1、增詞與引申,增詞是翻譯過程中一種常見的有效補償手段。具體而言，增詞是根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)、意義和修辭等方面的需要，在譯文的基礎(chǔ)上添加必要的單詞、詞組、分句或者整句。增詞的原則是：增詞不增義。畫蛇添足或錦上添花的增詞往往會以文害義，因而都是不可取的。,增詞的主要作用是：補足語際轉(zhuǎn)換后缺失的含義、使譯文結(jié)構(gòu)保持完整、補充修辭手段、解釋原作中的文化因素和背景等，從而使得譯文在語法、語言形式上符合譯文習(xí)慣，在文化背景、詞語聯(lián)想方面與原文保持一致，在內(nèi)容、形式、精神等三方面實現(xiàn)譯文與原文的對等，以便忠實、通順地再現(xiàn)原作的意義與風(fēng)格。,1. 補 足 詞 類,2. 補 足 詞 義,3.解釋性增詞,4.修辭性增詞,補

2、足量詞,補足助詞,補足語氣詞,補足概括性詞語,補足銜接性詞語,補足附加意義,補足語法意義,補足語言結(jié)構(gòu),補足省略部分,a bike a typewriter a tractor a mouth a full moon a bad dream The two streams joined to form a clear, deep pool. 兩彎溪流會聚在一起，形成了一眼清澈的深潭。 A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea. 一輪紅日從平靜的海面冉冉升起。 They are confronted with many problems. 他們遇到了一大堆難

3、題。,一輛自行車 一臺拖拉機 一輪滿月,一架打字機 一張嘴 一場噩夢,增補（動）量詞,增補（動）量詞,Once we had a quarrel. 有一次，我們爭吵了一番。 Brown gave her a loving look. 布朗深情地望了她一眼。 I am extremely angry with her, but this is neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument. 我對她十分生氣，但是此時此地，既不宜教訓(xùn)她一番，也不宜與她爭論一通。,增補助詞、語氣詞,A lovely girl has been

4、here just now, who went away after buying an ice-cream. 剛才來過一位可愛的女孩，買了一個冰淇淋，然后走了。 We were singing and dancing till midnight. 我們唱著跳著，一直到深夜。 Ive got my bachelors / masters / doctors degree finally. I really feel very excited! 我終于獲得了學(xué)士/碩士/博士學(xué)位。我真是太興奮啦！,增補概括性的詞,The Americans and the Russians have underg

5、one series of secret consultations. 美俄雙方已經(jīng)進行了一系列的秘密磋商。 The husband and wife agreed to give another try. 夫妻倆同意再試試。 The advantages of the new material is corrosion resistant, cost efficient, long service time, energy saving and without environmental pollution. 新材料具備節(jié)能、抗腐蝕、效率高、壽命長和無公害等五大優(yōu)勢。,增補銜接性的詞,The

6、ory is something but practice is everything. 理論固然必要，實踐尤其重要。 Water shortage is a global problem, especially in big cities. 缺水是一個全球性的問題，大城市尤為如此。 The excited electron（電子） jumps to a higher energy level and falls back to a lower level, emitting a photon（光子）with a given energy. 被激發(fā)的電子首先躍遷到更高的能級，然后回落到較低能級

7、，同時發(fā)射具有一定能量的光子。,增補副詞,I have never imagined that it is you that kidnapped my child! 真沒想到居然是你綁架了我的孩子！ The dense fog melted away. 濃霧漸漸散開了。 She got married. Dont you know? 她已經(jīng)結(jié)婚了，難道你不知道？ Im the daddy and the mama. 我既當(dāng)?shù)之?dāng)媽。,增補副詞,He sank down on the chair with his face in his hands.（對比例9） 他雙手蒙著臉，一屁股坐在了椅子上

8、。 As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 他一坐下來就講開了，滔滔不絕地講個沒完。 In films, all too often is the same: the hero meets the heroin; they fall in love and live together happily. 電影里總是老一套：男主人公和女主人公始而相遇，繼而相愛，終而幸福地生活。,增補名詞,增補名詞的情況在科技文獻(xiàn)中經(jīng)常遇到，因此應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文和科技常識，增補適當(dāng)?shù)臐h語名詞。常用的漢語名詞有“方法、技術(shù)、現(xiàn)象、效應(yīng)、作用、局勢、狀態(tài)、化、

9、方案、系統(tǒng)、部門、工作、結(jié)果”等等，例如： confusion saturation derivation recycling measurement preparation,推導(dǎo)過程 混亂局面 準(zhǔn)備工作 飽和狀態(tài) 廢物回收利用 測量方法；測量結(jié)果,增補名詞,management complacency normalization remedies solution modification advantage The tension in the Middle East has attracted much attention of the world. 中東的緊張局勢已引起全世界的廣泛關(guān)注

10、。,補救措施 管理部門；管理方法 修改方案 有利地位 自滿情緒 正常狀態(tài) 解決方案,增補名詞,to wash before meal 飯前洗手 to wash after getting up 起床后洗臉?biāo)⒀?to wash before going to bed 睡覺前洗腳 Mary washed for a living after her husband died. 瑪麗在丈夫去世后，就靠洗衣服維持生活。,增補名詞,First you borrow, then you beg. 頭一遭借錢，下一遭討飯。 Drug companies are paying pharmacies to pr

11、omote new products. 藥材公司出錢請藥店促銷新產(chǎn)品。 This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 這部打字機真是價廉物美。,增補動詞,無論是文學(xué)翻譯，還是科技文獻(xiàn)翻譯，都經(jīng)常需要增補漢語動詞，如“產(chǎn)生、使、加、引起、調(diào)整、進行、發(fā)生、陷入”等等。 programming after the concert No gifts instrumentation,編寫程序 出席音樂會之后 不贈送禮物 研制儀器；使用儀器,He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech. 他沒有致閉幕詞就宣布結(jié)束

12、會議。 China boasted a record trade surplus with the United States last year. 去年，中國實現(xiàn)了創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的對美貿(mào)易順差。,增補動詞,For this years World Cup games, players will be whacking around the latest in soccer ball technology. 在今年的世界杯足球賽中，球員們將踢一種用最新足球制造技術(shù)生產(chǎn)的球。 In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table t

13、ennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the economic plan. 晚上在參加宴會、出席音樂會、觀看乒乓球表演后，他還得起草經(jīng)濟計劃。,增補動詞,增補形容詞,We need to find a way to solve the problem. 我們需要找出一條新路解決這個問題。 When I watch Chenlongs moves, our goal to match him seems pretty hopeless. 當(dāng)我看到成龍絕妙的動作時，感到我們要達(dá)到同樣的水平，似乎沒有希望。 Spend a dime,

14、 save your time. 花點小錢，省你時間。 These days the price of food is soaring. 最近食品價格飛速上漲。,增補形容詞,The enemys plane twisted after being shot, trailing flame and smoke. 敵機被擊中后拖著濃煙烈焰螺旋下跌。 O, Tom Canty, born in rags and dirt and misery, what sight is this! 根據(jù)Mark Twain的原作王子與貧兒（The Prince and The Pauper），湯姆康第本是一個孤兒

15、，穿上王子的服裝后被人認(rèn)為是真的王子。 啊，湯姆康第，出生在破爛、骯臟和苦難之中，現(xiàn)在這番景象卻是多么煊赫??！,增補省略部分,I firmly believed that, but I dont now. 過去我對此深信無疑，但是現(xiàn)在我不相信了。 Everything was on a large scale for him, the highs were higher, the lows lower. 他總是喜歡夸大事實，高的說得更高，低的說得更低。 To admit it impossible means to surrender one of our few hopes. 如果認(rèn)為不可能

16、，就等于把我們僅存的希望也放棄了。,增補解釋性的詞,Every year, millions of migrant workers flooding into the city of Shanghai, where they can earn much more money. 每年有上百萬的外來民工 涌入上海市，因為在這里，他們可以掙到更多的錢。 The rushing of these school boys was pardonable, but costly. 這些男生的莽撞行為是可以諒解的，但是為此付出的代價卻是昂貴的。,增補修辭性的詞,Basically, the theory pr

17、oposed that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light. 就其基本內(nèi)容而言，這一學(xué)說提出：光速是宇宙中最快的速度。 Old wood best to burn, old wine to drink, old friend to trust, and old authors to read. 干燥的木頭最易燃燒，陳年的老酒最為好喝，多年的朋友最值得信賴，經(jīng)典的作品最值得品讀。,1) He came to his work everyday - sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. 2)

18、 A new kind of aircraft - small, cheap, pilotless - is attracting increasing attention. （增加名詞） 3) He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty. (增加名詞) 4) After the football match, Ive got an important meeting. （增加動詞） 5) With what enthusiasm are the Chinese taki

19、ng part in the Beijing Olympics! （增加形容詞）,6) The advantages of the meeting room are bright, spacious, fashionable and without echoes.（增加概括性詞） 7) Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. （增加省略部分） 8) White or shining surfaces reflect heat; dark surfaces absorb it. （增加銜接性詞） 9) Ideally, o

20、ne day, researchers will know enough about the genesis of earthquakes to predict quakes directly.（增加修飾詞，表示強調(diào)）,1) He came to his work everyday - sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. 他每天來干活掃地，擦地板，收拾房間。（增加名詞） 2) A new kind of aircraft - small, cheap, pilotless - is attracting increasing attention. （增加名詞） 一種新型的飛機正在越來越引起人們的注意這種飛機體積不大，價格便宜，無人駕駛。 3) He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty. （增加名詞） 他讓法官的職責(zé)戰(zhàn)勝父親的私情，而判決他的兒子有罪。,4)