1、專四語法 名詞的數(shù)和格,湖南科技學(xué)院外語系,名詞分類,按構(gòu)詞法 簡單名詞 (Simple Noun) 復(fù)合名詞(Compound Noun) 派生名詞(Derivative Noun) 按詞匯意義 普通名詞(Common Noun): 個體名詞、集體名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞 專有名詞(Proper Noun) 按語法特征 可數(shù)名詞(Count/Countable Noun) 不可數(shù)名詞(Non-count/Uncountable Noun),名詞詞組的句法功能,名詞詞組的結(jié)構(gòu)模式 （限定詞）+（前置修飾語）+名詞 +（后置修飾語） a most lovely little boy whose

2、mother is a doctor some crisp, tasty, red apples I just bought for Christmas,名詞詞組的用法（除謂語外的各種成分）,Children at play seldom remember what time it is. My grandfather died a martyr to his revolutionary ideal. They selected him chairman of the board. Mr Brown, director of the coal mine, should be responsib

3、le for the accident. Within the house nothing stirs. In the garden I can hear the singing of birds. I can hear the rustle of their wings. He returned last night. A photo is taken each time (= whenever) this button is pushed.,名詞的數(shù)（Singular Number, Plural Number),規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)與不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù) 規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)：在單數(shù)名詞后加-s/-es 不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)：通過

4、內(nèi)部元音變換或其他方式（少數(shù)名詞和外來詞） 集體名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞、專有名詞的數(shù),規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù),大部分名詞：加詞尾-s 以-s, -x, -sh, -ch, -z結(jié)尾的名詞：加詞尾-es 以-y 結(jié)尾的名詞： 加詞尾-s/-es 以o結(jié)尾的名詞： 加詞尾-s/-es 以-f/-fe結(jié)尾的名詞： 加詞尾-s/-es,大部分名詞：加詞尾-s,在/p/, /t/, /k/, /f/ 等輕輔音后讀/s/: maps, books, boats, roofs 在/b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /l/, /m/ 等濁輔音和元音后讀/z/: verbs, birds, dogs, boys, se

5、as, hills 在/s/, /z/, /, /d /, /t / 等輔音后讀/iz/: roses, places, houses, bridges, colleges, faces 以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加詞尾-s: 長元音之后讀/z /: baths, mouths, paths, laths 短元音或輔音之后（包括-rth）讀/s /: months, moths, berths 少數(shù)/z / 或/s /皆可：youths, oaths, sheaths, truths,以-s, -x, -sh, -ch, -z結(jié)尾的名詞：,加詞尾-es, 讀作/iz/: gases classes b

6、oxes buzzes churches benches,以-y 結(jié)尾的名詞：,以輔音+ y 結(jié)尾的：變-y為-i, 再加-es, 讀/iz/: parties, ladies, universities, spies, skies, factories 以-quy 結(jié)尾的名詞：變-y為-i, 再加-es , 讀/z/: soliloquy-soliloquies 以- y 結(jié)尾的專有名詞：加詞尾-s, 讀/z/: Marys, Germanys 以元音+ y 結(jié)尾的名詞：加詞尾-s, 讀/z/: rays, boys, days, joys, plays, toys,以o結(jié)尾的名詞：,以元音

7、/元音字母+o（包括oo)結(jié)尾的名詞：加詞尾-s, 讀/z/: radios, portfolios, studios, embryos, bamboos, kangaroos, zoos, cuckoos 某些以輔音+o結(jié)尾的名詞：加詞尾-es , 讀/z/: negroes, heroes, tomatoes, potatoes, echoes, torpedoes, vetoes, embargoes 某些以輔音+o結(jié)尾的名詞：加詞尾-s , 讀/z/: pianos, kilos, memos, autos, quartos（四開本）, solos（獨奏）, cellos（大提琴）,

8、sopranos（女高音）, altos（女低音） 少數(shù)以o結(jié)尾的名詞：加詞尾-s或-es均可, 讀/z/: 某些以- o 結(jié)尾的專有名詞：加詞尾-s , 讀/z/: Filipinos, Romeos,以-f/-fe結(jié)尾的名詞：,多數(shù)加詞尾-s，讀/s/: serfs, gulfs, beliefs, chiefs, cliffs, griefs, roofs, safes 小故事串記： 一個悲傷(grief) 的首領(lǐng)(chief)帶著一個信任(belief) 他的農(nóng)奴(serf)在海灣(gulf)的懸崖(cliff)上突然發(fā)現(xiàn)一個屋頂(roof)，上面有個保險箱(safe)。,少數(shù)變-f/

9、-fe為-v，再加-es, 讀/vz/: knives, halves, lives, shelves, thieves, selves, leaves, wolves, calves, loaves 小故事串記： 小偷(thief)自己（self）和妻子(wife)冒著生命(life)危險偷了半(half)條面包(loaf)，然后用樹葉(leaf)做了一把小刀(knife)，殺了一只母狼(wolf），宰了一頭小牛（calf），把它們藏在柜子（shelf）里。,極少數(shù)兩者都行, 讀/s/或/vz/: dwarfs, dwarves, handkerchiefs, handkerchieves,

10、 hoofs, hooves scarfs, scarves,不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù),通過內(nèi)部元音變換 footfeet; goosegeese; toothteeth mousemice; louselice manmen; womanwomen childchildren ox-oxen,外來詞的復(fù)數(shù)（1）,stratumstrata（階層）; datumdata; agendumagenda (現(xiàn)代英語中作單數(shù)） alumnusalumni; alumnaalumnae basisbases; thesistheses; crisiscrises parenthesisparentheses; hy

11、pothesishypotheses,外來詞的復(fù)數(shù)（2）,memorandummemorandamemorandums(備忘錄） curriculumcurriculacurriculums (課程) sanatoriumsanatoriasanatoriums (療養(yǎng)院) mediummedia-mediums（媒體） formulaformulaeformulas (公式) antennaantennaeantennas (天線) indexindicesindexes(索引) appendixappendices-appendixes（附錄） plateauplateauxplateau

12、s(高原) cactuscacticactuses (仙人掌) focusfoci-focuses（焦點） nucleusnuclei-nucleuses（核心） radiusradii-radiuses（輻射線） terminustermini-terminuses（終點）,penny,pence: sixpence, tenpence (表錢數(shù)，幾便士） pennies： 若干個一便士的硬幣 （幾個便士） If the price of a reel of cotton is fourpence, you hand over four pennies for it.,單復(fù)同形的名詞,dee

13、r, sheep, fish, trout （鮭魚） Swiss, Japanese, Chinese, Portuguese craft, aircraft, hovercraft(氣墊船)，spacecraft barracks, headquarters, means, works, series, species,本身是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞(謂語動詞也用復(fù)數(shù)),由兩部分組成的服裝用復(fù)數(shù)： pants ,pajamas, trousers褲子 由兩部分組成的工具和儀器用復(fù)數(shù)： binoculars, glasses, scales, scissors, spectacles 其他一些詞用復(fù)數(shù)： a

14、rms, damages（損害賠償、賠償費） earnings（收入）, goods/wares（貨物、商品）, greens(青菜), grounds（木磚）, outskirts（郊區(qū)）, pains, riches（財富、財產(chǎn)）, savings, spirits（精力、情緒、烈酒）, stairs（樓梯）, surroundings（環(huán)境）, valuables（貴重物品）,集體名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞、專有名詞的數(shù),集體名詞的數(shù)（三種情況） poetrypoem machinerymachine clothinggarment, coat furnituretable, chair

15、cutleryknife equipmenttool weaponrygun, pistol foliageleaf correspondenceletter luggagetrunk, bag policepoliceman clergy-clergyman,物質(zhì)名詞的數(shù),sand, sands(大面積的沙灘） water, waters （大面積的水域） food, foods (多種食品) coffee, two coffees (作個體名詞，表兩杯咖啡) rubber (橡膠）-rubbers (膠鞋) stone（石料）-stones（石頭） egg（蛋漬/蛋白）-eggs（一個個的

16、蛋） lamb（羔羊肉）-lambs（羔羊） onion（洋蔥味）-onions（洋蔥頭）,抽象名詞的數(shù),有些抽象名詞可數(shù)：a victory/two victories; a conference/two conferences 有些抽象名詞有復(fù)數(shù)形式，但不能計數(shù): difficulties; opinions; sympathies (同情、憐憫、慰問） 有些抽象名詞有復(fù)數(shù)與非復(fù)數(shù)形式，其義不同：experience/experiences; relation/relations; youth/youths(男青年）; worry/worries(煩惱事); distraction/dis

17、tractions; business/businesses(商店/商行),有些抽象名詞本身沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，可用語義對應(yīng)的個體名詞來計數(shù)：laughterlaugh; workjob; correspondenceletter/note photographphoto; permissionpermit; musicsong; funjoy; homework-exercise,表示該名詞相關(guān)的抽象意義,有些可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)化: to have too much family=too heavy family burden to have too much winter=a too long sp

18、ell of cold weather to have too much mouth=to talk too much to have too little ear=to be not inclined to listen to others to have room for= to have a need for to feel the patriot rise= to feel the patriotic feelings rise,表示人的特質(zhì)等抽象意義,to be fool enough=to be foolish enough more of a fool than= more fo

19、olish than less of a fool than = less foolish than as much of a fool as= as foolish as too much of a fool = too foolish He was enough of a man to tell the truth. (他光明磊落，講了實話。） man, coward, coquette, politician, sportsman, scholar, poet,專有名詞的數(shù),Have you invited the Browns? There are two Miss Smiths/Mi

20、sses Smith in the class.,單位詞,表個數(shù) piece, bit, item（項目，條款）, article（一件商品/物品） a piece of advice/armour/ bacon/bread/cake/chalk/ cloth/ coal/ evidence/folly/ furniture/ice/information/land/meat/music/news/paper/research/sugar/work a bit of advice/bread/grass/news/trouble/wood,表形狀,a cake of soap a bar of

21、 chocolate a drop of water an ear of corn a flight of stairs a grain of sand a bundle of firewood a loaf of bread a lump of sugar a slice of meat a spiral of incense,表容積,a pail of water a handful of clay a bucket of milk a spoonful of hot water a truckload of steel four lorryloads of sand,表動作,a fit

22、of anger/coughing/laughter/fever a peal of applause/laughter/thunder a flash of hope/light/lighting a display of courage/force/power/skill/fireworks,表成雙、成組、成群,a pair of shoes a flock of birds a herd of elephants a litter of kittens a swarm of bees a shoal of fish,復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式（中心詞變復(fù)數(shù)）,1 通常是把最后一個詞變成復(fù)數(shù)形式：

23、 boy-friends breakins travel agents man和woman位于復(fù)合名詞的第一部分，兩部分都要變成復(fù)數(shù)： men drivers women drivers 2 由動詞+er構(gòu)成的名詞+副詞組成的復(fù)合名詞，把第一個詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)： hangers-on lookerson 另外，由名詞+介詞+名詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時，也同樣只需將第一個詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)： ladies-inwaiting sisters-in-law brides-to-be 3 首字母縮寫詞也可有復(fù)數(shù)形式： VIPs（very important persons）OAPs（old age pensio

24、ners）UFOs（unidentified flying objects）,名詞的屬格,1)名詞屬格的構(gòu)成 A -s 屬格 (人名、有生命物、視為有生命物的名詞；也可用于地理名稱、天體名稱、時間、度量、價值等名詞，如todays newspaper,ten minutes walk,China s industry. 單數(shù)名詞和不以-s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，在名詞后加 s： the boy s house， the womens clothes; Miltons poems 以-s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，在詞尾加 : the two boys mother; a teachers college; the

25、 girls dormitory,以咝音/z/ 結(jié)尾的人名，其屬格可用 -s 或 - 兩種： Dickens/Dickenss; Jones/Joness 但以其他 咝音/z/ 結(jié)尾的人名，其屬格用-s ： Marxs; Rosss, 并列名詞作為一個單位表共有關(guān)系時，只在最后一個詞末尾加-s: an hour and a half s walk; everyone elses opinion 并列名詞表示各自的所有關(guān)系時，各名詞末尾均應(yīng)加 s Johns and Susans desks Tom and Mary s desk v.s.Tom s and Mary s desks 當(dāng)名詞后有

26、另一名詞作同位語，放在同位語的名詞后 Your teacher Miss Greens office is over there. his schoolmate Johnsons book; Basel the booksellers car B of 屬格： of + 名詞 the front gate of the palace,2、名詞屬格的用法 A、作限定詞和前置修飾語 the boys father; the womans husband the students essays; my roommates belongings the cats paw the childrens b

27、ook another three days journey,B、名詞屬格和of-詞組,表所有關(guān)系 the trunk of an elephant=an elephants trunk the foreign policy of China=Chinas foreign policy 表主謂關(guān)系 the arrival of the prime minister (the prime minister arrived) the claim of the buyers (the buyers claimed) 表動賓關(guān)系 the occupation of the island (occupi

28、ed the island) our hatred of (for, against) the enemy (we hate the enemy) 表來源 the law of Newton (the law developed by Newton),名詞屬格可表事物類別或?qū)傩?；of-詞組不可以mens clothing; a doctors degree 名詞后有較長修飾語時，只能用of-詞組而不用名詞屬格。 the suggestions of those present at the meeting; the opinion of the chairman appointed a mon

29、th ago 名詞詞組由“定冠詞+形容詞”構(gòu)成,或者of-詞組表同位關(guān)系，不可用名詞屬格替換。 the income of the rich; the struggle of the exploited; the city of Yongzhou; the town of Yangzitang,3） 獨立屬格（ - s屬格的省略）,A 名詞中心詞上文已提到： This notebook is not mine, nor Johns , nor Peters B 被省略的名詞中心詞表家、住宅、教堂、學(xué)校、店鋪或公司： I think Sallys is the best place for a get-together. the tai