tower. originally called st. stephens tower, it was

29、 soon named after the towers largest bell, the big ben. a light at the top of the tower is illuminated when parliament is sitting at night.,big ben,westminster abbey,buckingham palace,i read the following statements carefully and decide whether they are true or false,1.britain was the first industri

30、alized nation in the world. 2.the british economy experienced a relative decline during the postwar period. 3.there is little government intervention to the british economy. 4.dairy farmers in great britain benefit a lot from the “common agricultural policies “ of the european union, especially the pries of agricultural products. 5.nuclear power is one of the major energy sources in britain,t,t,f,f,t,6.britain is a country rich in metallic minerals and exports a lot to other countries. 7.coal mining industry plays an important role in job employment to nation an