1、,托福寫作教程,托福寫作介紹,綜合寫作 形式: 讀+聽+寫 內(nèi)容: 闡明觀點(diǎn)相互聯(lián)系性 分?jǐn)?shù)權(quán)重: 1/2 時(shí)間要求: 20分鐘 字?jǐn)?shù)要求: 150-225詞,獨(dú)立寫作 形式: 議論文 內(nèi)容: 對(duì)議題發(fā)表看法 分?jǐn)?shù)權(quán)重: 1/2 時(shí)間要求: 30分鐘 字?jǐn)?shù)要求:至少300詞,托福寫作分?jǐn)?shù)換算,30 28 25 22 20 17 14,10 9 8 7 6 5 4,應(yīng)試寫作的三個(gè)層次,寫得出 寫得對(duì) 寫得炫,應(yīng)試寫作難點(diǎn),寫作本身難度大, 是駕馭一門語言的最高境界, 屬于信息的輸出,是邏輯、語法 、詞匯 、文化等的綜合統(tǒng)一,應(yīng)試寫作難點(diǎn),大腦一片空白 基本無話可說 綠葉對(duì)根的情意 Do you

2、agree or disagree that progress is always good? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.,應(yīng)試寫作難點(diǎn),表達(dá)漏洞百出 可讀性相當(dāng)差 In China, because its tradition, the old is most raised by their children. In China, because of its tradition, the old are mostly supported by their children.,應(yīng)試寫作難點(diǎn),中式英語泛濫

3、考官哭笑不得 Pollution makes us cannot breathe fresh air. Pollution makes us unable to breathe fresh air.,應(yīng)試寫作難點(diǎn),口語痕跡明顯 好似娓娓道來 I say its a good thing. Now Ill tell you a story about myself.,應(yīng)試寫作難點(diǎn),表達(dá)捉襟見肘 詞句鮮有亮點(diǎn),越來越多的剛剛畢業(yè)的大學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)找到好工作是越來越難。 More and more college graduates who have just graduated from univers

4、ity find that finding a good job is more and more difficult.,越來越多的剛剛畢業(yè)的大學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)找到好工作是越來越難 A growing number of fresh graduates find that obtaining a decent job is increasingly difficult.,越來越多的剛剛畢業(yè)的大學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)找到好工作是越來越難。 A growing number of fresh graduates find that being employed by a decent employer is incre

5、asingly difficult.,越來越多的剛剛畢業(yè)的大學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)找到好工作是越來越難。 The difficulty of being employed by a decent employer is on the rise, as the number of fresh graduates grows.,托福獨(dú)立寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),5分:文章切題,闡說充分,文章有說服力;段落組織有序,銜接緊密,過渡自然,有很強(qiáng)的邏輯性;段落內(nèi)句與句連接順暢,句式使用恰當(dāng),靈活,成熟;用詞確切,得體.文章中有個(gè)別語法拼寫錯(cuò)誤,但不影響內(nèi)容表達(dá). 4分:文章切題,闡說基本充分,在某些細(xì)節(jié)上有缺陷.段落層次組織有序

6、,銜接緊密,過渡自然,邏輯性強(qiáng);句間連接順暢,句式使用恰當(dāng),靈活;用詞基本得體.文章中有少量用詞不當(dāng)和語法拼寫錯(cuò)誤. 3分:文章切題,闡說尚可,展開不夠.段落層次組織有序,銜接緊密,過渡自然,有邏輯性;句間連接基本順暢;有部分句法錯(cuò)誤;用詞一般,有時(shí)不得體.詞性區(qū)分和拼寫等有若干錯(cuò)誤. 2分:文章切題,段落組織基本合理,有邏輯性,但只存在于語義層次上,語言表達(dá)上未能體現(xiàn);句子框架結(jié)構(gòu)基本成立,但有許多語法錯(cuò)誤,句間聯(lián)系不順暢,往往是不善于使用邏輯連詞,顯得幼稚,生硬.詞匯方面拼寫錯(cuò)誤多,常有用詞不得體現(xiàn)象. 1分:文章切題.闡說沒有展開,只限于三言兩語地回答問題;沒有段落組織,很亂,長(zhǎng)度很短,

7、只有一段;句子排列有一定的邏輯關(guān)系,能看出各句基本框架,但結(jié)構(gòu)或語法錯(cuò)誤較多;用詞不得題,拼寫錯(cuò)誤多. 0分:文章各方面都有嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤,句子不像句子.總體印象是根本沒有寫作能力,英語水平太低,夠不上1分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),只能打最低分.,托福獨(dú)立寫作要求,謀篇: 觀點(diǎn)突出 結(jié)構(gòu)合理 謀段: 論證充分 言之有物 謀句: 正確 多變 關(guān)聯(lián) 謀詞: 準(zhǔn)確 多變,托福獨(dú)立寫作題目分類,對(duì)比選擇型 支持反對(duì)型 自選論述型 問題分析型,托福獨(dú)立寫作的步驟,審題 內(nèi)容？ 形式？ 構(gòu)思 頭腦風(fēng)暴 Outline 行文 檢查 The first draft of anything is SHIT. - By Hemmingwa

8、y,對(duì)比選擇型,Some people think that the automobile has improved modern life. Others think that the automobile has caused serious problems. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.,Outline,For 方便高效 convenient while the idea that progress has its own flaws is still he

9、ld by some others.,Outline,Against Internet Transportation Searching information Fast food,The dramatic leap in tele-communication and transportation totally transforms the world. With Internet, one can have instant communication with his friends or workmates on different continents, and watch live

10、NBA games at home via satellite.,Nevertheless, human beings suffer greatly from technological innovation. The pace of life has been accelerated, and it seems every citizen, regardless of a student, an employee or a boss, is under great pressure.,Some advance in technology is physically detrimental,

11、such as computer and Internet. Long time exposure before screen will lead to nearsightedness. In addition, radiation causes skin problem, and one may easily lead a sedentary life due to Internet.,Advanced transportation shortens the distance and results in globalization. However, the environment is

12、seriously polluted because of automobiles and airplanes, and fresh air and clean water are no longer available. Human beings cannot return to the era when carriages, which did not generate carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, were the main vehicle.,So the environmental pollution and the depletion of n

13、atural resources are inevitable. Gradually, the ecosystem will be imbalanced and even break down. Finally, mankind cannot survive on this planet.,Some privacy is lost in the process of advance of searching information. The search capability is so powerful on Internet that it costs merely a few secon

14、ds to identify the needed information. By contrast, at least a few hours are spent by handwork.,Meanwhile, some private information can no longer be kept confidential. And the effortless “copy and paste” operation accelerates the spread of information. Names, ages, ID card numbers, addresses, and ph

15、one numbers could be easily obtained from Internet.,It is not uncommon that one will receive much spam after registering in a website and leaving E-mail address, and the same situation happens when mobile phone numbers are given away accidentally, all of which will cause some trouble due to some evi

16、l purposes.,It is convenient and efficient to have fast food. In contrast, traditional food is time-consuming and usually costs several hours to have one meal. In the current fast-pace society, fast food solves the problem well. One can finish a meal within 10-20 minutes, saving much time and energy

17、.,However, fast food is physically detrimental. Lacking vitamin and minerals, fast food always contains much fat and calories. Consequently, most overweight problem is due to excessive intake of fast food, and little nutrition and unbalanced diet endanger health.,支持反對(duì)型,It has recently been announced

18、 that a large shopping center may be built in your neighborhood. Do you support or oppose this plan? Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.,Outline,For 就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì) job opportunities 休閑娛樂 recreation 豐厚收入 large income and revenue,Against 噪音污染 noise pollution 不穩(wěn)定因素 social unstability 交通

19、阻塞 traffic jam,支持反對(duì)型,In some countries, teenagers have jobs while they are still students. Do you think this is a good idea? Support your opinion by using specific reasons and details.,Outline,For 積累經(jīng)驗(yàn) accumulate experience 學(xué)會(huì)技能 learn skills 培養(yǎng)責(zé)任感 develop responsibility,Against 浪費(fèi)時(shí)間 time consuming 分

20、散注意力 distract attention 誤入歧途 may go astray,自選論述型,A gift (such as a camera, a soccer ball, or an animal) can contribute to a childs development. What gift would you give to help a child develop? Why? Use reasons and specific examples to support your choice.,Outline,學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí) acquire knowledge 培養(yǎng)責(zé)任感 develo

21、p responsibility 解除寂寞 relieve loneliness,Introduction 總起段,It is believed that in the formative years of children, a gift is very beneficial. However, preferences vary from person to person. From my view, I would pick a pet. And a few reasons would be presented as follows.,學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí) acquire knowledge,Chil

22、dren can acquire knowledge via pet raising. Usually, what is leant in textbooks is superficial and children can not have a vivid impression on the information. Playing with pets enables children to know more about animals and the nature, and may stimulate their interest in biology. It is likely that

23、 they will decide to have further education or research in the related domain.,培養(yǎng)責(zé)任感 develop responsibility,Pet raising develops responsibility. Most children from single-child families are a little spoiled because their parents love them in a crazy and blind way. Children over-protected by parents

24、may have a carefree life, and can obtain whatever they demand without effort, such as pocket money, toys and digital products. However, they have no idea on what responsibility is. Therefore, children are encouraged to raise pet to fulfill their duty, which is of vital importance when they become pa

25、rents in the future.,解除寂寞 relieve loneliness,Loneliness can be relieved by keeping pet. It is not uncommon that in China, due to its one-child policy, a child always feels lonely at home, especially during vacations, as he does not have any siblings. Not surprisingly, he would resort to Internet, pl

26、aying on-line games and leading a sedentary life all day to kill the time. With a pet, the situation differs dramatically. He can play with the pet, take a walk, and is supposed to feed the pet. Time spent on these activities is much more worthwhile and meaningful than on idling.,Conclusion 總結(jié)段,In c

27、onclusion, I would regard pet as the best gift to a child for his growth. Few children can resist loving a pet.,自選論述型,If you could make one important change in a school that you attended, what change would you make? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.,問題分析型,In general, people a

28、re living longer now. Discuss the causes of this phenomenon. Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay.,Outline,豐富營(yíng)養(yǎng) rich nutrition 先進(jìn)醫(yī)療 advanced medicine 體育鍛煉 physical training,Introduction 總起段,Background 背景 Statement 觀點(diǎn),Background 背景,According to a recent survey, the average lifespan

29、extends rapidly, and this issue has aroused great public attention. It is reported that longevity prevails among the elderly, which attracts great public concern.,Statement 觀點(diǎn),It is the goal of this essay to explore some possible causes to the problem / phenomenon.,Conclusion 總結(jié)段,Statement 觀點(diǎn) rewrit

30、e, not copy All in all / To conclude / In conclusion / In general / To sum up, many factors contribute to the dramatic expansion of lifespan. It is estimated that longer life is not a dream as long as medicine keeps developing, and the importance of health is highly emphasized.,豐富營(yíng)養(yǎng) rich nutrition,L

31、ongevity partly comes from rich nutrition. It is widely accepted that nutrition plays an essential role in maintaining healthy. In the past, starvation was the main threat to life, and adequate food was the common wish, so nutrition was always ignored. Currently, it is known vitamin, minerals, prote

32、in and fiber all have their contribution to healthy diet and longevity. These ingredients strengthen the figure, and help the long-term operation of some organs.,先進(jìn)醫(yī)療 advanced medicine,The advance of medicine results in longer lifespan. Many breakthroughs over the decades are now simply taken for gr

33、anted, and have prevented many diseases which, in bygone days, led to early deaths, such as small pox. Even though no certain cure has yet been discovered for heart attack and cancer, the latest technologies used in various treatments and operations as well as the use of new medications have greatly

34、 increased the chances of survival for patients. Doctors are able to control the spread of viruses or cells, preventing the worsening of disease.,體育鍛煉 physical training,Physical training can not be ignored as well. In early days, when the living standard was low, everyone was busy working to make a

35、living, and no recreation was available at that time. Nowadays, technology develops so dramatically that work is simplified and burden is relived. Thus, one has his free time to do physical training. It is said there is a positive link between amount of exercise and lifespan. There is no doubt those

36、 elderly who do exercises every day in early morning usually have longer lifespan.,問題分析型,Many students have to live with roommates while going to school or university. What are some of the important qualities of a good roommate? Use specific reasons and examples to explain why these qualities are im

37、portant.,托福寫作遣詞用句常見錯(cuò)誤,中式英語 主謂不一致 句子不完整 句子成分多余 時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)使用錯(cuò)誤,詞性理解錯(cuò)誤 單詞使用錯(cuò)誤 倒裝和平行結(jié)構(gòu) 從句使用錯(cuò)誤 錯(cuò)誤大雜燴,中式英語,Environmental pollution hurts peoples health. Environmental pollution is physically harmful / detrimental.,中式英語,If have no electricity, we cant do anything. We can do nothing without power.,中式英語,I have a w

38、ish, I wish world peace, no wars, this also is the wish of people in the whole world. I wish world peace, without wars, which is the wish of people worldwide as well. I wish world peace, without wars, and this is the wish of people worldwide as well.,中式英語,Non-stop studying knowledge is very importan

39、t. It is very important to keep acquiring knowledge. It is of vital importance to keep acquiring knowledge.,中式英語,We must take active solutions to control environmental pollution. Active solutions should be taken to control environmental pollution.,中式英語,If you do not pay attention to environmental pr

40、oblems, you must suffer huge loss sooner or later. If we do not pay attention to environmental problems, we must suffer huge loss sooner or later. If environmental problems are not given enough attention, huge loss is inevitable.,中式英語,Games take up too much time of students, and ignore learning, spo

41、rts and even family. Students spend too much time on games, and ignore learning, sports and even family.,中式英語,Pollution makes us cannot breathe fresh air. Pollution makes us unable to breathe fresh air. Pollution disables us to breathe fresh air. Pollution prevents us from breathing fresh air.,中式英語,

42、Please give me a reply if you are convenient. Please give me a reply if it is convenient for you. Please give me a reply if you are free.,中式英語,E-mail makes people easier and quicker to know each other. E-mail makes it easier and quicker for people to know each other.,中式英語,Internet is easier to searc

43、h information than library. It is easier to search information on Internet than library. It is easier to search information on Internet than it is in library. It is easier to search information on Internet than in library.,中式英語,The present situation becomes serious and serious. The present situation

44、 becomes more and more serious.,中式英語,One will be dangerous if one risks helping the adventurer out when the situation is unclear. It will be dangerous if one risks helping the adventurer out when the situation is unclear. One will be endangered / in danger if one risks helping the adventurer out whe

45、n the situation is unclear.,中式英語,The old are inevitable to have generation gap with their children. It is inevitable for the old to have generation gap with their children.,中式英語,Overseas study makes students eyes wider. Overseas study widens / broadens students vision / horizon.,中式英語,My MP3 can not

46、listen even though it has much electricity. My MP3 can not work even though it is fully charged.,中式英語,People now have condition to eat good things. It is affordable to have a nutritional diet now.,中式英語,The reasons for the change have 5 points. 5 reasons lead to / bring about / result in the change.,

47、主謂不一致,Memorizing as many new words as possible are the wish of every English learner. Memorizing as many new words as possible is the wish of every English learner.,主謂不一致,Smoking, coupled with / as well as alcohol, are physically detrimental. Smoking, coupled with / as well as alcohol, is physically

48、 detrimental. Smoking and alcohol are physically detrimental.,主謂不一致,How to deal with these problems are a serious challenge for the government. How to deal with these problems is a serious challenge for the government.,主謂不一致,A significant number of young people is the crazy fans of Jay Chow. A signi

49、ficant number of young people are the crazy fans of Jay Chow.,主謂不一致,Someone even suggest that we should wear traditional clothes every day in order to remind us of the culture and history. Someone even suggests that we should wear traditional clothes every day in order to remind us of the culture an

50、d history.,主謂不一致,The problems which are brought about by raising pets is hard to solve. The problems, which are brought about by raising pets, are hard to solve.,主謂不一致,How you react to the incident reveal what side you stand on. How you react to the incident reveals what side you stand on.,主謂不一致,Tel

51、evision, along with other means of communication, help us to keep informed about the latest news. Television, along with other means of communication, helps us to keep informed about the latest news.,主謂不一致,One of the most pressing problem human beings face are the old age boom. One of the most press

52、ing problems human beings face is the old age boom.,主謂不一致,Air pollution, which lead to some diseases, is very serious. Air pollution, which leads to some diseases, is very serious.,句子不完整,One of the many benefits of overseas traveling learning to communicate with foreigners. One of the many benefits

53、of overseas traveling is learning to communicate with foreigners.,句子不完整,It is easy for people who overweight to get heart attack. It is easy for people who are overweight to get heart attack. It is easy for the overweight to get heart attack.,句子不完整,The main point of my essay is that personal success

54、 only comes from. The main point of my essay is that personal success only comes from honesty and hard work.,句子不完整,I will discuss in detail in the following paragraphs. I will discuss the issue in detail in the following paragraphs.,句子不完整,My roommate is so troublesome, I can hardly put up with him a

55、ny more. My roommate is so troublesome that I can hardly put up with him any more. My roommate is so troublesome, and I can hardly put up with him any more.,句子不完整,Smoking, drinking are not allowed in school. Smoking and drinking are not allowed in school. Smoking and alcohol are not allowed in schoo

56、l.,句子不完整,It is unclear Red Bull can help revive energy. It is unclear whether Red Bull can help revive energy.,句子不完整,The output of 2007 is more than 2006. The output of 2007 is more than the output of 2006. The output of 2007 is more than that of 2006.,句子不完整,It is advertisement makes some sports bra

57、nds famous worldwide, such as Nike and Adidas. It is advertisement that makes some sports brands famous worldwide, such as Nike and Adidas.,句子不完整,Students spend too much time on TV, ignore their studies. Students spend too much time on TV, and ignore their studies. Students spend too much time on TV

58、, ignoring their studies.,句子不完整,First of all, foreign countries, which create a wonderful language atmosphere for students. First of all, foreign countries create a wonderful language atmosphere for students.,句子成分多余,In China has more than 10 million people watch Prison Break. In China, more than 10

59、million people watch Prison Break. In China, more than 10 million viewers watch Prison Break.,句子成分多余,Human race need water and air to survive in everyday. Human race need water and air to survive everyday. Human race need water and air to survive every day.,句子成分多余,There are more and more people go abroad nowadays. There are more and more people going abroad nowadays. There are more and more people who go abroad nowadays. More and more people go abroad nowadays.,句子成分多余,College students grasp a f