1、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 一、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài) （一） 時(shí)態(tài)的種類 現(xiàn)以動(dòng)詞do為例：,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)： 1.表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作、存在的狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)階段的習(xí)慣。 常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)often, sometimes, usually, always, every day等。 He is always ready to help others. 2.表示不受時(shí)間限制的事實(shí)或普遍真理。 A plane is faster than a car./China is in Asia.,3.在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中， 主語(yǔ)用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句則用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來(lái)表示將來(lái)動(dòng)作。 I will stay at home if it rains to

2、morrow. 4.在賓語(yǔ)從句中，盡管主句用過(guò)去時(shí)，但如果賓語(yǔ)從句所述內(nèi)容是客觀真理，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：The teacher told her pupils that the sun rises in the east.,5.表示已安排或計(jì)劃好將來(lái)必定會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，一般用be, come, go, arrive, leave, start等動(dòng)詞. The meeting is at 2:00 p.m. 6. 圖片說(shuō)明、電影說(shuō)明、解說(shuō)戲劇內(nèi)容及場(chǎng)景等，動(dòng)詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如： Scene I (Mary and Miss. Green are in the profe

3、ssors room a large, pleasant room with many books. There is a big desk near the window.),7. 由here, there開頭的句子，動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如： There goes the bell. Here comes the teacher.,一般過(guò)去時(shí)： 1.在過(guò)去時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用a few minutes ago, yesterday, last Sunday, just now He was here just now. 2.表示過(guò)去經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)

4、發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，可與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)often連用；used to +v.原也表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 When I was a boy, I often went to play in that park.,一般將來(lái)時(shí)： 1.表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或?qū)?lái)存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)tomorrow, next week, in a few days, next Sunday等連用。 When will they leave for Shanghai? He will be back in a few days. Where shall we meet tomorrow?,注：shall和will

5、除了上述表示單純的將來(lái)外，還有其他用法。在第一人稱后，will常表示“決心”、“意愿”或“打算”，在否定句中用于所有人稱，有“不愿”的意思。shall用于第二人稱時(shí)，可表示說(shuō)明者的將來(lái)意愿或允諾。 I will study hard to keep up with my classmates. He wont do it. You shall have the book.,2.be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形：含有打算、計(jì)劃、準(zhǔn)備將做某事的意思，或表示很有可能要發(fā)生的事。,3.若表示已安排或計(jì)劃好的將來(lái)動(dòng)作或存在狀態(tài)，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常為be, come, go,

6、arrive, leave, start等,4.表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。此用法多與表示位移的動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, fly, start等連用。如： He is leaving for London. 5.be to + 動(dòng)詞原形和be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形也表示將來(lái)。前者指“安排好的事”，后者指“即將發(fā)生的事”。 The children are to learn English next week.,過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)： 表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間來(lái)看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中。如： Lily said there wo

7、uld be a concert that evening. I was sure they wouldnt do that. They wondered when we should / would finish our composition.,過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)也可以用was / were going to + 動(dòng)詞原形、was / were to + 動(dòng)詞原形、was / were about to + 動(dòng)詞原形、was / were + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞（多與表示位移的動(dòng)詞come, go, leave等連用）來(lái)表示。如： No one knew when he was going to co

8、me. He said that they were to leave at six. I didnt know when they were leaving for Beijing.,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)： 表示此時(shí)此刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如： The boys are reading magazines. 表示目前這段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 （盡管此時(shí)此刻該動(dòng)作并不進(jìn)行） - What is he doing this week? - He is translating a novel.,注意：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)常與副詞always, constantly連用，表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，含有說(shuō)話者的贊揚(yáng)、不滿、討

9、厭、遺憾等情緒。 The girl is always smiling happily. Youre always making the same mistake. Shes constantly changing her mind. 用進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示過(guò)程。 Its getting cold. The leaves on the trees are turning brown.,有些動(dòng)詞一般不用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)： A. 感官動(dòng)詞：see, hear, smell, taste, notice, feel等 B. 表示態(tài)度和感情的動(dòng)詞：believe, agree, like, hate, want

10、, think等 C. 一些不表示具體動(dòng)作而表示某中抽象的關(guān)系或概念的動(dòng)詞：have, depend, seem, belong, consist, possess等,但當(dāng)這些動(dòng)詞的詞義改變時(shí)便可用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。試比較： I fell sick. 我感覺(jué)不舒服。（feel: 感到，感覺(jué)） The doctor is feeling my pulse. 醫(yī)生在給我把脈。（feel: 摸） I cant see anything in the bowl. 我看不見碗里有什么。（see: 看見） Tom is seeing his friend off at the airport. 湯姆到飛機(jī)場(chǎng)送

11、朋友。（seeoff: 送行）,過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。這一特定的過(guò)時(shí)間可用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表示 He was watching TV when I came in. -What were you doing this time yesterday? -I was writing a letter.,將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí) 表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如： When you get to the station at nine tomorrow, our uncle will be waiting for you there. I will be busy th

12、is evening. I will be writing an article. 表示按計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如： I hope you will be coming on time. They will be having their holiday in June.,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)： 表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài) 通常用可延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 be, work, study, live等 通常與表示時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度的狀語(yǔ)連用，如for ten minutes, since 1999等， 也可帶有表示到目前為止的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如so far, up to now, until now等。,I have

13、 sat for hours in the classroom, reading a novel. The weather has been cold so far this winter. -How long have you been here? -Ive been here for an hour.,表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，常與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用，并常帶不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，already, yet, once, twice, just, ever, never等。 I havent finished my homework yet. 注：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能表示“動(dòng)作延續(xù)至

14、今”，因此不能與for, since等延續(xù)性的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：“他已經(jīng)到達(dá)兩小時(shí)了” 不能說(shuō)：He has arrived here for two hours. 而是：He has been here for two hours.,但用于否定式時(shí)，此類動(dòng)詞卻部首這一限制，可以與for, since等延續(xù)性時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，因?yàn)閯?dòng)作在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)不發(fā)生是可能的。如： Havent seen you for a long time. We havent heard from her since last week.,考點(diǎn)： have / has been to 和have / has gone to

15、 的區(qū)別： have / has been 用來(lái)表示以往的經(jīng)歷，譯為“來(lái)（到）過(guò)”，常與頻度狀語(yǔ)once, ever等連用。 Have you ever been there? 你曾去過(guò)那里嗎？（不能用has come） They have been to Beijing twice. 他們?nèi)ミ^(guò)北京兩次。（不能用have gone） have / has gone表示“走了”、“到去了 He has gone to Shanghai. 他到上海去了。（他可能在途中，也可能已到上海，但不在這里。）,過(guò)去完成時(shí)： 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前開始一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去某一時(shí)間，常與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用，并常

16、帶有for, since, by, when, until等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如： I had stayed in Beijing for three years by then. Until then he had known nothing about it. The boy told his mother that he had been ill since he came back from the school. She had only been here for ten minutes when Jim came in. 表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間前結(jié)束，通常與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用。如： Whe

17、n they got to the field, the football match had already started. He had learned two hundred English words by the end of last term.,表示在過(guò)去某時(shí)間以前反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，常與頻度狀語(yǔ)連用。如： He said he had seen the film twice. 表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖，常與hope, intend, mean, expect, think, want, suppose等動(dòng)詞連用。如： I had hoped to be ab

18、le to take my seat in all this noise without being seen, but that morning the room was quiet and orderly. 原希望在那一陣陣喧鬧聲中趁人不注意偷偷溜到自己的座位上，可是那天早上，教室里卻是那么安靜而又有序。,將來(lái)完成時(shí) 由shall / will have + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成 疑問(wèn)式：將shall / will移至主語(yǔ)之前 否定式：shall / will not (shant / wont) have + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞,現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)： 表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去并一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，這個(gè)動(dòng)作可

19、能剛停止，可能人繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去，常與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用，并常帶有表示動(dòng)作起止時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)for an hour, for a few days, three days等。 Tom has been working hard since the new term began. Where have you been living these years? 表示不久前剛結(jié)束的動(dòng)作。這種意義通常根據(jù)上下文來(lái)判斷。 Sorry! Im late. How long have you been waiting for me?,注意:某些不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞（如see, hear, know, have, lik

20、e, be等感官動(dòng)詞和某些表示思維活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞）同樣也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，只能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如： I have known him for many years. （不能用have been knowing） 注意：不具有延續(xù)意義的動(dòng)詞如finish, come, go, marry等不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。,時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別 1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別： 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示動(dòng)作的時(shí)間不受限制或不確定，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作的暫時(shí)性或有限度的持續(xù)性。如： Father works 48 hours every week. （指長(zhǎng)期性工作） Dont make so much noise. Father is working. （指目前在工作） I usually wear sport shoes. （指經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作） Im not wearing sport shoes today. （指暫時(shí)情況）,2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別： 一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，不涉及對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響。試對(duì)比：