1、Lesson 4 Tall Building 高層建筑,New words and phrases: spectacular spektkjul場面富麗的，壯觀的； sway swei vi.搖擺；歪，傾斜； residential commercial km:l商業(yè)的；貿(mào)易的;廣告 innovation boundary分界線；范圍 eliminate 消除 apartment column demonstrate 證明證實(shí) Project vt. 放映；計(jì)劃；發(fā)射；展現(xiàn)，使突出 vi.伸出，突出 n.工程，事業(yè)；計(jì)劃，方案；科研項(xiàng)目，課題,stress 應(yīng)力 壓力 truss trs 一捆

2、，一束，構(gòu)架 bundle n.捆；一批 terminate 結(jié)束；使終結(jié)；解雇；到達(dá)終點(diǎn)站 facade fs:d建筑物的正面；外表；虛偽，假象 perimeter 周長 Encroach enkrt 侵犯；侵占；蠶食；侵蝕 high-rise building 高層建筑 reinforced concrete 鋼筋混凝土 spandrel n.拱肩；拱脊 beam 窗下墻的墻托梁 shear wall 剪力墻,Although there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general,

3、spectacular achievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-rise buildings 雖然在建筑施工技術(shù)中，總的來說已經(jīng)有了許多進(jìn)步，但是在超高層建筑的設(shè)計(jì)和施工中也取得了驚人的成就。 ultra-前綴 超、過 、極端 beyond the range, scope, or limit of ex. ultrahigh 超高的， ultrasonic 超音速的,Tall Buildings 高層建筑,The early development of high-rise buildin

4、gs began with structural steel framing 高層建筑的早期發(fā)展始于結(jié)構(gòu)的鋼框架。 Reinforced concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically and competitively 競爭性地used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes 從那以后，鋼筋混凝土和薄殼筒體體系就被競相經(jīng)濟(jì)地用在了許多民用和商用結(jié)構(gòu)中。 The high-rise buildings r

5、anging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result of innovations and development of new structural systems 美國各地正在修建的50110層的高層建筑是新的結(jié)構(gòu)體系改革和發(fā)展的結(jié)果。,Tall Buildings 高層建筑,Greater height entails使必需increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid剛硬的，頑固的s

6、o that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable limit Rigidity剛度 更大的高度需要增加柱和梁的尺寸來使建筑物的剛性更大，以便于它們?cè)陲L(fēng)荷載作用下不會(huì)傾斜到允許的范圍之外。 Excessive lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions, ceilings, and other architectural details 過分的水平傾斜將導(dǎo)致隔板、天花板和其他建筑物細(xì)部的嚴(yán)重的復(fù)發(fā)性破壞。 In addition, exces

7、sive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because of their perception of such motion 此外，過分的傾斜還可能導(dǎo)致建筑物內(nèi)部居住者的不適，因?yàn)樗麄兏杏X到了這種運(yùn)動(dòng)。,Tall Buildings 高層建筑,Structural systems of reinforced concrete, as well as steel, take full advantage of the inherent potential stiffness of the total buil

8、ding and therefore do not require additional stiffening變硬 強(qiáng)硬 to limit the sway 鋼筋混凝土和鋼結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)充分利用了整個(gè)建筑的固有的潛在的剛度，因此不需要額外的加強(qiáng)板來限制傾斜。 In a steel structure, for example, the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the building. 比如，在鋼結(jié)構(gòu)中，可以根據(jù)建筑物

9、的每平方英尺樓板面積所需要鋼材的總平均數(shù)量來限定經(jīng)濟(jì)。 in terms of (1) 用的話，以的措辭 (2) 根據(jù)、按照、用的思想方法,Tall Buildings 高層建筑,Curve A in Fig.1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing numbers of stories 圖1中的曲線A描繪的是傳統(tǒng)框架隨著增加的樓層數(shù)的平均單位重量。 Curve B represents the average steel weight if the frame is protect

10、ed from all lateral loads 曲線B描繪的是在框架不受任何橫向荷載時(shí)平均鋼材重量。 The gap缺口；分歧；間隔；between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam frame 上下邊界之間的間隙描繪的是傳統(tǒng)柱梁框架由高度帶來的額外費(fèi)用。 Structural engineers have developed structural systems with a view to elim

11、inating this premium 為了消除這種額外費(fèi)用，結(jié)構(gòu)工程師們已經(jīng)發(fā)展了一些結(jié)構(gòu)體系。,Tall Buildings 高層建筑,Tall buildings in steel developed as a result of several types of structural innovations. 用鋼材修建的高層建筑是作為幾種類型的結(jié)構(gòu)的創(chuàng)新的結(jié)果而發(fā)展起來的。 The innovations have been applied to the construction of both office and apartment buildings 這種創(chuàng)新已經(jīng)被用在辦公樓

12、和公寓大樓的施工當(dāng)中。,Systems in steel 用鋼材的體系,In order to tie the exterior columns of a frame structure to the interior vertical trusses, a system of rigid belt trusses at mid-height and at the top of the building may be used. 為了把框架結(jié)構(gòu)的外柱連接到內(nèi)部垂直桁架上，可以在建筑的中部和頂部設(shè)置剛性帶狀桁架系統(tǒng)。 A good example of this system is the Fi

13、rst Wisconsin Bank Building (1974) in Milwaukee 這種體系的一個(gè)好的例子就是密爾沃基市的威斯康星第一銀行大樓。,Frames with rigid belt trusses 剛性帶狀桁架框架,First Wisconsin Bank Building in Milwaukee,The maximum efficiency of the total structure of a tall building，for both strength and stiffness, to resist wind load can be achieved only

14、 if all column elements can be connected to each other in such a way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box in projecting out of the ground 只有當(dāng)所有的柱子以這樣一種方式（即整個(gè)建筑作為一個(gè)中空的筒體或剛性的盒子突出于地面上）互相連接在一起時(shí)，才能獲得高層建筑的整體結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)于抵抗風(fēng)荷載的強(qiáng)度和剛度的最大功效。 This particular structural system was probably used fo

15、r the first time in the 43-story reinforced concrete DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building in ChicagoThe most significant use of this system is in the twin structural steel towers of the 1l0-story World Trade Center building in New York 這種特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)體系第一次使用可能是在芝加哥的這幢43層鋼筋混凝土公寓大樓中。這種體系的最有意義的使用是在紐約的110層世貿(mào)中心大廈的

16、結(jié)構(gòu)鋼雙塔中。,Framed tube 框筒,DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building,World Trade Center Building,The exterior columns of a building can be spaced reasonably far apart and yet be made to work together as a tube by connecting them with diagonal members intersecting at the center line of the columns and beams 建筑的

17、外柱可相隔適當(dāng)遠(yuǎn)的距離，它們還能被作成一個(gè)筒體一起起作用，通過把它們和對(duì)角的構(gòu)件在柱和梁的中線上交叉而連接在一起。 This simple yet extremely efficient system was used for the first time on the John Hancock Center in Chicago，using as much steel as is normally needed for a traditional 40-story building 這種簡單但非常有效的體系第一次使用是在芝加哥的John Hancock中心大樓中，它用了和傳統(tǒng)40層樓所正常需

18、要的一樣多的鋼筋。,Column-diagonal truss tube 對(duì)頂柱桁架筒體,John Hancock Center in Chicago,With the continuing need for larger and taller buildings, the framed tube or the column-diagonal truss tube may be used in a bundled form to create larger tube envelopes while maintaining high efficiency 隨著對(duì)更大更高的建筑的不斷需要，框筒或?qū)?/p>

19、頂柱桁架筒體可能被用在捆綁的形式中以形成更大的筒體外殼，同時(shí)又保持了高效力。 The 110-story Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building in Chicago has nine tubes, bundled at the base of the building in three rows 芝加哥的110層Sears Roebuck Headquarters大樓有9個(gè)筒體，在大樓的基礎(chǔ)部位被捆成了三排。 Some of these individual tubes terminate at different heights of the buildin

20、g，demonstrating the unlimited architectural possibilities of this latest structural concept 這些獨(dú)立的筒體中的一些在大樓的不同高度處中止，這是最新的結(jié)構(gòu)概念的不受限制的建筑上的可能性的一個(gè)例證。 The Sears tower，at a height of 1450 ft (442 m) ，is the worlds tallest building,Bundled tube 捆筒,Sears tower,The tube structural system was developed for impr

21、oving the resistance to lateral forces (wind or earthquake) and the control of drift (1ateral building movement) in high-rise building 筒體結(jié)構(gòu)體系被發(fā)展起來是為了提高高層建筑對(duì)側(cè)向荷載（風(fēng)和地震）的抵抗，以及對(duì)建筑的側(cè)向位移的控制。 The stressed-skin tube takes the tube system a step further 薄殼筒體使筒體體系又向前邁進(jìn)了一步。 The development of the stressed-skin

22、 tube utilizes the facade of the building as a structural element which acts with the framed tube, thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads in high-rise buildings，and resulting in cost-effective column-free interior space with a high ratio of net to gross floor area 薄殼筒體的進(jìn)步是利用建筑的正面

23、（墻或板）作為與框筒共同起作用的結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件，為高層建筑抵抗側(cè)向荷載提供了一個(gè)有效的途徑，而且可獲得節(jié)省成本、不設(shè)柱子、使用面積與建筑面積之比很高的室內(nèi)空間。,Stressed-skin tube system 薄殼筒體體系,Because of the contribution of the stressed-skin facade，the framed members of the tube require 1ess mass，and are thus lighter and less expensive 因?yàn)楸ち⒚娴淖饔?，筒體的框架構(gòu)件需要量就更少，因此就更輕更便宜。 All the ty

24、pical columns and spandrel beams are standard rolled shapes，minimizing the use and cost of special built-up members 所有代表性的柱和窗下墻的墻托梁都是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的軋制形式，這可以使特殊的組合構(gòu)件的用量和成本降到最低。 The depth requirement for the perimeter spandrel beams is also reduced, and the need for upset beams above floors, which would encroach

25、on valuable space，is minimized 周圍窗下墻托梁的厚度要求也就降低了，將侵占有用空間的樓板上的梁的需求也減到了最少。 The structural system has been used on the 54-story One Mellon Bank Center in Pittsburgh,Stressed-skin tube system 薄殼筒體體系,One Mellon Bank Center in Pittsburgh,While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start，develop

26、ment of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a competitive challenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings 當(dāng)早期有了用鋼筋修建的高層建筑的時(shí)候，鋼筋混凝土的高層建筑也在以一個(gè)很快的速度發(fā)展，從而形成了對(duì)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)的激烈挑戰(zhàn)，不論是在辦公大樓還是在公寓大樓的使用中。 Framed tube 框筒 As discussed above，the

27、first framed tube concept for tall buildings was used for the 43-story DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building 如前所討論的，框筒的概念第一次被用于高層建筑是在43層的DeWitt Chestnut 公寓大樓中。 In this building，exterior columns were spaced at 5.5-ft (1.68-m) centers, and interior columns were used as needed to support the 8-in. -thick

28、(20-cm) flat-plate concrete slabs 在這幢建筑中，外柱中線間隔了1.68m，內(nèi)柱被用來支撐20cm厚的混凝土平板。,Systems in concrete 混凝土體系,Another system in reinforced concrete for office buildings combines the traditional shear wall construction with an exterior framed tube 辦公大樓中用鋼筋混凝土的另一種系統(tǒng)是把傳統(tǒng)的剪力墻結(jié)構(gòu)和一個(gè)外部的框筒結(jié)合起來。 The system consists of

29、 an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area 該體系由間距很小的柱子構(gòu)成的外框筒和圍繞中心設(shè)備區(qū)的剛性剪力墻內(nèi)筒組成。 The system (Fig.2), known as the tube-in-tube system，made it possible to design the worlds present tallest (714 ft or 218m) lightweight concrete building (the 52-story One Shell Plaza Building in Houston) for the unit price of a traditional shear wall structure of only 35 stories 被稱為筒中筒的這種系統(tǒng)，使設(shè)計(jì)出目前世界上最高的輕質(zhì)混凝土大樓成為可能，并且這幢大樓的單位價(jià)格僅是傳統(tǒng)的35層剪力墻結(jié)構(gòu)的單位價(jià)格。,Tube in tube 筒中筒,One Shell Pl