1、Grammar and usage,Unit 2 What is happiness to you?,It was reported that she was the first person _ (become) a US-dollar billionaire by writing books.,to become,Look at the following pictures and fill in blanks.,At the age of six, she began _ (write) . The story of a rabbit interested her sister and

2、her friends. Since then the desire _(create) more stories has never left her.,to write,to create,She had a short marriage. After divorce, it was not easy for her _ (live) a comfortable life with a 3-month-old daughter.,to live,_ (make) a living, she once worked as a teacher _ (teach) English.,To mak

3、e,to teach,Once travelling by train, a lovely boy happened_ (attract) her attention, then she decided _ (write) her famous book Harry Potter.,to attract,to write,非謂語,不定式 to do,分詞,動名詞（-ing),過去分詞(-ed),現(xiàn)在分詞(-ing),動詞 -ing形式,不定式,不定式的構成,不定式的基本用法,不定式的否定與省略,不定式的構成,to be done,to be doing,to have done,to have

4、 been done,Complete the following sentences: To love and _ (love) is the greatest happiness on earth. 2. She was not the first woman _ (elect) to such a post. 3. I find it easy _ (study) English. 4. When the teacher came in, he pretended _ (read) a book. 5. Im terribly sorry, but I seemed _ (burn) a

5、 hole in your trousers.,to be loved,to have been elected,to study,to being reading,to have burnt,不定式的基本用法,I dont want _ like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair. A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded,Note: 不定式可在句中作動詞賓語，常接不定式作賓語 的動詞有 agree, ask, attempt,

6、care, dare, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, happen, hesitate, hope, intend, manage, offer, plan, prepare, promise, pretend, remain, refuse, want, wish 等,A,2. a. My adviser encouraged _ a summer course to improve my writing skills. A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to tak

7、e b. Paul doesnt have to be made _ . He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning,Note: 不定式可以作賓補，但在使役動詞let, make, have 或感官動詞see, watch, look at, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feel 后作賓補時，常省去to。但在被動語態(tài)中， 賓補變主補時，要加上to。,B,D,3.a. -Can the project be finished as planned? - Sure, _

8、it completed in time, well work two more hours a day. A. having got B. to get C. getting D. get b. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _ the film stars had left. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told c. You were silly not _ your car. A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. havin

9、g locked,B,B,Note: 不定式作狀語，表示目的、結果、原因或條件,To look at him, you will like him.（條件）,We were very excited to hear the news.（原因）,B,4. a. Im going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything _ . A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought b. There are five pairs _, but Im at a loss which t

10、o buy. A. to be chosen B. for choosing C. to choose D. to choose from,B,Note: 作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞，且不定式所修飾 的詞是不定式動作的承受者，不定式后須有相應的介詞。,D,He is looking for a room to live in. There is nothing to worry about. Please give me a knife to cut with.,但修飾這三個名詞 time, place, way, 后面的介詞習慣上省去。,He had no money and no pl

11、ace to live.,5. 不定式的其它用法,(1). 作主語 To hesitate means failure. Its not easy to master a foreign language.,(2). 作表語 To lose is to learn. What I should do is to finish the task soon.,(3) 作獨立成分 To tell the truth, I dont agree with you.,I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _ in a year. A. follows B. fol

12、lowed C. to follow D. being followed,C,不定式的否定與省略 The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make 2. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. d

13、o not to,Note: 1. 不定式的否定式 not to + do,2. 為了避免重復，常用to代替動詞不定式,B,A,She wants to come, but her parents wont allow her toDont touch anything unless your teacher tells you to,高考鏈接,1 (09江蘇, 26) Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three

14、 times the number hired last year, _ reduce unemployment pressures. A help B to have C to help D having helped 2 (09全國I) The children all turned _ the famous actress as she entered the classroom. A looked atB to look at C to looking atD look at,C,B,3 (09山東, 22) We are invited to a party _ in our clu

15、b next Friday. A to be held B held C being held D holding 4 (09遼寧, 27) _, you need to give all you have and try your best. A Being a winner B To be a winner C Be a winner D Having been a winner 5. (09安徽, 28) The play _ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture. A produced B being produced

16、C to be produced D having been produced,A,B,C,6 (09天津, 4) _ the project in time, the staff were working at weekends. A Completing B Having completing C To have completed D To complete 7 (09湖南, 29) Nowadays people sometimes separated their wasted to make it easier for it _. A reusing B reused C reuse

17、s D to be reused,D,D,8 (09北京, 28) All of them try to use the power of the workstation _information. A presenting B presented C being presented D to present 9 (09 上海, 39) David threatened _ his neighbour to the police if the damages were not paid. A to be reported B reporting C to report D having rep

18、orted 10 (09四川, 2) He told us whether _ a picnic was still under discussion. A to have B having C have D had,D,C,A,11 (09重慶, 29) With the world changing fast, we have something new _ with all by ourselves every day. A deal B dealt C to deal D dealing 12 (09上海春, 37) Edison was the first scientist _ a

19、 modern research and development center. A built B having built C to build D to be built,C,C,13 (09徐州三模)_ what is happening in his own country, he watches TV and reads newspapers every day. A To inform B Informing of C To be informed of D Having informed of 14 (09南通二模)-Whats up? You look down. -I ha

20、ve piles of papers _, but I type so slowly. A to be typed B typed C to type D being typed 15 (08如東三模) Whom do you want to have _ the parts of a car together? A fix B to fix C fixing D fixed,C,C,A,16 (2011全國卷I, 27) The next thing he saw was smoke _ from behind the house. rose B. rising C. to riseD. r

21、isen 17. (2011全國卷II, 15) The island, _ to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to. joining B. to join C. joined D. having joined 18. (2011全國卷II, 18) Sarah pretended to be cheerful, _nothing about the argument. says B. said C. to say D. saying,B,C,D,19. (10福建25) Lots of rescue workers were working

22、 around the clock, _ supplies to Yushu, QinghaiProvince after the earthquake. sending B. to send C. having sent D. to have sent 20. (10福建34) In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained _ abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud. sticking B. stuck C. to be stuck D. to have stuck,B,B,21 (08全國I，26) I lik

23、e getting up very early on summer. The morning air is so good _. A. to be breathed B. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathed,B,For more exercises, click here.,-ing分詞,1-ing分詞做主語 2-ing分詞做表語 3-ing分詞做賓語 4-ing分詞做賓語補足語 5-ing分詞做定語 6-ing分詞做狀語 7-ing分詞用法注意事項,-ing分詞作主語時也常用于there be no +-ing分詞的結構中，相當于It is i

24、mpossible to do sth，意思為“做是不可能的”。,-ing分詞做表語具有主動的概念，一般用來描述某人或某事物的性質，解釋為“令人”。,convincing（令人信服的）delighting（令人高興的）disappointing（令人失望的）embarrassing（令人窘迫的）encouraging（令人鼓舞的）exciting（令人激動的）interesting（令人有趣的）moving（令人感動的）puzzling（令人費解的）refreshing（令人提神的）satisfying（令人滿意的）surprising（令人驚異的）worrying（令人擔心的）,例如：The

25、 argument is very convincing.,例如：It feels quite refreshing to take a bath after work.,工作之后洗個澡讓人覺得非常清新。,-ing分詞做表語可以用來說明或解釋主語，這時的-ing 分詞相當與動名詞。,例如：Perseverance is failing nineteen times and succeeding the twentieth.,毅力就是失敗了十九次以后的第二十次勝利。,常見的只能接-ing分詞作賓語的動詞（短語）,accede to（答應）adapt to（適應）acknowledge（承認，自認

26、）admit (to)（承認）advise（建議）advocate（提倡，主張）agree to（同意）allow amount to（意味著，實際上是）apply to（適用于）anticipate appreciate（感激，欣賞）approve of（同意） avoid bar（禁止）be accustomed to（習慣于）be afraid of（害怕）be fond of（喜歡）be good at（擅長）be intent on（專心于）be interested in（感興趣）be opposed to（反對的）,be similar to（相似）be sick of（厭惡）b

27、e successful in（成功）be tired of（厭倦）be worried about（不開心）bring to（蘇醒）cant help（禁不?。ヽant resist（禁不?。ヽant stick（難以忍受）confess to（承認）consider（考慮）contribute to（有助于）count on（依靠）delay（延遲）deny（否認）depend on（決定于）doubt（懷疑）endure（忍受）enjoy（享有，喜愛）escape（逃跑，逃避）excuse（原諒）fall to（開始）fancy（幻想，愛好）favor（造成，偏愛）feel like（想

28、要）finish（完成）forbid（禁止）get round to（騰出時間來做）get to（到達）give up（放棄）,have difficulty (in) （在某方面有困難）have trouble (in) （在有困難）hold off（拖延）imagine（設想）include insist on（堅持）involve（卷入，包含） justify keep（繼續(xù)不斷）leave off（停止）look forward to（期望）mention（說到，講到）mind（介意）miss（錯過，逃過）object to（反對）overlook（忽略）own to（承認）permi

29、t（允許）postpone（延遲）practise（實行，實踐）persist in（堅持）prevent（阻止）prohibit（禁止）put off（推遲）quit（放棄，停止） recall（回想）recollect（回想）recommend（建議）rely on（依靠）report（報道）resent（怨恨）,resist（抵抗，阻止）resort to（求助）respond to（答復）resume（恢復）risk（冒險）save（免得）see to（照料，注意）stand（堅持，忍受）succeed in（獲得成功）suggest（建議）take to（開始從事）testify t

30、o（證明）think about（考慮）think of（考慮）turn to（求助于）understand worry about（擔心）,例如：I must admit to feeling ashamed.,我必須承認感到了羞恥。,例如：Nor do we doubt being able to finish the work ahead of time.,我們沒有人懷疑可以提前完成任務。,-ing分詞可以作介詞的賓語。,After turning over on his couch more than a dozen times, he gave up his attempt to s

31、leep.,他在床上翻來覆去十多次之后，放棄了睡覺的企圖。,如果你今晚不能來，明天怎么樣？,If you cant come tonight, how about coming tomorrow?,-ing分詞做賓語補足語時，賓語補足語與賓語之間是主動關系。常見的可以帶-ing分詞作賓語補足語的動詞有,bring（引起）catch（碰上）discover（發(fā)現(xiàn)）feel（感覺到） find get have hear help keep（使連續(xù)做）leave（使處于某種狀態(tài)）like listen to（聽到）look at（看著）notice（發(fā)現(xiàn)）observe（看見）order see（

32、看見）set（使得，引起）smell, start（引起） think, understand, want , watch（觀看）wish,The farmer caught the boys stealing his apples.,那個農民正好抓住那些在偷他蘋果的男孩們。,Her questions set me thinking.,她的問題使我陷入了沉思。,-ing分詞（短語）作定語時，其修飾的中心詞應該是分詞動作的發(fā)生者的。,例如：The seating capacity of the stadium has been enlarged.,體育館的座位容量已經(jīng)被擴大了。,例如：A ma

33、n claiming to represent every minority group in the city won the election for mayor.,那個宣稱代表市內每個少數(shù)派的人在市長競選中獲勝。,-ing分詞做定語時一般修飾正在進行的事。即現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生。,例如：He rushed into the burning house.,他沖進了正在燃燒著的房子。,例如：The child standing over there is my brother.,站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。,單獨的-ing分詞做定語時通常前置，-ing分詞短語做定

34、語時通常后置。,例如：George is a promising young man.,喬治是一個有前途的年輕人。（單獨的-ing分詞做定語時前置）,例如：Please tell the children playing outside not to make so much noise.,請告訴那些在外面玩的小孩不要那么吵。（-ing 分詞短語做定語時后置）,-ing分詞作狀語時，分詞的邏輯主語應該是句子的主語，且句子的主語為分詞動作的發(fā)生者，它們之間的關系是主動關系。,例如：Seeing the house on fire, he dialed 119.,看見房子著火了，他撥打了電話119

35、。,例如：Returning to my apartment, I found my watch missing.,回到我的房間后，我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的手表不見了。,-ing 分詞做狀語可以用來表示時間，如果要強調-ing分詞與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生時，在分詞之前可以用連詞when或while。,例如：climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view.,爬到塔的頂端，我們看見了一幅宏偉的景觀。,例如：When leaving the airport, they waved to us again and again.,離開機場時，他們

36、向我們一次又一次得揮手。,-ing分詞做狀語可以用來表示原因。,例如：Being sick, I stayed at home.,由于生病，我呆在了家里。,例如：She caught cold sitting on the grass.,由于坐在草地上，她著涼了。,-ing分詞做狀語可以用來表示條件。,例如：Adopting this method, we will raise the average yield by 40 percent.,采用這個方法，我們將增加40%的平均產量。,例如：Turing to the right, you will find a path leading t

37、o his cottage.,向右轉，你將發(fā)現(xiàn)一條通往他的別墅的小路。,-ing分詞做狀語可以用來表示讓步。,例如：Admitting what she has said, I still think that she hasnt tried her best.,雖然接納了她的解釋，我仍然認為她沒有盡全力。,-ing分詞做狀語可以用來表示結果。,例如：It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that country.,大雨引發(fā)了那個國家的嚴重洪災。,例如：It rained for two weeks on end, completely r

38、uining our holiday.,連續(xù)兩周的下雨徹底破壞了我們的度假。,-ing分詞做狀語可以表示方式或伴隨情況。,例如：He ran up to her breathing heavily.,他氣喘吁吁得跑向她。,例如：Please fill in the form, giving your name, address, etc.,請?zhí)顚懕砀?，寫上你的姓名，地址等等?-ing分詞的一般時表示分詞的動作與主句謂語的動作同時發(fā)生，它的主動語態(tài)的形式為-ing分詞，被動語態(tài)的形式為“being + -ed分詞”。,例如：Everybody dislikes being laughed at

39、.,誰都不喜歡被人嘲笑。,-ing 分詞的完成時表示分詞的動作發(fā)生在主句謂語的動作之前，它的主動語態(tài)的形式為“having + -ed分詞”，被動語態(tài)的形式為“having been + -ed分詞”。,例如：Having sold the million copies of his books, Ray is currently the best scientific fiction writer.,雷的書已經(jīng)售出了一千萬冊，他現(xiàn)在是最好的科幻小說家。,-ing分詞的完成進行時表示分詞的動作從過去開始，一直到說話時仍未結束，它的主動語態(tài)的形式為“having + been + -ING分詞”

40、，被動語態(tài)的形式為“having been + being + -ed分詞”。,例如：Having been given this information, Eric sat down again to wait.,得到此消息后，埃里克又坐下來等著。,“there be”句型的-ing分詞形式為“there being”。,-ed分詞,1-ed分詞做表語 2-ed分詞做賓語補足語 3-ed分詞做定語 4-ed分詞做狀語,-ed分詞做表語具有被動的概念，一般表示某人對某事的感覺或者體驗，解釋為“感到”。,confused（感到困惑的）delighted（感到高興的）disappointed（感到

41、失望的） dissatisfied（感到不滿的） embarrassed（感到窘迫的）encouraged（感到鼓舞的） excited（感到激動的）interested（感到高興的） pleased（感到愉快的） puzzled（感到費解的）satisfied（感到滿意的）surprised（感到驚異的） worried（感到擔心的）,例如：The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.,如果要學生學得太多，他們會感到糊涂的。,例如：Janet was embarrassed when the boy aske

42、d her age.,當那個男孩問道珍妮特的年齡時，她感到很尷 尬。,-ed分詞做賓語補足語時，賓語補足語與賓語之間是被動關系。常見的可以帶-ed分詞作賓語補足語的動詞：,feel find get have hear help keep like make notice notion observe order see set smell start think understand want watch wish,例如：We found his hair style changed completely.,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他的發(fā)型完全改變了。,例如：I made myself understood easily.,我使自己很容易就被人理解了。,-ed分詞做賓語補足語，表示-ed分詞所表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前已經(jīng)完成。,例如：We found the work completely done.,-ed分詞（短語）作定語時，其修飾的