1、概要寫作 Summary writing,高考新題型,What is a good summary?,概要寫作評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第五檔（2125points）： 1.理解準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋所有要點 2.準(zhǔn)確使用相應(yīng)的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯 3. 完全使用自己的語言。(60-80W) 4.有效地使用了語句間的連接成分，使概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,contents (內(nèi)容),language skills (語言),structure (結(jié)構(gòu)),Once upon a time, industrial goods were made to last forever. If you bought a car or a stove, it

2、 was a once-in-a-lifetime investment. You paid good money for it, and you took care of it. Nowadays industry has persuaded us that products couldnt last a long time. It is cheaper to throw them away than to repair them. This has led directly to the “throw-away society” which is a great waste of the

3、earths resources. Just think of the cars that are traded daily, just because they are out of style. Think of the expensive packaging material that is thrown away every time a new object is bought. And we shoppers have to pay for that material! Our industrial society has turned us into spoiled childr

4、en. This wastefulness has got us into the great trouble we are in now. When we have no resources left, then we will start to take care of what we have. But why cant we act before this happens? Why cant we try to build a society in which the prevention of waste is a virtue? （182W）,Step 1 . Understand

5、 the whole passage and grasp the key points.,Once upon a time, industrial goods were made to last forever. If you bought a car or a stove, it was a once-in-a-lifetime investment. You paid good money for it, and you took care of it. Nowadays industry has persuaded us that products couldnt last a long

6、 time. It is cheaper to throw them away than to repair them. This has led directly to the “throw-away society” which is a great waste of the earths resources. Just think of the cars that are traded daily, just because they are out of style. Think of the expensive packaging material that is thrown aw

7、ay every time a new object is bought. And we shoppers have to pay for that material! Our industrial society has turned us into spoiled children. This wastefulness has got us into the great trouble we are in now. When we have no resources left, then we will start to take care of what we have. But why

8、 cant we act before this happens? Why cant we try to build a society in which the prevention of waste is a virtue?,概要寫作難點 1,How to get the key points quickly and correctly? (如何快速、準(zhǔn)確地捕捉要點),抓住主題句或關(guān)鍵信息，忽略次要信息,Para 1：,Once upon a time, industrial goods were made to last forever. If you bought a car or a

9、 stove, it was a once-in-a-lifetime investment. You paid good money for it, and you took care of it.,detailed example,忽略具體事例,topic sentence,概要寫作難點 2,How to express the key points by using your own words properly? (如何靈活詮釋，規(guī)避抄襲的嫌疑),characteristics,Once upon a time, industrial goods were made to last f

10、orever. _,industrial goods were made _.,Some time ago; In the past; Decades ago,to be used for a long time to function well for a long time; durable,近義詞替換,You paid good money for it, and you took care of it.,Decades ago, industrial goods were made durable.,spent much money on,treasure,treat it kindl

11、y,You spent much money on it and treasure it.,Decades ago, industrial goods were made durable You spent much money on it and treasure it.,Para1.,use it carefully,Nowadays industry has persuaded us that products couldnt last a long time. It is cheaper to throw them away than to repair them. This has

12、led directly to the “throw-away society” which is a great waste of the earths resources. Just think of the cars that are traded daily, just because they are out of style. Think of the expensive packaging material that is thrown away every time a new object is bought. And we shoppers have to pay for

13、that material!,topic sentence,detailed examples,characteristics,result,忽略具體事例,Nowadays industry has persuaded us that products couldnt last a long time. It is cheaper to throw them away than to repair them. This has led directly to the “throw-away society” which is a great waste of the earths resour

14、ces. Just think of the cars that are traded daily, just because they are out of style. Think of the expensive packaging material that is thrown away every time a new object is bought. And we shoppers have to pay for that material!,1. Nowadays industry has persuaded us that products couldnt last a lo

15、ng time. 2. It is cheaper to throw them away than to repair them. 3. This has led directly to the “throw-away society” which is a great waste of the earths resources.,Modern Industry,made us believe,convinced,not permanent,Modern industry has convinced us that products are not permanent.,short-lived

16、,近義詞替換,2. It is cheaper to throw them away than to repair them. To throw them away is cheaper than to repair them. It is more expensive to repair them than to throw them away.,改變主語（形式主語）,正話反說、反話正說,This has led directly to the “throw-away society” which is a great waste of the earths resources.,which

17、 has resulted in a great waste of the earths resources.,改變句式,result in,Modern industry has convinced us that products are not permanent. To throw them away is cheaper than to repair them, which has resulted in a great waste of the earths resources.,Para2.,Para 3：,提煉相關(guān)信息,Our industrial society has tu

18、rned us into spoiled children. This wastefulness has got us into the great trouble we are in now. When we have no resources left, then we will start to take care of what we have. But why cant we act before this happens? Why cant we try to build a society in which the prevention of waste is a virtue?

19、,過渡句,We need to save resources before its too late,This wastefulness has caused us a lot of trouble.,We are running out of resources and we need to take action.,This wastefulness has caused us a lot of trouble. We are running out of resources and we need to take action. We need to save resources bef

20、ore its too late.,Para3.,This wastefulness has caused us a lot of trouble. We are running out of resources. We need to save resources before its too late.,Decades ago, industrial goods were made durable. We spent much money on it and treasure it. Modern industry has convinced us that products are no

21、t permanent. To throw them away is cheaper than to repair them, which has resulted in a great waste of the earths resources. This wastefulness has caused us a lot of trouble. We are running out of resources. We need to save resources before its too late. (71W),Polish your writing,有效地使用了語句間的連接成分，使概要結(jié)

22、構(gòu)緊湊,1921分,However,Therefore,Step 1： Step 2: Step 3: Step 4:,讀懂文章大意,抓住主題句或關(guān)鍵信息，忽略次要信息,How to write a good summary?,Conclusion,靈活運用語言，對關(guān)鍵信息進行改編,添加有效連接成分，使概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,The food we eat seems to have a great effect on our health. Although science has made big steps in making food more fit to eat, it has, at th

23、e same time, made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of human illness is related to food and forty percent of cancer is related to food as well. That food is related to illness is not a new discovery. In 1945, some researchers realized that things commonly u

24、sed to keep colour in meats and other food additives（添加劑）caused cancer. Yet, these additives remain in our food, and it is difficult to know which things on the wrappings（包裝）of foods are helpful or harmful. The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to their anim

25、als, and because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of cows. Sometimes similar tings are supplied to animals not for their health, but just to make a profit. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to get a higher price on the market. Although some countries have tri

26、ed to control such things, the practice continues. （201W）,The food we eat seems to have a great effect on our health. Although science has made big steps in making food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of hum

27、an illness is related to food and forty percent of cancer is related to food as well. That food is related to illness is not a new discovery. In 1945, some researchers realized that things commonly used to keep colour in meats and other food additives（添加劑）caused cancer.,Para 1：,(1.)The food we eat s

28、eems to have a great effect on our health. (2.) Although science has made big steps in making food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to eat. (3.) Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of human illness is related to food and forty percent of cancer is rela

29、ted to food as well.,1. Our food affects our health.,2. Although science has greatly improved the quality of our foods, some are still unsafe to eat.,(3.) Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of human illness is related to food and forty percent of cancer is related to food as well.,3

30、. Research has proved that most of our diseases are caused by food, including cancer.,Our food affects our health. Although science has greatly improve the quality of our foods, some are still unsafe to eat. Research has proved that most of our diseases are caused by food, including cancer.,Para 1：,

31、Para 2：,Yet, these additives remain in our food, and it is difficult to know which things on the wrappings (包裝) of foods are helpful or harmful. The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to their animals, and because of this, penicillin has been found in the mil

32、k of cows. Sometimes similar tings are supplied to animals not for their health, but just to make a profit.,(1.) Yet, these additives remain in our food, and it is difficult to know which things on the wrappings of foods are helpful or harmful. (2.) The additives which we eat are not all so direct.

33、(3.) Sometimes similar tings are supplied to animals not for their health, but just to make a profit.,1. We can hardly tell whether the additives in our food are harmful or not.,2. They affect our body indirectly.,(3.) Sometimes similar tings are supplied to animals not for their health, but just to

34、 make a profit.,3. Some farmers raise their animals with additives to earn more money.,We can hardly tell whether the additives in our food are harmful or not. They affect our body indirectly. Some farmers raise their animals with additives to earn more money.,Para 2：,Para 3：,The farmers are simply

35、trying to fatten the animals in order to get a higher price on the market. Although some countries have tried to control such things, the practice continues.,Some countries have taken measures to stop such things, but in vain.,Our food affects our health. Although science has greatly improved the qu

36、ality of our foods, some are still unsafe to eat. Research has proved that most of our diseases are caused by food, including cancer. We can hardly tell whether the additives in our food are harmful or not. They affect our body indirectly. Some farmers raise their animals with additives to earn more

37、 money. Some countries have taken measures to stop such things, but in vain. (77W),it,有效地使用了語句間的連接成分，使概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,because ,Weight loss is most likely to be successful when people change their habits. Here are several ways to make that happen. Regular physical activity burns calories and builds muscles -b

38、oth of which help you look and feel good and keep weight off. Walking the family dog, cycling to school, and doing other things that increase your daily level of activity can all make a difference. One reason people get less exercise these days is because of an increase in “screen time”- the amount

39、of time spent watching TV, looking at the computer, or playing video games. Limit recreational screen time to less than 2 hours per day. When you really get away from “screens”, such as TV, computers, IPad or mobile phones, you will really benefit a lot. Portion sizes are bigger than they used to be

40、, and these extra calories contribute to obesity. Another key factor in weight gain is that more people drink sugary drinks, such as sodas, juice drinks, and sports drinks. So choose smaller portions (or share restaurant portions) and go for water or low-fat mild instead of soda. People who skip bre

41、akfast often feel so hungry that they eat more later on. So they get more calories than they would have if they ate breakfast. In fact, people who skip breakfast tend to have higher BIMs than people who eat breakfast. If you really put the above into practice at once, you will definitely reduce your

42、 weight gradually. And wish you have a good figure.,Weight loss is most likely to be successful when people change their habits. Here are several ways to make that happen. Regular physical activity burns calories and builds muscles -both of which help you look and feel good and keep weight off. Walk

43、ing the family dog, cycling to school, and doing other things that increase your daily level of activity can all make a difference.,Changing some habits may be a good way to lose weight.,If people change their habits, they will surely succeed in losing weight.,Whether people can lose weight or not d

44、epends on their living habits.,Taking more physical exercise will make much difference to peoples health.,Increasing the amount of regular exercise will benefit people a lot.,One reason people get less exercise these days is because of an increase in “screen time”- the amount of time spent watching

45、TV, looking at the computer, or playing video games. Limit recreational screen time to less than 2 hours per day. When you really get away from “screens”, such as TV, computers, IPad or mobile phones, you will really benefit a lot. Portion sizes are bigger than they used to be, and these extra calor

46、ies contribute to obesity. Another key factor in weight gain is that more people drink sugary beverages, such as sodas, juice drinks, and sports drinks. So choose smaller portions (or share restaurant portions) and go for water or low-fat milk instead of soda.,It is necessary to limit “screen time”

47、if people want to lose weight.,We are supposed to reduce “screen time”.,Sticking to smaller portions and avoiding sugary drinks contribute to weight loss.,Watching out for portion sizes and drinking water instead of sugary drinks are also a key to weight loss.,People who skip breakfast often feel so

48、 hungry that they eat more later on. So they get more calories than they would have if they ate breakfast. In fact, people who skip breakfast tend to have higher BIMs than people who eat breakfast. If you really put the above into practice at once, you will definitely reduce your weight gradually. A

49、nd wish you have a good figure.,People should avoid skipping breakfast.,Skipping breakfast is actually not a wise way to lose weight.,People will have a good figure if they take the above suggestions.,Changing some habits may be a good way to lose weight. Taking more physical exercise will make much

50、 difference to peoples health. We are supposed to reduce “screen time”. Sticking to smaller portions and avoiding sugary drinks contribute to weight loss. People should avoid skipping breakfast. People will have a good figure if they take the above suggestions. (58W),First,Meanwhile,Besides,Finally,

51、Rats eat our food or make it so dirty that it isnt fit for people at all. Thats why people often kill them by laying down poison. After a day or two, they find the poison still there. The rats havent touched it, even though it is near the food which they eat. People think they must be clever and cun

52、ning. Some scientists have been trying to find the best way to poison rats. They have watched to see just what a rat does day and night. They have found out that rats arent so clever. They are just very shy. Rats usually live in holes. They run from these holes to the places where they eat and drink

53、. They have special paths on which they travel each time. So they know their paths quite well. If anything new, such as stone or wood, is put in the path, the rats wont go near it at first as they are too frightened. It will take them many days to get over the fear. They are also frightened to go ne

54、ar a place that they know, where something has been taken away. If a path goes around a rock, the rats follow the same path around the rock each time. If the rock is taken away, they will still run round the place where the rock was! They wont cross the empty place, which is now open to them, even t

55、hough it would be quicker. Rats will always keep away from anything unusual to them. Thats why they wont eat poison on the first or second night. They usually wont go anywhere near it for about four days until they get used to being there. Even then they only eat a little at a time.If people want to

56、 kill rats with poison, all they have to do is to leave it out for a few days. Once the rats have got used to it, they will eat it and die. （331W）,(1). Rats eat our food or make it so dirty that it isnt fit for people at all. (2). Thats why people often kill them by laying down poison. (3). After a

57、day or two, they find the poison still there. (4). The rats havent touched it, even though it is near the food which they eat. (5). People think they must be clever and cunning. (6). Some scientists have been trying to find the best way to poison rats. (7). They have watched to see just what a rat d

58、oes day and night. (8). They have found out that rats arent so clever. (9). They are just very shy.,Para 1：,(3). After a day or two, they find the poison still there. (5). People think they must be clever and cunning. (9). They are just very shy.,It is generally considered that rats are smart enough not to be