1、,閱讀理解 解題步驟及方法,1. 典型英語(yǔ)文章的寫作脈絡(luò)和答題步驟及技巧 總的來(lái)說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)文章結(jié)構(gòu)比較嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，脈絡(luò)清楚，所以我們?cè)谧x任何文章的時(shí)候，腦子里面一定要有一根線，先掌握了典型文章的展開方法，再加上一些引子等，就成了所有四級(jí)閱讀文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。我們先以2000年6月的文章為例進(jìn)行講解體會(huì)。,請(qǐng)?jiān)?分鐘以內(nèi)讀完這篇文章：,Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform

2、 of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniforms so popular in the United States? Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian（百姓的）clothes. People have become conditioned to expect supe

3、rior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter

4、to lose professional identity（身份）than to step out of uniform?,Uniforms also have many practical benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are tax-deductible（可減稅的）. They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes. Primary among the arguments against

5、 uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, s

6、peak, and act similarly, on the job at least. Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are long lasting, often their initial expense is greater than the cost of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the

7、home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes.,Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniforms so popular in the

8、United States? Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian（百姓的）clothes. People have become conditioned to expect superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to

9、inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity（身份）than to step out of uniform?,Uniforms also have many practical ben

10、efits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are tax-deductible（可減稅的）. They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes. Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people w

11、ho must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act similarly, on the job at least. Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. T

12、hough they are long lasting, often their initial expense is greater than the cost of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes.,文章第一段給出了主題：uniforms，并且提出了問題：Why are u

13、niforms so popular in the United States? 在第二段作者討論支持制服的主要原因，我們需要注意兩個(gè)詞：for, first。第三段緊接著提到制服的一些實(shí)際的好處。 第四段作者的筆鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，提到反對(duì)制服的主要原因，兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞是：primary, against。同樣，在第五段給出的是一些反對(duì)制服的實(shí)際問題。 本文可以分為主題段（第一段）和展開段（第二、三和四、五段）。其中二、三段是一個(gè)小的展開，四、五段是第二個(gè)小的展開。讀到這里，同學(xué)們實(shí)際上應(yīng)該知道，這篇文章主要講的是制服的優(yōu)點(diǎn)（第二、三段）和缺點(diǎn)（第四、五段）。那么做本文的第五題就很容易了：,5. The b

14、est title for this passage would be . A) Uniforms and Society B) The Importance of Wearing a Uniform C) Practical Benefits of Wearing a Uniform D) Advantages and Disadvantages of Uniforms,而且我們可以有這樣的判斷：第二、四段應(yīng)該是老師出題的重點(diǎn)，因?yàn)樗鼈冎v的是主要的方面；而三、五段可以一帶而過，因?yàn)橛懻摰氖且恍┐我膬?nèi)容。同時(shí)，我們應(yīng)該了解每篇文章不是每一句話都要仔細(xì)讀的。實(shí)際上，每篇文章都有四分之一左右的內(nèi)

15、容不需要讀。如果我們覺得有一句話不讀就不放心的話，那么可以讀，但是對(duì)那些次要的內(nèi)容不能花過多的時(shí)間，基本上掃一眼知道不重要就行了。 請(qǐng)讀本文的前四題，并且找到它們?cè)谖闹袑?duì)應(yīng)的地方（先不要做題）：,1. It is surprising that Americans who worship variety and individuality . A) still judge a man by his clothes B) hold the uniform in such high regard C) enjoy having a professional identity D) will res

16、pect an elevator operator as much as a general in uniform 2. People are accustomed to thinking that a man in uniform . A) suggests quality work B) discards his social identity C) appears to be more practical D) looks superior to a person in civilian clothes,3. The chief function of a uniform is to .

17、 A) provide practical benefits to the wearer B) make the wearer catch the public eye C) inspire the wearers confidence in himself D) provide the wearer with a professional identity 4. According to the passage, people wearing uniforms . A) are usually helpful B) have little or no individual freedom C

18、) tend to lose their individuality D) enjoy greater popularity 可以看出，第一題出自第一段，中間兩題出自第二段，第四題出自第四段。,總結(jié)起來(lái)，英文行文方式：倒金字塔形，即最重要的內(nèi)容一般放在最前面加以介紹，越往后重要性越低。 在做閱讀理解題時(shí)有兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：速度和準(zhǔn)確度。一般同學(xué)們有兩種閱讀順序： 讀文章讀題和選項(xiàng)回到文章中找答案檢查； 讀題目和選項(xiàng)讀文章做題檢查。 分析一下，第一種方法可能同學(xué)們讀得比較細(xì)，準(zhǔn)確度的要求容易達(dá)到，但絕大部分人是無(wú)法在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)讀完文章并做題的；而第二種方法容易達(dá)到速度的要求，準(zhǔn)確度的要求又很難達(dá)到。,綜

19、合這兩種方法，可以歸納出既照顧速度又考慮準(zhǔn)確度的閱讀步驟： 1）Skim(略讀) 2）Read the questions (without the choices) 3）Scan(查讀) and locate 4）Review,1）瀏覽全文。拿到一篇文章我們先花2分鐘左右的時(shí)間讀第一段的頭三句話和后面每一段的第一句話，目的是掌握全文主題和每段大意。因?yàn)榻^大部分英語(yǔ)文章的行文方式呈倒金字塔形（見上述），通常最重要的內(nèi)容放在前面。 2）讀題干，但不要讀選項(xiàng)，花1.5分鐘左右。讀時(shí)應(yīng)把題干的關(guān)鍵詞下劃線，這樣帶著問題讀文章，定位就精確多了。 3）查讀和定位?；?7分鐘找到題目所在的地方，并且做題。

20、 4）檢查。注意在檢查時(shí)如果沒有確鑿把握，不要隨意改動(dòng)自己的第一選擇，因?yàn)檠芯孔C明第一選擇比第二選擇的正確可能性大。,2.題型及應(yīng)對(duì)策略,主旨題在每一篇文章中都會(huì)直接或間接地涉及， 所以讀完一篇文章必須能夠找出它的主題句，或自己 歸納出主題。 主旨題的題目形式一般為： The passage is mainly about _. Which of the following expresses the main idea of the passage? What is the general topic of the passage? The author is mainly concerne

21、d with _. The main theme of the passage is _. Paragraph 2 is mainly about _. Which of the following best summarizes the authors opinion? What is the authors purpose in writing this passage? The best title of this passage is _.,主題句出現(xiàn)的位置： 1）開門見山。絕大多數(shù)的文章主題句出現(xiàn)在開頭。 2）水到渠成。小部分文章的主題句出現(xiàn)在結(jié)尾處。 3）前后呼應(yīng)。即文章開頭點(diǎn)題，

22、結(jié)尾總結(jié)，首尾結(jié)合給出主題。 4）中間也可點(diǎn)題。 5）留給讀者自己歸納。有些英語(yǔ)作者喜歡和讀者捉迷藏，有時(shí)出題老師也愿意找這類文章給考生設(shè)置一些障礙。,推論題 這類問題的難度相對(duì)較大，需要我們不僅讀懂字面含義，而且理解其字里行間的隱含意思。 一般題目形式為： The author seems to be in favor of/against. We can infer/assume that. It can be concluded from the passage that. The passage suggests that. The author of the passage woul

23、d most likely imply. It can be learned that.,態(tài)度題 要做這類題目，需要我們了解全文的主題，而且還要找到一些信息詞判斷作者的態(tài)度或語(yǔ)氣是什么。 態(tài)度題的提問方式有： What is the authors attitude in writing this passage? What is the authors tone? 解題技巧為： 1）掌握文章中心； 2）找到“信息詞”。,可能的選項(xiàng)如下： arbitrary武斷的 advisory建議的 complimentary贊揚(yáng)的 concerned關(guān)心的,關(guān)注的 critical批評(píng)的 emotion

24、al情緒化的 sarcastic嘲諷的 ironical譏諷 humorous幽默的 indifferent漠不關(guān)心的 informative提供信息的 outraged憤怒的 descriptive描述的 explanatory解釋的 sympathetic同情的 enthusiastic熱情的 cautious小心翼翼的 objective客觀的 neutral中庸的,不偏不倚的 compromising妥協(xié)的 subjective主觀的 optimistic樂觀的 pessimistic悲觀的,詞義題 有些問題是對(duì)于文章中的單詞進(jìn)行提問，即詞義題。 詞義題的題目形式有： The word

25、.in the first paragraph most probably means _. What is the meaning of .? By .the author refers to _. The expression .can be replaced by _. 詞義題有兩種情況： 1）超綱詞匯。出題老師故意給出難詞，要求同學(xué)們運(yùn)用上下文各種信息找到意思。如“accentuate”，“cushion”等。 2）熟詞生義。有些詞同學(xué)們知道常用意思，但在文章中的意思就不一定了解。如“official”，“community”等。,1）下定義（Definition）：即在一個(gè)生詞后面給

26、出它的定義，我們從定義就可以容易地找出生詞的意思。 He takes a special interest in botanythe study of plants. 從破折號(hào)后面的注釋我們知道“botany”意思為“植物學(xué)”。,解題時(shí)六大技巧,2）重述（Restatement）：在生詞后面用一句話或一個(gè)短語(yǔ)從另外一個(gè)角度解釋一下這個(gè)詞。 He is very fastidious. It is extremely hard to please and satisfy him. First, Americans as a whole tend to be fairly provincial a

27、nd take more of an interest in local affairs. Knowledge of world geography, for example, has never been strong in this country. The word “provincial” most probably means _. A) limited in outlook B) like people from the provinces C) rigid in thinking D) interested in world financial affairs,【解析】從“pro

28、vincial”后面的部分可知，美國(guó)人對(duì)于地方事務(wù)更感興趣，比如對(duì)于世界地理的知識(shí)的了解在美國(guó)從來(lái)就不是很強(qiáng)。那么“provincial”最可能指美國(guó)人視野狹隘，答案為A。,3）相關(guān)信息（Related information）：用上下文的相關(guān)信息猜出生詞的含義。 The reality that has blocked my path to become the typical successful student is that engineering and the liberal arts simply dont mix as easily as I assumed in high s

29、chool. Individually they shape a person in very different ways; together they threaten to confuse. The word “they” in “.together they threaten to confuse” refers to _. A) practicality and rationality B) engineering and the liberal arts C) reality and noble ideals D) flexibility and a value system,【解

30、析】從第一句話可知，“they”指的是“engineering and the liberal arts”，即工科和文科。答案為B)。,4）舉例（Exemplification）：即在生詞后面用一個(gè)例子加以解釋，我們從例子的含義可以推知生詞的意思。 The importance of the product life cycle to marketers is this: Different stages in the product life cycle call for different strategies. The goal is to extend product life so

31、that sales and profits do not decline. One strategy is called market modification. It means that marketing managers look for new users and market sections. Did you know, for example, that the backpacks that so many students carry today were originally designed for the military? The author mentions the example of “backpacks” to show the importance of _. A) increasing usage among students B) exploring new market sections C) pleasing the young as well as the old D) serving both military and civil needs,【解析】文章提到后肩背包的例子是為了說(shuō)明“market modification