1、遼寧省沈陽市第二十一中學2015屆高三英語 時態(tài)專題復習學案一、動詞的時態(tài)一一般現(xiàn)在時的用法1經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作，常與表示頻率的時間狀語連用。時間狀語： every, sometimes, at, on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2客觀真理，客觀存在，科學事實。The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall.驕者必敗。注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，

2、從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.4現(xiàn)在時刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個性。I dont want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比較：Now I put the ball in the glass.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時，用于操作演示或指導說明的示范性動作，表示言行的瞬間動作。再如：Now watch me, I turn on the machine and stand back.

3、 第二句中的now是進行時的標志，表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況，所以后一句用現(xiàn)在進行時。二、一般過去時的用法1在確定的過去時間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。時間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。Where did you go just now?2表示在過去一段時間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作。When I was a child, I often played football in the street.Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they w

4、ere given a warm welcome.3句型：注意區(qū)分：It is time for sb. to do sth. 到某人做某事的時間了It is time (that)sb. did sth. 時間已遲了；早該了e.g.It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。would rather sb. did sth. 表示寧愿某人做某事(注意此處would rather 后接的是從句)Id rather you came tomorrow.4wish, wonder, think,

5、 hope 等用過去時，作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等。I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。比較：一般過去時表示的動作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復存在。Christine was a good English learner. (含義：她以前是個好的英語學習者)Christine has been a good English learner.(含義：她現(xiàn)在是個好的英語學習者)Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義：達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs. Darby has lived in

6、Kentucky for seven years.(含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去)注意：用過去時表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語氣。（1）動詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。Did you want anything else?I wondered if you could help me.（2）情態(tài)動詞 could, would.Could you lend me your bike?三、一般將來時1shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在征求意見時常用于第二人稱。Which paragraph shall I

7、read first?Will you be at home at seven this evening?2be going to +v.，表示將來。（1）主語的意圖，即將做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow?（2）計劃、安排要發(fā)生的事。The play is going to be produced next month.（3）有跡象要發(fā)生的事。Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3be +to+v.表將來，按計劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。We are to discuss the re

8、port next Saturday.4be about to +v.，意為馬上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing.注意：（1）be about to 不能與tomorrow, next week，幾點鐘等表示明確的時間狀語連用。例：Tim is about to visit his mother-in-law tomorrow. 該句就是錯誤的。但我們可以這么講：Tim is about to visit his mother-in-law when his wife comes back.（2）be going to / will的區(qū)別：用于條件句時，

9、be going to表將來，will表意愿。If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.（3）be to和be going to的區(qū)別：be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。be going to 表示主觀的打算或計劃。I am to play football tomo

10、rrow afternoon.(客觀安排)Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主觀安排)（4）一般現(xiàn)在時表將來下列動詞：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。這主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.When does the bus stars? It stars in ten minutes.倒裝句，表示動作正在進行，如：Here comes the bus. = The bus

11、 is coming.There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.在時間或條件句中。When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there.在動詞hope, take care that, make sure that等后。I hope they have a nice time next week.Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the

12、room.（5）用現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來常用詞為 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。Im leaving tomorrow.Are you staying here till next week?四、現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去，但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。簡單地講現(xiàn)在完成時就是表示：“結(jié)果、影響和持續(xù)”。其構成： have (has) +過去分詞。一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時的比較1過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調(diào)動作；現(xiàn)在完成時為過去發(fā)生

13、的，強調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響，強調(diào)的是影響。2過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。一般過去時常用的時間狀語：yesterday, last week, ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時間狀語現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語或副詞：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years共同的時間狀語：this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, a

14、lready, recently，lately3現(xiàn)在完成時可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，動詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.一般過去時常用的非持續(xù)性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例：I saw this film yesterday.(強調(diào)看的動作發(fā)生過了。)I have seen this film.(強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。) Why did you get up so early?(強調(diào)起床的動作已發(fā)生過了。)Who h

15、asnt handed in his paper? (強調(diào)有卷子，但沒有交卷的結(jié)果。)She has returned from Paris.她已從巴黎回來了。She returned yesterday.她是昨天回來了。He has been in the League for three years.(在團內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))He joined the League three years ago.(三年前入團，joined為短暫行為。)I have finished my homework now.Will somebody go and get Dr. White?Hes already

16、been sent for.句子中如有過去時間的名詞或副詞(如 yesterday, last week, in 1960)時，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時，要用過去時。Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (錯)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. (對)用于現(xiàn)在完成時的句型1It is the first / second time. that結(jié)構中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時。It is the first time that I have visited the city.It w

17、as the third time that the boy had been late.2This is the that結(jié)構，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時.This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen.這是我看過的最好的電影。This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing.這是我第一次聽他唱歌。典型例題1Do you know our town at all?No, this is the first time I _ here.AwasBhave beenCcame Dam coming答案：B。T

18、his is the first time 后面所加從句應為現(xiàn)在完成時，故選B。2Have you _ been to our town before?No, its the first time I _ here.Aeven, comeBeven, have comeCever, comeDever, have come答案：D。ever意為“曾經(jīng)或無論何時”，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時。

19、注意：1非延續(xù)性動詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時間的狀語連用。即動作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。(錯)I have received his letter for a month.(對)I havent received his letter for almost a month.2比較since和forsince 用來說明動作起始時間，for用來說明動作延續(xù)時間長度。I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born.注意：并非有for 作為時間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時。I worked

20、here for more than twenty years.(我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。)I have worked here for many years.(現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。)小竅門：當現(xiàn)在完成時+一段時間，這一結(jié)構中，我們用下面的公式轉(zhuǎn)化，很容易就能排除非延續(xù)動詞在完成時中的誤使。（1）Tom has studied Russian for three years. (對)=Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.（2）Harry has got married for six y

21、ears.(錯)=Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.顯然，第二句不對，它應改為 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.3since的四種用法（1）since過去一個時間點(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點、1980, last month, half past six)。I have been here since 1989.（2）since一段時間agoI have been he

22、re since five months ago.（3）since從句Great changes have taken place since you left.（4）It is 一段時間since從句It is two years since I became a college student.五、過去完成時1概念：表示過去的過去，其構成是“had +過去分詞”。我們用時間軸表示如下：2用法（1）在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。She said (that) she had never been to Paris.（2）狀語從句在過去不

23、同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時。When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.（3）表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示“原本，未能”。We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.（4）過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。He said that he had learn

24、ed some English before.典型例題The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office.Ahad written, leftBwere writing, has leftChad written, had leftDwere writing, had left答案：D?！鞍褧谵k公室”發(fā)生在“去取書”這一過去的動作之前，因此忘了書這一動作發(fā)生在過去的過去，用過去完成時。句中when表示的是時間的一點，表示在“同學們正忙于”這一背景下，when所引導的動作發(fā)生。因此前一句應用

25、過去進行時。注意：在下面結(jié)構中：had hardly when/ scarcelywhen (還沒等就), had no sooner than(剛就)我們在主句中(hardly/scarcely/no sooner 這部分)使用過去完成時，從句中使用一般過去時：He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.用一般過去時代替完成時的情況：1兩個動作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強調(diào)先后，或用then，and，but 等連詞時，多用一般過去時。When she saw the mouse, she screamed.My aunt gave me a hat

26、 and I lost it.2兩個動作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過去時；如第一個動作需要若干時間完成，用過去完成時。When I heard the news, I was very excited.3敘述歷史事實，可不用過去完成時，而只用一般過去時。Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.六、現(xiàn)在進行時現(xiàn)在進行時的基本用法：1表示現(xiàn)在(指說話人說話時)正在發(fā)生的事情。We are waiting for you.2習慣進行：表示長期的或重復性的動作，說話時動作未必正在進行。Mr. Green is writing a

27、nother novel.(說話時并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。)She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.3表示漸變的動詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。The leaves are turning red.Its getting warmer and warmer.4與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩，并不表示正在進行，要注意。You are always changing your mind.典型例題My di

28、ctionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still _ it.Ahas lost, dont findBis missing, dont findChas lost, havent foundDis missing, havent found答案：D。前句是一個仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，應用進行時，由于沒有找到，其影響仍然存在，應用完成時，瞬間動詞用于否定式時可用于完成時。不用進行時的動詞：1事實狀態(tài)的動詞：have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weig

29、h, measure, continue。I have two brothers.This house belongs to my sister.2心理狀態(tài)的動詞：know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate。I need your help.He loves her very much.3瞬間動詞：accept, receive, complete, finish,

30、 give, allow, decide, refuse.I accept your advice.4系動詞：seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turnYou seem a little tired.七、過去進行時1概念：表示過去某時正在進行的狀態(tài)或動作。2過去進行時的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景或一個長動作發(fā)生的時候，另一個短動作發(fā)生。3常用的時間狀語：this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last

31、evening, when, while。My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.It was raining when they left the station.When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.典型例題1Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger.AmadeBis makingCwas makingDmakes答案：C。割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情，應用過去時。同時，when表時間的同時性

32、，“瑪麗在做衣服時”提供事情發(fā)生的背景，因此用過去進行時。2As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep.Aread; was fallingBwas reading; fellCwas reading; was fallingDread; fell答案：B。句中的as=when, while，意為“當之時”。描述一件事發(fā)生的背景時，用過去進行；一個長動作發(fā)生的時候，另一個短動作發(fā)生。句意為“在她看報紙時，奶奶睡著了?！本渲械膄ell (fall的過去時)，是系動詞，后跟形容詞，如：fall sick。八、將來進行時1概念：表示將來某時進行的狀態(tài)或動作，或按預

33、測將來會發(fā)生的事情。Shell be coming soon.Ill be meeting him sometime in the future.注意：將來進行時不用于表示意志，不能說 Ill be having a talk with her.2常用的時間狀語：soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow eveningBy this time tomorrow, Ill be lying on the beach.一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時的情況：時間狀語從句、條件句中

34、，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時when, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediatelyHe is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨媽。典型例題1He said he_ me a present unles

35、s I _ in doing the experiment.Ahad not given; had not succeededBwould not give; succeedCwill not give; succeedDwould not give; will succeed.答案：B。在時間，條件或讓步主語從句中一般不用將來時。本題有He said，故為過去式。主句用將來時，故選B此處用一般過去式代替了過去將來時。2表示現(xiàn)在已安排好的未來事項，行程等活動。The museum opens at ten tomorrow.博物館明天10點開門。(實際上每天如此。)現(xiàn)在進行時代替一般將來時的情

36、況：1表示即將發(fā)生的或預定中計劃好的活動。Are you staying with us this weekend? 這周和我們一起度周末嗎?We are leaving soon.我們馬上就走。2漸變動詞，如：get, run, grow, become, begin及die。He is dying.時態(tài)與常用的時間狀語歸納如下：時態(tài)時間狀語一般現(xiàn)在時every , sometimes,at , on Sunday, 一般過去時yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now一般將來時next, tomor

37、row, in時間現(xiàn)在完成時for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, already, recently,過去完成時before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as過去進行時this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening when, while將來進行時soon, tomorrow, this evening,

38、 on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening動詞的語態(tài)語態(tài)有兩種：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主語是動作的發(fā)出者為主動語態(tài)；主語是動作的接受者為被動語態(tài)。1若賓語補足語是不帶to 的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，該不定式前要加“to”。此類動詞為感官動詞：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch, etc.The teacher made me go out of the classroom.I was made to g

39、o out of the classroom (by the teacher).We saw him play football on the playground.He was seen to play football on the playground.2情態(tài)動詞+ be +過去分詞，構成被動語態(tài)。Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.3let的用法（1）當let后只有一個單音節(jié)動詞，變被動語態(tài)時，可用不帶to 的不定式。They let the strange go.The strang

40、e was let go.（2）若let 后賓補較長時，let 通常不用被動語態(tài)，而用allow或permit代替。The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.4短語動詞的被動語態(tài)短語動詞是一個整體，不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。This is a photo of the power station that has been set up in my hometown.My sister will be

41、taken care of by Grandma.Such a thing has never been heard of before.5表示“據(jù)說”或“相信”的詞組believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understandIt is said that據(jù)說It is reported that 據(jù)報道It is believed that大家相信It is hoped that大家希望It is well known that 眾所周知It is thought that大家

42、認為It is suggested that據(jù)建議It is taken granted that 被視為當然It has been decided that 大家決定It must be remember that 務必記住的是6不用被動語態(tài)的情況（1）不及物動詞或動詞短語無被動語態(tài)：appear, die disappear, end (vi.結(jié)束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take pl

43、ace.After the fire, very little remained of my house.比較：rise, fall, happen是不及物動詞；raise, seat是及物動詞。(錯)The price has been risen.(對)The price has risen.(錯)The accident was happened last week.(對)The accident happened last week.(錯)The price has raised.(對)The price has been raised.(錯)Please seat.(對)Please be seated.要想正確地使用被動語態(tài)，就須注意哪些動詞是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問題唯有在學習過程中多留意積累。（2）不能用于被動語態(tài)的及物動詞或動詞短語：fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succee