1、句子的翻譯,句子成分的翻譯,主語的譯法 謂語的譯法 表語的譯法 賓語的譯法 定語的譯法 狀語的譯法,主語的譯法,照譯 轉(zhuǎn)譯 轉(zhuǎn)譯為謂語 轉(zhuǎn)譯為賓語 轉(zhuǎn)譯為定語 轉(zhuǎn)譯為狀語,照譯,適用情況：如果英語的主語是名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、單個的動名詞或不定式等，一般可以照譯成漢語的主語。 Hydraulic springs（液壓彈簧） are particularly suited for applications in which high load capacities（承載能力） and stiffness（剛度） are required. 液壓彈簧尤其適用于要求承載能力和剛度很高的地方。 We ca

2、n regard the entire weight of a body as concentrated at its center of gravity. 我們可以認(rèn)為物體的整個重量是集中在物體的重心上。 Installing the electronic units in the ground and leasing（租借） telephone wires would cost $ 15 million. 安裝地下電子裝置和租借電話線就要耗資15,000,000美元。 Introduction of a newly-developed technique will enhance the

3、prospects of success. 引進(jìn)一項新開發(fā)的技術(shù)將增加成功的希望。,轉(zhuǎn)譯為謂語,適用情況：There be +動作性名詞；動作性名詞+系表結(jié)構(gòu)；動作性名詞+被動語態(tài)， 如： Attempts were made to find out a method for increasing productivity. 我們曾力圖尋找一種提高生產(chǎn)率的方法。 .It is already dark, and the chorus of insects and frogs is in full swing（活躍）. 天已經(jīng)漆黑，蟲鳴蛙叫，一片喧鬧。 Since the lines of ma

4、gnetic force converge(回聚) and diverge(發(fā)散), there is the necessity for a component Br（分量Br）. 由于磁力線的回聚和發(fā)散，就需要一個分量Br。 Attempts have even been made to rename the robot. 人們也一直在嘗試給機(jī)器人重新命名。 In consequence, there is no need of axial location（軸向定位）. 因此不需要軸向定位。,轉(zhuǎn)譯為賓語- Passive voice: 主賓互換,Passive voice: 主賓互換，無

5、主句或泛指人稱代詞作主語 In producing different materials, different speed should be used. 在生產(chǎn)不同材料時，應(yīng)采用不同的速度。 Work must be done in setting a body in motion. 使一個物體運(yùn)動，就必須做功。 Nuclear energy thermoelectric generators are proposed as power sources for the solar system deep space explorers. 有人建議將核能溫差電池用作太陽系遠(yuǎn)程空間探測器的能源

6、。 Land animals are believed to have developed from sea animals. 人們認(rèn)為陸地動物是由海洋動物進(jìn)化而來的。,轉(zhuǎn)譯為賓語- S + be done +prep,Passive voice: S + be done +prep. +OO+ do+ S（P263） Attachments are usually not included with standard machine. 通常，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)床不包含附件。 Sound absorbing material has been used in walls and ceiling. 墻壁和天

7、花板使用了吸音材料。,轉(zhuǎn)譯為賓語- There be 結(jié)構(gòu),Even though bearings are usually lubricated, there is friction and some wear. 即使經(jīng)常給軸承潤滑，還存在摩擦與一些磨損。 Above the Curie temperature there is no spontaneous magnetization（磁化）. 在居里溫度以上，沒有自發(fā)的磁化。 Up to now, there have been three main options for encoding a message. 迄今為止，消息的編碼有三

8、種主要的選擇。,轉(zhuǎn)譯為賓語it +be +pp+that 從句,轉(zhuǎn)譯成無主句或泛指人稱代詞作主語，that 從句轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語從句 It can be concluded that copper oxide（氧化銅） is a more stable compound than mercuric（汞）oxide（氧化汞）. （我們）可以斷言，氧化銅是比氧化汞更為穩(wěn)定的一種化合物。,轉(zhuǎn)譯為賓語,Several concepts are introduced: decision-making, modeling ,dynamics, feedback, stability and logical de

9、sign. 這里介紹幾個概念：判定、模擬、動力學(xué)、反饋、穩(wěn)定性和邏輯設(shè)計等。 See to it that all troubles should be eliminated. 務(wù)必要排除所有故障。 provision must be made for dissipating（驅(qū)散 ）the heat that results from the sliding （摩擦）of surfaces. 必須采取措施驅(qū)散由摩擦所產(chǎn)生的熱。 From this experiment the conclusion is drawn that the theory of oppositely charged

10、particles attracting each other is true. 由這一實驗可以得出結(jié)論，帶異性電荷的粒子相互吸引的這一說法是正確的。 It should be emphasized that the laser（激光器） is in no sense an energy source（能源）. 應(yīng)當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)指出，激光器并不是一種能源。,轉(zhuǎn)譯為定語,當(dāng)句子中的謂語可動名相互轉(zhuǎn)用或含義與名詞相關(guān)時，謂語有時轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語，而主語則轉(zhuǎn)譯為定語. Computers work many times more rapidly than nerve cells in the human brai

11、n. 計算機(jī)的工作比人類大腦中的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞要快好多倍。（謂語轉(zhuǎn)譯為主語，主語轉(zhuǎn)譯為定語） The wings are responsible for keeping the airplane in the air. 機(jī)翼的用途是使飛機(jī)在空中保持不墜。 The experiments are designed to validate his theory. 這些試驗的設(shè)計是用來證實他的理論的。,轉(zhuǎn)譯為定語-系表結(jié)構(gòu)+介詞短語（usu. in),當(dāng)介詞的賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的主語時，原句的主語轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語 An atom of oxygen is 16 times as much as an atom of

12、 hydrogen in weight. 一個氧原子的質(zhì)量相當(dāng)于一個氫原子質(zhì)量的16倍。 A semi-conductor material is poorer than a conductor in conductivity. 半導(dǎo)體材料的導(dǎo)電性比導(dǎo)體差。 Animals and plants are variable in characters. 動植物的特性是可變的。 This machine is simple in design, yet it is efficient in operation. 這臺機(jī)器的結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，但工作效率很高.,轉(zhuǎn)譯為定語have 謂語句,Have 作謂語的句

13、子中，其賓語常常為了符合表達(dá)習(xí)慣轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的主語，而原句的主語相應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)譯成譯文中主語的定語。 Good clocks have pendulums（鐘擺） which are automatically compensated for temperature changes. 好鐘的鐘擺可以自動補(bǔ)償溫度的變化。 Such bearings have the disadvantage of requiring almost perfect geometry of the raceways(滾道) and rollers(滾子). 這種軸承的缺點(diǎn)是滾道和滾子需要近乎完美的幾何形狀。,轉(zhuǎn)譯為狀語,在

14、英語中表示時間、原因、條件含義的主語漢譯時常譯作漢語的狀語，(注意此時的主語具有動詞意義或與動作相關(guān)) The shortage of 15-inch display devices may push up prices in the future. 當(dāng)15英寸顯示器缺貨,其價格可能會在未來上揚(yáng)。 Improved efficiency has made the products of manufactories very much cheaper than formerly. 由于效率提高，工廠里出的產(chǎn)品比起以前來，價格便宜多了 The collapse of the dam caused

15、the land being flooded. 由于大壩倒塌，土地因此被淹。 Restricted movement led to an interruption(中斷,受阻)of blood flow. （由于）活動受限（導(dǎo)致）血液流動受阻。,謂語的譯法,直譯 練習(xí) 轉(zhuǎn)譯為主語 轉(zhuǎn)譯為賓語 轉(zhuǎn)譯為定語或狀語 省譯,“直譯”練習(xí),Any friction between two surfaces results in a temperature rise of the materials. 兩個表面之間的任何摩擦都會導(dǎo)致材料的溫度升高。 The rivets(鉚釘) contract as t

16、hey cool, drawing the plates(鋼板) together. 鉚釘隨著冷卻而收縮，從而使鋼板緊緊地壓在一起。 The endosperm(胚乳) also contains a numbers of nitrogenous compounds(含氮化合物). 胚乳中還包含許多含氮化合物。,轉(zhuǎn)譯為主語,適用情況：謂語動詞可動名轉(zhuǎn)用，或與名詞相關(guān)(devise, base, characterize等） In the early dawn, the guard towers were silhouetted(呈現(xiàn)輪廓) against the sky. 黎明時，天空映出了燎

17、望塔的輪廓。 Most U. S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earths atmosphere after completing their missions. 美國絕大多數(shù)間諜衛(wèi)星，按其設(shè)計，是在完成使命后，在大氣層中焚毀。 Compression formats（壓縮格式） are devised to greatly reduce file size, yet retain acceptable quality. 壓縮格式的設(shè)計是為了大幅度減少文件所占用的空間，同時又維持可接受的質(zhì)量。,轉(zhuǎn)譯為主語,Tests showe

18、d that the cooling air must flow at a rate of at least 17 m/s. 實驗表明，冷卻空氣的流速至少應(yīng)為17 m/s。 Black holes act like huge drains in the universe. 黑洞的作用像宇宙中巨大的吸管,The experiment resulted in the discovery of a cure for cancer. 這一實驗的結(jié)果是發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種治療癌癥的方法。 The application of surfactant（表面活性劑）aims to simplify work proce

19、sses. 使用表面活性劑的目的就是簡化工作過程。,轉(zhuǎn)譯為賓語,當(dāng)謂語動詞可以動名轉(zhuǎn)用時 The dial（標(biāo)度盤） is scaled into one hundred graduations(分度). 該標(biāo)度盤刻有分成100等分的標(biāo)度。 Genes can now be patented. 目前基因可以獲得專利權(quán)。,轉(zhuǎn)譯為定語或狀語,Radar works in very much the same way as the flashlight . 雷達(dá)的工作原理和手電筒極為相同。 The pressure was determined to be 0.1 torr. 測得的壓力為0.1托。

20、 The power station managed to maintain its supply of electricity day and night. 電站盡力保持日夜供電。 Rapid evaporation tends to make the steam wet. 快速蒸發(fā)往往使蒸汽的濕度加大。 The molecules continue to stay close together, but do not continue to retain a regular fixed arrangement. 分子仍然緊密地聚集在一起，但不再繼續(xù)保持規(guī)則得固定排列形式。,表語的譯法,直譯

21、 轉(zhuǎn)譯為主語 主表倒譯 轉(zhuǎn)譯為謂語 轉(zhuǎn)譯為賓語 轉(zhuǎn)譯為定語,The odometer(里程表) is mechanical, driven by a stepper motor. 里程表是機(jī)動的，由步進(jìn)電機(jī)帶動。 The purpose of the radiator is to get rid of heat from the engine. 散熱器的用途是排放發(fā)動機(jī)產(chǎn)生的熱。,轉(zhuǎn)譯為主語,Sattri., Predicative. S Zirconiun(鋯)is almost as strong as steel. 鋯的強(qiáng)度幾乎與鋼一樣。 Those nearer the sun are

22、 more rocky, those father away more icy. 離太遠(yuǎn)越近，巖石塊越多；離太陽越遠(yuǎn)，則冰塊越多。,主表倒譯（一）,A is BB is A, e.g.（名詞作表語時，主語和表語表達(dá)的內(nèi)容是一致的） One of the well-known laws of physics is Ohms Law. 歐姆定律是物理學(xué)上著名的定律之一。 If youre watching a game in the ballpark(球場), the network will know that player profiles(概述，簡介) are what you need o

23、n your palm-sized computer. 如果你在球場觀看一場比賽，網(wǎng)絡(luò)會知道你希望掌上電腦提供的是每位球員的簡介。,主表倒譯（二）,It + be + predicative +that clause /to do It is a matter of common experience that it is much easier to roll bodies along than to slide them. 通常的經(jīng)驗是物體向前滾動比滑動容易得多. It is note worthy that small as atoms are, they contain vast am

24、ounts of energy. 值得注意的是原子雖小，卻具有很大的能量。,轉(zhuǎn)譯為謂語,在系表結(jié)構(gòu)的句子中，如果表語是含有動作意義的形容詞、副詞或介詞短語，漢譯時系詞可以不譯，把原句的表語直接譯為漢語的謂語。 When the switch is on, the circuit is closed and electricity goes through. 將開關(guān)合上，電路就閉合，而電就接通了。 These new machines are now in wide use .,轉(zhuǎn)譯為賓語,當(dāng)系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的做表語的形容詞或of +名詞表示人或物的性質(zhì)時,be動詞譯為動詞“具有”,“屬于”, 表語往

25、往轉(zhuǎn)譯為名詞作動詞的賓語. As most metals are malleable(可延展的) and ductile(有韌性的), they can be beaten into plates and drawn into wire. 由于大多數(shù)金屬都具有延展性和韌性,所以可以壓成薄板和拉成細(xì)絲。 The angular-contact bearing（向心推力軸承）is of greater thrust capacity. 向心推力軸承具有較大的軸向承載能力,Cutting tools must be strong, hard, tough, and wear resistant. 刀

26、具必須有足夠的強(qiáng)度、硬度、韌性和耐磨性。 The early steam engines were of the piston-type（活塞型）. 早期的蒸汽機(jī)屬于活塞型。,轉(zhuǎn)譯為定語,如果形容詞作表語，且句子主語有定語的修飾，漢譯時為使譯文自然、通順，常?？梢园驯碚Z轉(zhuǎn)譯為定語。 In this air mechanics laboratory, few instruments are valuable. 在這個空氣動力學(xué)實驗室里，貴重的儀器不多。 In this book, many theories are very important . 在這本書中，重要的理論很多。,賓語的譯法,直譯

27、 轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的主語 Have的賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的主語 介詞的賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的主語 轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的謂語（名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞）,All moving bodies have energy. 所有運(yùn)動的物體都具有能量。 Heat used to melt a solid is called melting heat. 用于熔化固體的熱叫做熔化熱。,轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的主語,介詞的賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的主語 The spores(孢子) are very small and light in mass. 孢子很小，且質(zhì)量很輕。 Automatic lathes(車床)perform basically similar fu

28、nctions but appear in a variety of forms. 各種自動車床的作用基本相同，但形式不同,Have的賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的主語 Different metals have different coefficients(系數(shù)) of expansion. 各種金屬的膨脹系數(shù)都不同。 Good clocks have pendulums which are automatically compensated for temperature changes. 好鐘的鐘擺可以自動補(bǔ)償溫度的變化。 A radio antenna(天線) should have a physi

29、cal size of one-half wavelength or more. 無線電天線的實際尺寸應(yīng)為半個波長或更大一些.,轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的謂語,英語中句子的賓語由由動詞派生的名詞/含動作意義的名詞充當(dāng)時，往往可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語句子的謂語動詞，原來修飾賓語的定語轉(zhuǎn)譯為修飾謂語的狀語 Despite all the improvements, rubber still has a number of limitations. 盡管改進(jìn)了很多，但合成橡膠仍有一些缺陷。,定語的譯法,直譯 倒譯（后置定語） 轉(zhuǎn)譯 轉(zhuǎn)譯為主語 轉(zhuǎn)譯為謂語 轉(zhuǎn)譯為狀語,英語中當(dāng)短語（包括介詞短語、不定式短語、分詞短語等）作定語

30、時，往往放在被修飾詞的后面。漢譯時可采取倒譯法，先翻譯后置的定語部分，再翻譯被后置定語修飾的名詞。 The equation for this chemical reaction is the reverse of one we have just been studying. 這個化學(xué)反應(yīng)的反應(yīng)式是剛才所討論的反應(yīng)式的逆轉(zhuǎn)。 Scientists in that county are now supplied with necessary books ,equipment and assistant ,that will ensure success in their scientific

31、research. 現(xiàn)在已給該縣科學(xué)家提供了必要的圖書、儀器和助手，以保證科研工作的成功。,轉(zhuǎn)譯為主語,當(dāng)There be 句型中的主語可以與動詞或形容詞相互轉(zhuǎn)化或表示相關(guān)意義時,該主語轉(zhuǎn)譯為謂語,其后由of/about引出的后置定語的中的介詞賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯為主語 There are many sizes of computers. 計算機(jī)有很多尺寸。 There are two kinds of video capture(視頻采集) devices, analog(模擬) and digital wares. 視頻采集設(shè)備有兩種，模擬采集設(shè)備和數(shù)字采集設(shè)備。 There are three st

32、ates of matter: solid, liquid and gas. 物質(zhì)有三態(tài)：固態(tài)、液態(tài)和氣態(tài)。,There are two different kinds of electricity, which we call positive electricity and negative electricity. 電有兩種：正電和負(fù)電。 There are different forms of energy: heat energy, light energy, sound energy, mechanical energy and electrical energy, etc. 能有

33、各種不同的形式：熱能、光能、聲能、機(jī)械能和電能等。 There are two groups of metals: pure metals and their alloys. 金屬有兩大類：純金屬及其合金。,定語轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語,(1)Have謂語句中賓語的定語轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語 Neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton. 中子的質(zhì)量略大于質(zhì)子的質(zhì)量。 Copper has very high conductivity. 銅的導(dǎo)電率很高。,(2)There be句中賓語的后置分詞/不定式定語轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語 There are only two

34、important chemical reactions involved in the combustion of any fuel , be it coal, wood, oil or gas. 任何燃燒的過程只包含兩種重要的化學(xué)反應(yīng)，不論燃燒材料是煤、木材、油還是煤氣。 When you turn a light or electric appliance off, there will be electric voltage built up at the switch, but no current will flow. 當(dāng)關(guān)上電燈或電器時，開關(guān)上有電壓產(chǎn)生，但是沒有電流流動。,如果作定語用的分詞短語僅僅是對其修飾的名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充性的說明，或分詞短語的獨(dú)立性較強(qiáng)，且譯成定語時并不符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，那么漢譯時就可將作定語的短語譯為并列句。這時， 分詞短語中的分詞就可譯為這個分句的謂語。而分句的主語常常是通過重復(fù)該分詞短語所修飾的名詞或增譯的代詞“它”、“它們”等來體現(xiàn)的。 The capacitor(電容器) consists of two metal plates, separated by an insulting medium(絕緣介質(zhì)). 電容器有兩個金屬片組成