1、句子成分和句子分類,預(yù)備知識點一：詞類概述,一、句子成分,概述：,組成句子的各個部分叫句子成分。 句子成分包括主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和賓語補(bǔ)足語、同位語、插入語等。 主語和謂語、賓語或表語是句子的主干（通常一個句子必須有主語和謂語）。,（一）句子成分的特點和功能,1.是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。 2.常用名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞（動詞不定時或動名詞）、代詞、數(shù)詞和主語從句充當(dāng)。, They are students. The sun rises in the east. 太陽在東方升起。 To see is to believe. 眼見為實。,1. 說明主語的動作、狀態(tài)和特征

2、，一般放 在主語的后面 2. 常用動詞或動詞詞組充當(dāng), We study English. He is asleep. You may go now.,1. 是動作行為的對象或承受者,放在及物動詞或介詞之后 2. 常用名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞（動詞不定時或動名詞）、代詞和數(shù)詞充當(dāng), I like China. We study English. I play with him.,位于系動詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后,表示主語的性質(zhì)、 狀態(tài)和特征。, They are students. He is asleep. 他睡著了。 To s

3、ee is to believe.,（一）句子成分的特點和功能,修飾限定名詞或代詞，說明該名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、數(shù)量等。,1. 用來修飾動詞、形容詞和副詞等的，表示事情發(fā)生的時間、地點、原因、結(jié)果、目的、程度、方式、比較、伴隨等 2. 修飾動詞時，位置在該動詞前后均可；修飾形容詞或副詞，要放在它們之前,The little boy needs a blue pen.(形容詞) 小男孩需要一支蘭色的鋼筆。 Two boys need two pens. （數(shù)詞） 兩個男孩需要兩支鋼筆 His name is Tom./他的名字是湯姆。（所有格） The boy in the classroom

4、 needs a pen of yours. 教室里的男孩需要你的一支鋼筆。（介詞短語） The boy sitting under the tree is Tom. 坐在樹下的男孩是Tom. （分詞短語）, He runs quickly. 他跑地很快。 She is very beautiful. 她非常漂亮。 I will go there tomorrow. 我明天去那兒。 He works in this factory. He writes better than any others.,I,me,my,you,you,your,she,her,her,he,him,his,it,

5、it,its,we,us,our,they,them,their,（二）練習(xí),說出下列劃線部分單詞或詞組在句子 中各充當(dāng)什么成分,I dont like the picture on the wall. My brother hasnt done his homework. It is a great pleasure to talk with you . He broke a glass in his room last night. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.,主,謂,賓,定,主,謂,謂,謂,主,主,賓,賓,賓,狀,定,主

6、,表,狀,主,二、句子的分類（按結(jié)構(gòu)劃分）： 簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句,（一）簡單句：句子里只有一套主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，且各個 成分都只由單詞或短語構(gòu)成。簡單句共有5種類型。,（二）并列句：用并列連詞把兩個或兩個以上的 簡單句連接起來的句子。并列連詞有and,but,or,so,while,for,when等。,He is a student and he is the pride of his family. He likes football, but he does care who play it. He is a student while his sister is an actor. He

7、didnt attend the meeting yesterday for he was ill. He was about to go out when the bell rang.,（三）復(fù)合句：一個句子里又包含一個或多個充當(dāng)句子成分的句子。大句子叫主句，充當(dāng)成分、具有附屬作用的句子叫從句。,I dont know where he lives. 我不知道他住哪里。 2. What I want is a book. 我所想要的是一本書。 3. Youd better make a mark where you have a question. 4. The boy who is sit

8、ting under the tree is Tom. 坐在樹下的男孩是Tom.,狀語從句,賓語從句,主語從句,定語從句,1. 及物動詞：后必須跟賓語 Eg. They study English. She eats an apple every day. We raise the flag every Monday.我們每周一升旗。,2. 不及物動詞：后需加介詞才能跟賓語 The flag rises. 旗升起來了。 Please stand up. /Please come here. They listen to English every morning. 他們每天早上都聽英語。,連系

9、動詞后跟表語。,助動詞無特殊意義，幫助構(gòu)成否定句、疑問句、正在進(jìn)行時態(tài)、完成時態(tài)或被動語態(tài)等,常見助動詞有be, do, have We dont like the film. 我們不喜歡這部電影。 （用于否定句） Tom is doing his homework. 湯姆正在做作業(yè)。 （用于正在進(jìn)行時態(tài)） He has finished his work. 他已經(jīng)完成了工作。 （用于完成時態(tài)）,情態(tài)動詞后須跟動詞原形。情態(tài)動詞有will, can, may, must,need等 You may go now. 你可以走了。 I will be there on time. 我會準(zhǔn)時到那兒的

10、。,常見連系動詞有：be, become/turn(變得)，look(看起來)，,smell(聞起來), sound（聽起來），feel（摸起來），taste（嘗起來）等,Eg. She is beautiful./She is a student. His face turn red. 他的臉變紅了。 Your coat looks nice. 你的外套看起來很漂亮。 The music sounds beautiful. 這音樂聽起來很美。,be動詞、助動詞和情態(tài)動詞變否定形式在其后直接加not.,行為動詞和除be動詞 以外的系動詞，變否 定形式要在其前加dont 或doesnt。,單獨使

11、用,必須與行為動詞或系動詞連用構(gòu)成謂語,常見連系動詞,（1） “變得”get,become,turn,grow,go,come,fall He got angry when he was told the news. Her face turns red whenever she was talked about by others. Remember to keep the soup in the fridge or itll go bad. I believe your dream will come true one day. Mary fell ill with the heavy l

12、oad of hard work. 注意：change不是連系動詞,（2）“保持”keep,remain,stay Everyone in the class ought to keep quiet. After the disaster, the building remained safe and sound. He always stays calm in the discussion. 注意：keep解釋為“保存”，stay解釋 為“逗留”時不是系動詞,(3)“起來”sound,look,smell,taste,feel Your dress looks beautiful. Dont

13、 feel sad before failure. The cake tastes good.,(4)be,seem,pretend,appear,turn out We are students. Mum seems to be unhappy. John pretended to be reading a book just now. What he said turned out to be true.,行為動詞 1. They study English. 2. She eats an apple every day. 3. The flag rises. 4. They listen

14、 to English every morning. 系動詞 5. She is beautiful. 6. Your coat looks nice. 7. The music sounds beautiful. 助動詞 8. Tom is doing his homework. 9. He has finished his work. 情態(tài)動詞 10. You may go now. 11. I will be there on time.,將下列句子變成否定句。,提示： 1. 行為動詞和除be動詞 以外的系動詞，變否 定形式要在其前加dont 或doesnt。 2. be動詞、助動詞和情

15、態(tài)動詞變否定形式在其后直接加not.,(studydont study),(eatsdoesnt eat),(risesdoesnt rise),(listen todont listen to),(isisnt),(looksdoesnt look),(soundsdoesnt sound),(is doingis not doing),(has finishedhas not finished),(may gomay not go),(will bewill not be),行為動詞 1. They study English. 2. She eats an apple every day

16、. 3. The flag rises. 4. They listen to English every morning. 系動詞 5. She is beautiful. 6. Your coat looks nice. 7. The music sounds beautiful. 助動詞 8. Tom is doing his homework. 9. He has finished his work. 情態(tài)動詞 10. You may go now. 11. I will be there on time.,將下列句子變成一般疑問句,提示： 1. 行為動詞和除be動詞 以外的系動詞，變一

17、般疑問句直接在句首加do或does或did。 2. be動詞、助動詞和情態(tài)動詞變一般疑問句，直接將這些詞提前。.,Do they study English?,Does she eat an apple every day?,Does the flag rise?,Do they listen to English every morning?,Is she beautiful?,Does your coat look nice?,Does the music sound beautiful?,Is Tom doing his homework?,Has he finished his wor

18、k?,May you go now?,Will you be there on time?,練習(xí)：對下列句子劃線部分提問。,提示：陳述句變特殊疑問句方法： 1. 對主語進(jìn)行提問，直接用相應(yīng)疑問詞代替主語，其它都照寫。 2. 對非主語部分進(jìn)行提問，用相應(yīng)疑問詞代詞該部分，并將其放在句首，然后將剩下的部分變成一般疑問句。,Who goes to see his grandparents on Sundays?,Who(m) does Tom go to see on Sundays?,When does Tom go to see his grandparents?,練習(xí)：將上四個例句變成否定陳述

19、句。,二、句子的分類 （按用途劃分）： 陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句,（一）陳述句：用來陳述一件事情，說明一個事實，表述說話 人的看法、和態(tài)度的句子。常用結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+謂語+其它。 句末通常是句號。 Eg. 1. Tom can speak good English. 湯姆英語說的很好。 2. He is a student. 他是一個學(xué)生。3. I like football. 我喜歡足球。 4. Tom gets up early every day. 湯姆每天都起得很早。,1. Tom can not speak good English.,2. He is not a student.

20、,3. I dont like football.,4. Tom doesnt get up early every day.,（二）疑問句：用來提出問題。分為以下四類：,1. 句首是be動詞、助動詞do或have(包括did/does,has/had)或情態(tài)動詞， 句末是問號。 2. 用yes 和no進(jìn)行回答。,Are you Students?你們是學(xué)生嗎？ Do you like football?你喜歡足球嗎？ Can you speak English?你能說英語嗎？ Have you fininshed your work? 你已經(jīng)完成工作了嗎？,1. 句首是疑問代詞或疑問副詞，句

21、末是問號。直接對疑問代詞或疑問副詞進(jìn)行回答 2. 常用結(jié)構(gòu)： 疑問詞（在句中不充當(dāng)主語）+一般疑問句；疑問詞（在句中充當(dāng)主語）+謂語+其它+？,What do you like? 你喜歡什么？ Where is Tom? Tom在哪里？ How can I help you? 我怎樣才能幫你？ Who likes football?誰喜歡足球？,跟在陳述句后，對它所說的事實提出疑問。 用Yes或no進(jìn)行回答。,He is a student, isnt he? 他是一個學(xué)生，不是嗎？ He doesnt like football, does he? 他不喜歡足球，是嗎？,以or連接提問的兩個部分，以供選擇。,Is he a student or a worker? 他是學(xué)生還是工人？,將這四個一般疑問句變成陳述句：,You are students.,2. You like football.,3. You can speak English.,4. You have finished your work.,陳述句變一般疑問句方法： 1. 行為動詞和除