1、chapter 4the deep structure of culture,contents,. world view 1. religion as a world view 1) religious similarities 2) five religious orientations 2. a comparison of world views 1) a mechanistic view 2) a dualistic view . family 1.importance ,functions, and types 2. culture and family . history 1.uni

2、tedstates; 2.africanamericans; 3.jews; 4.russians; 5.chinese; 6.japanese,the roots of reality influenced by three parts:,culture,why our world view, family, and cultural history hold such a prominent sway over our action?,first, the three institutions of church, family, and community carry the messa

3、ge that matter most to people. second, these institutions are important because they endure. third, the content generated by these institutions is deeply and emotionally felt. finally, the deep structure of a culture is important because the institutions of family, church, and community give each in

4、dividual his or her unique identity.,world view is a cultures orientation.,1. religion as a world view,world view is a cultures orientation toward god, humanity, nature, questions of existence, the universe and cosmos, life, death, sickness, and other philosophical issues that influence how its memb

5、ers perceive their world. religion is the predominant element of culture that gives us our world view. it has provided the peoples of the world with advice, values and guidance since antiquity. it is clear that religion and culture are inextricably entwined.(不可分割地交織在一起 ),major religions and main reg

6、ions covered,percentage of religions,christianity 1.9 billion islam 1.1 billion hinduism 781 million buddhism 324 million sikhism19 million judaism14 million bahaism 6.1 million confucianism 5.3 million jainism4.9 million shinto 2.8 million,pie chart of the religious groups in the united statesdate:

7、 28 october 2009,1. religion as a world view,1) religious similarities sacred writings “at the center of all the worlds main religions lies a body of sacred writings, revered by believers.” e.g. bible/ koran/vedas authority in nearly all cases, religious orientation have an authority figure who prov

8、ides guidance and counsel. e.g. god/allah/buddha traditional rituals every religion has a long list of rituals that are not instinctive and therefore need to be passed on from generation to generation. e.g. receive baptism and have eucharist (圣餐) in christianity.,1. religion as a world view,1) relig

9、ious similarities speculation every religion knows that all human beings seek answers to the great mysteries of life. that is, each tradition addresses questions about life, death, suffering, the origins of the universe, and countless other events. ethics “religion always includes an ethic.” it is i

10、ntriguing that ethical standards are nearly the same for all cultures.,2) five religious orientations, christianity founder: jesus sacred writing: the bible dominant world view country: america numbers of american believers: 86% of the u.s. population christian denominations: protestant(新教), baptist

11、（浸信會）methodist （衛(wèi)理公會）,lutheran（路德教會）, roman catholic（羅馬天主教）， eastern orthodoxy 東正教,etc. characteristics: a. at the heart of christianity is “in its founder god was made manifest in the flesh and dwelt among men.” b. christians believe in a god who is manifest in the trinity of the father, the son, a

12、nd the holy spirit.,christianity,christianity was founded around 30 ce by jesus christ, a jew, in what is now israel and palestine. jesus taught a new variety of the ancient jewish religion, based on love rather than religious law. christians believe that jesus christ was gods own son, and that he r

13、ose from the dead after being crucified to save mankind.,birth of jesus,jesus was born by virgin mary in bethlehem, israel. mary conceived jesus through the power of the holy spirit .,god refers to the holy trinity (三位一體). the father 圣父 the son 圣子 the holy spirit 圣靈,god,the bible, sometimes referred

14、 to as the holy bible, is the various collections of sacred scripture of the various branches of judaism and christianity, including the old testament 舊約全書and the new testament 新約全書. the bible, in its various editions, is the best-selling book in history.,cross: symbol of christianity,in the first a

15、nd second centuries, christianity was forbidden by the roman empire.,history of christianity,in 391, the roman emperor declared that christianity was the official religion of roman empire.,history of christianity,christianity first came to britain in or around 380 ce when it became the official reli

16、gion of the roman empire. today christianity has three main branches: the roman catholicism, the protestantism and eastern orthodoxy . though they share the same origins and have many beliefs in common, they have developed, through history, different forms of rituals儀式 and doctrines教義 which have led

17、 to some major differences between the churches.,christianity,roman catholicism 羅馬天主教,eastern orthodoxy 東正教,protestantism 新教,reformation in the 16th century 宗教改革,the great schism of the east and west in 1054 東西大分裂,protestantism,in 1534 king henry viii broke away from the roman catholic church after

18、the pope 教皇 refused him a divorce. he founded the protestant church of england, then a religious movement known as the reformation spread throughout europe. as a result, many protestant churches were founded. they sought to make the church less concerned with rituals and ceremony and to find ways of

19、 making doctrines of the church accessible and understandable to the ordinary people. their focus is upon the individuals personal relationship to god, achieved through prayer and reading the bible.,henry viii 1509-1547,reformation in europe,the reformation in europe started in 1517 and ended in 164

20、6.,roman catholicism,in the roman catholic, the pope，who is seen as gods representative on earth, is the source of all authority. virgin mary, the mother of jesus, is seen as the mediator（使者） between the people and god, and is worshiped and prayed to.,differences between catholicism they are viewed

21、as oxymorons.,sacred writing of islam,the koran 可蘭經(jīng) also sometimes transliterated as quran, kuran, koran, qurn, coran. the divine scriptures, which include the torah律法, the psalms詩篇, and the quran ( composed of words of allah, dictated by the archangel大天使 gabriel加百利 to muhammad and is generally cons

22、idered by muslims to be the central religious text of islam.),islam,the star and crescent is regarded as a symbol of islam.,mauritania,pakistan,turkey,islam,there are two major denominations in islam. sunni 遜尼派 shiah 什葉派,islam,islamic world view: a. a feeling of dependency on god b. the fear of gods

23、 punishment on earth as well as the hereafter c. a deep-seated respect for tradition and for the past five pillars of islam: a. repetiton of the creed 五功 b. prayer c. almsgiving施舍 d. fasting齋戒 e. pilgrimage, hinduism (印度教),founder: not a single founder sacred writing: vedas吠陀經(jīng) number of believers: o

24、ver 1 billion characteristics: a. multi-gods, so the most difficult of all religious orientations for westerners to understand b. it is a conglomeration凝聚 of religious thought, values, and beliefs c. hindus are certain that there are mental and spiritual realms of unshakable reality that guarantee e

25、ternal satisfaction once one discovers them d. rituals are important for showing that god is in everything,印度教創(chuàng)造之神梵天(brahma),印度教的保護神毗濕奴 (vishnu),印度教的毀滅之神濕婆(shiva)和他的兒子象神ganesa,the vedas (knowledge) are a large body of texts originating in ancient india. composed in vedic sanskrit, the texts constitu

26、te the oldest layer of sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of hinduism.,. world view,hindu world view: a. intellect is subordinate to intuition. b. dogma is subordinate to experience c. outward expression is secondary to inward realization. d. the world is an illusion because nothing is pe

27、rmanent. e. it is possible for the human to break the cycle of birth, death, and reincarnation and experience an internal state of bliss called nirvana天堂,. world view,hinduism offers four distinct spiritual paths: a. jnana yoga(智瑜伽), the path of knowledge b. bhkti yoga(信仰瑜伽), the path of devotion c.

28、 karma(業(yè)) , the path of work d. rajayoga(王瑜伽) , the path of meditation,. world view, buddhism (佛教) founder: gautama(喬達摩，俗姓), sakyamuni(釋迦摩尼) sacred writing: pali canon definition: buddhism is at once a faith, a philosophy, and a way of life attempting to help the individual come to the end of suffer

29、ing by discovering the true nature of reality-its impermanence非永久性, its inherent unsatisfactoriness, and its “emptiness”. characteristics: a. peace, enlightenment, and nirvana do not come from god b. direct personal experience is the final test of truth c. the buddha taught that each individual has

30、the power to overcome suffering. d. this individual responsibility is often difficult for westerners to understand.,buddhism,buddhism was founded around 5th century b.c. by sakyamuni, the primary figure in buddhism, in old india.,the pli canon is the standard collection of scriptures in the theravad

31、a buddhist tradition, as preserved in the pli language. it was preserved orally until it was committed to writing during the fourth buddhist council in sri lanka in 29 bce, approximately four hundred and fifty four years after the death of sakyamuni. the pali canon was first printed in the nineteent

32、h century.,buddhism,symbols of buddhism wheel of dharma lotus flower,蓮花象征“離污生凈”。佛法把蓮花看成圣潔之花,以蓮喻佛,象征菩薩在生死煩惱中出生,而不為生死煩惱所干擾。,buddhas chest,卍字是佛的三十二種大人相之一，為佛及十地菩薩胸前之吉祥相, 讀作“萬”，表示吉祥萬德。,生命之輪象征人類為不斷運動、不斷變化的生命所主宰，表現(xiàn)了佛教理論中提出的因果報應(yīng)。,buddhism,there are three main denominations. mahayana 大乘佛教 (chinese buddhism)

33、theravada 小乘佛教 (southern buddhism) vajrayana 藏傳佛教 (tibetan buddhism lamaism 喇嘛教),. world view,the classic canon in buddhism is the four noble truth(四圣諦): a. the first noble truth is that life is dukka（苦諦), usually translated as “suffering”. b. the second noble truth concerns the origin of suffering.

34、 （集諦） c. the third noble truth follows logically from the second. (滅諦) d. the fourth noble truth indicates that the way to remove suffering is by means of the noble eightfold path, which forms the basic teaching of buddha. (道諦),. world view,noble eightfold path: (1) right view 正見 (2) right thought 正

35、思惟 (3) right speech 正語 (4) right behavior 正業(yè) (5) right livelihood 正命 (6) right effort 正精進 (7) right mindfulness 正念 (8) right meditation 正定,. world view,buddhistic world view: a. based on the fundamental assumption that the material world, the one we can touch and see, is not the only reality. b. its

36、 followers are taught to realize truth through meditation and correct life. c. birth is suffering, aging is suffering, illness is suffering, worry, misery, pain, distress and despair are suffering, not attaining what one desires is suffering.” d. the ultimate cause of suffering is peoples ignorance

37、of their true nature, the self, which is omniscient, omnipotent, omnipresent, perfect, and eternal.” e. each individual has the power to overcome suffering. identify the causes of their suffering.,. world view,2. a comparison of world views 1) a mechanistic機械論的 view a. the mechanistic world view sho

38、ws itself in a number of ways. according to hobbes and bacon, westerners have held that reasoning is humankinds “highest faculty and achievement”. b. the western mechanistic world view is not found in all culture. elgin notes that the nonmechanistic world view is “a perspective that historically has

39、 emerged in countries such as india, tibet, japan, china, southeast asia, and is exemplified by spiritual traditions such as buddhism, hinduism, taoism and zen禪宗.”,. world view,2. a comparison of world views 2) a dualistic view二分觀點 a. east and west do not agree on dualism. elgin notes: “where the we

40、stern view is dualistic(viewing mind and body as separate, as well as god and humankind as separate), the eastern view is profoundly nondualistic.” the west often perceives the world as being composed of separate pieces to be manipulated and examined. the eastern orientation and also the one found a

41、mong native americans ,sees the world as a unit. b. from our brief account of religion, mechanism, and dualism, it should be clear that a cultures world view touches every aspect of life.,chapter 4,.family .history,.family,1.importance ,functions, and types,2. culture and family, gender rolesindivid

42、ualism- collectivismagesocial skills,the chinese saying: “if you know the family, you do not need to know the individual.” the japanese have a proverb: “the spirit of a three-year-old lasts a hundred years.” as galvin and brommel say, “we are born into a family, mature in a family, form new families

43、, and leave them at our death. family life is a universal human experience.”,first, the family is charged with transforming a biological organism into a human being who must spend the rest of his or her life around other human beings. second, although a cultures core values and world view derive pri

44、marily from its predominant religious views and transmits them to new members of the culture. finally, families are important because they supply all of us with part of our identity. in short, the family tell us, and others, who we are and what groups we are part of.,why families are important?,the

45、family of orientation (we are born into) the family of procreation (we take a spouse),traditionally,live-in couples: ( hetero sexual or homosexual) single-parent family blended family,in recent,types,culture and family,as are families, so is society. -william thayer our definitions of human developm

46、ent are culturally based. -mcgoldrick different cultures create different families. cultures vary in everything from “ their definition of family” to “their definition of the timing of life cycle phases and the tasks appropriate at each phase.”, gender roles,confucianism confucianism made men alone

47、the structurally relevant members of the society and relegated women to social dependence. such as japanese, chinese, korean the concept of that males are also considered the superior sex. such as mexican, india, arab., individualism-collectivism,it takes a village to raise a child a family raises t

48、he child the issue is what the child is being taught and who is doing the teaching. e.g: arab: god controls them and must be listened to. united states: mainly to themselves or their parents. massai of africa: many people share in raising the child. all members of the tribe are responsible for the s

49、ocialization process. the loyalty: japanese; chinese,age,the family is also the first institution to introduce the child to the notion of age grading, an important perceptual attribute that greatly influences the way individuals perceive youth as well as old age e.g: arab culture: young people are e

50、ncouraged to listen to and to learn from their elders. only from the older people who have lived in the past can one learn anything of value. in china: the chief determinant of relative power is seniority. in japan: indebted to the older members for their upbringing. in u.s.a: respect for ones elder

51、s is a major organizing principle of the mexican-american family.,social skills,one study found that: “the mexican parents were the most punitive for aggression against other children, while the american parents stand out as particularly tolerant of aggression against other children.” chinese family

52、:,group harmony,family togetherness,interdependence in relationships,respect for their place in the line of generations,saving face,the chinese have a proverb, that expresses both the strength and influence of the family: “ to forget ones ancestors is to be a brook without a source, a tree without a root.” these concepts just like the deep soil rooted in our mind. its surely a hard work to remov