1、寫(xiě)作輔導(dǎo),part four 英語(yǔ)修辭、作文模板 & 便條寫(xiě)作,一、常用修辭手法,專四寫(xiě)作常用修辭手法介紹 1. 結(jié)構(gòu)修辭 1）對(duì)比 2）排比 3）重復(fù) 2. 語(yǔ)義修辭 1）轉(zhuǎn)義 2）矛盾,1. 結(jié)構(gòu)修辭 1）對(duì)比 對(duì)比句常用來(lái)表達(dá)互為補(bǔ)充的意思，也可以適當(dāng)選用對(duì)比的句式來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)句的力量。 e.g. many people will soon find themselves rich in goods, but ragged in spirit. by doing so it will have both negative and positive effects.,2）排比 排比句式整齊而有

2、氣勢(shì)，因此能極大提高文章的力度和文采。 e.g. reading makes us wise while exercises make us strong. thinking logically, speaking eloquently and writing explicitly are important elements of good communication.,3) 重復(fù) 在寫(xiě)作中重復(fù)句子的某一部分（句首、句中或句末）可以使語(yǔ)句的內(nèi)容更為突出。 e.g. now is the time to forget everything in the past. now is the tim

3、e to get down to the business. now is the time to work hard for the future. we long for success and we are working hard for success.,2. 意義修辭 1）轉(zhuǎn)義 a. 比喻 e.g. our english teacher is our best english dictionary. b. 擬人 e.g. a great misfortune crept over the whole city. c. 反語(yǔ) e.g. this is really a great

4、stupid idea. d. 夸張 e.g. i was mad for success and on the news of success i went mad with joy.,2) 矛盾 矛盾修辭法是把兩個(gè)明顯矛盾的詞用在一起，以產(chǎn)生警醒式的修辭效果。 e.g. when the news of the failure came, all his friends said that it was a victorious defeat. she read the long-awaited letter with a tearful smile.,二、?？荚掝}及應(yīng)對(duì)模式 1.比較選擇

5、類 要求考生對(duì)兩個(gè)事物或做法進(jìn)行利弊或優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)的比較，并說(shuō)明選擇的傾向。有時(shí)也要求考生對(duì)一個(gè)事物或做法的兩面性進(jìn)行比較，提出一種折中的建議。,比較選擇類作文常用結(jié)構(gòu)模式： will phones kill letter writing? (2004) 第一段：引言段。用現(xiàn)象或事實(shí)引出要比較的a （phone）、b (letter writing)兩個(gè)事物的上 義詞c (means of communication)，說(shuō)明a 和b都是c的兩個(gè)重要因素或選擇，最后用 一句話表明自己的觀點(diǎn)或傾向。 第二段：第一句承接引言段自己的觀點(diǎn)，引出下文的 發(fā)展模式（列舉原因、利弊等）。 a的優(yōu)點(diǎn)之一（1句）+拓

6、展句加以說(shuō)明 （2、3句）+轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)聯(lián)詞說(shuō)明b相應(yīng)的缺點(diǎn) （1句）+拓展句加以說(shuō)明（2、3句） 第三段：結(jié)論,比較選擇類作文語(yǔ)言模式： will phones kill letter writing? (2004) in todays society, people have variety means of communication, such as phones and letter writing. between the two ways, i hold that letter writing is a better choice (means, way, approach, acce

7、ss) my belief (statement, view, point of view) that letter writing is a better choice is based on the following two reasons. the first reason is that letter writing can. while phones can only . the second reason is that . but (nevertheless, however) phones can only. for the reasons mentioned above,

8、we can easily draw the conclusion that letter writing outweighs phones as an important means of communication.,2. 意義、重要性、危害性說(shuō)明類 結(jié)構(gòu)模板： a major advantage of advertising on tv (1999) 第一段：引出要說(shuō)明的事物，明確作者對(duì)這一事物的態(tài)度 第二段：第一句承接引言段觀點(diǎn)，對(duì)本段內(nèi)容及其發(fā)展方 式加以限制。常用列舉法說(shuō)明其重要性、危害性、 好處等表現(xiàn)在以下哪幾個(gè)方面： 分主題：重要性之一（句）拓展觀點(diǎn)（、 句） 分主題：重要性之

9、二（句）拓展觀點(diǎn)（、 句） 第三段：結(jié)論（重要性建議或展望 危害性警示 有利性建議等）,意義、重要性、危害性說(shuō)明類語(yǔ)言模式： a major advantage of advertising on tv currently, advertising plays a very important role in the importance (advantage) of advertising on tv lies in the following aspect(s). firstly advertising is necessary to(secondly, advertising can a

10、lso) from what are discussed above, we can naturally draw the conclusion that advertising on tv is essential (important, necessary) to therefore, we should,3. 觀點(diǎn)論證類 觀點(diǎn)論證類題目常以問(wèn)句形式出現(xiàn)，讓作者發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)，即do you agree?或者whats your opinion? 觀點(diǎn)論證類結(jié)構(gòu)模式： should euthanasia be advocated? 第一段：引題，或者描述一個(gè)情景或現(xiàn)象，或者提出別人 對(duì)這一問(wèn)題的

11、觀點(diǎn)來(lái)引出主題，或引出別人的相 反觀點(diǎn)，或?qū)e人的觀點(diǎn)表示同意。 第二段：觀點(diǎn)段，承接引言段觀點(diǎn)，對(duì)本段內(nèi)容加以限制 +觀點(diǎn)不同方面的體現(xiàn)+證明、解釋或說(shuō)明 第三段：回顧、總結(jié)觀點(diǎn)，一般會(huì)有一個(gè)引導(dǎo)的詞或短語(yǔ) +回顧點(diǎn)題的句子,觀點(diǎn)論證類語(yǔ)言模式： should euthanasia be advocated? (paraphrase of the situation in the directions) some people suggest/hold/think/claim/believe that (we should advocate euthanasia.) i agree/disa

12、gree with this opinion because firstly, secondly, last but not least, to sum up, i have outlined the advantages /disadvantages of euthanasia. i believe that (euthanasia should be advocated in our society),4.現(xiàn)象解釋類 結(jié)構(gòu)模板： the reasons for the young childrens crimes 第一段：引用數(shù)據(jù)展示和描述現(xiàn)象或情況，提出問(wèn)題可能 的原因有如下幾個(gè)方面。

13、第二段：承接引言段觀點(diǎn)，對(duì)本段內(nèi)容加以限制并分層次 說(shuō)明現(xiàn)象的原因。 用固定句式引出原因并進(jìn)行解釋 用固定句式引出原因并進(jìn)行解釋 第三段：結(jié)論，簡(jiǎn)要提出建議,現(xiàn)象解釋類語(yǔ)言模式： the reasons for the young childrens crimes (according to the survey) as is clearly shown by the (table, chart, poll), it is obvious that there is a great rise in , while . there are three reasons for this (tend

14、ency, phenomenon, issue). one is that another important reason lies in the fact that furthermore, . to the young childrens crimes, i suggest (think).,5. 提出建議、解決問(wèn)題類 結(jié)構(gòu)模式： the best way to stay healthy (2002) 第一段：1) 引出所要解決的問(wèn)題及其重要性 2) 明確提出建議 第二段：承接引言段觀點(diǎn)，即建議從哪個(gè)角度、 哪個(gè)方面能解決問(wèn)題 角度：用推理、舉例等方法拓展觀點(diǎn) 角度：用推理、舉例等方法拓

15、展觀點(diǎn) 第三段：做出結(jié)論，建議行動(dòng)，展望建議實(shí)施后 的前景,提出建議、解決問(wèn)題類語(yǔ)言模式： the best way to stay healthy has been attached great importance when as to the ways to (stay healthy), different people have different views. some, but others. in my opinion, is the best way to . my suggestions of as the best way to are based on the foll

16、owing two reasons. firstly, can . secondly, can . from the above evidences, we can easily see the fact that is the best way to stay healthy. i believe that .,三、便條寫(xiě)作,1. 便條寫(xiě)作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (格式2+內(nèi)容3) 1) 格式：包括日期、稱呼和結(jié)尾3部分 日期：jan. 28th, 2007 jan. 28, 2007 01/27/2007 27/01/2007 稱呼：dear lucy,(:) respected mr. wang, (

17、:) 結(jié)尾：yours (sincerely), james,2）內(nèi)容 便條內(nèi)容必須按照具體要求，完整的寫(xiě)出各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容，缺一項(xiàng)就會(huì)扣1分，語(yǔ)言較差扣1分，拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤超過(guò)3個(gè)扣1分。字?jǐn)?shù)少于40或多余80扣1分。,2.便條寫(xiě)作分類及寫(xiě)作技巧 便條寫(xiě)作一般與日常生活有關(guān)，要求用簡(jiǎn)潔、非正式的書(shū)面語(yǔ)解決實(shí)際生活中的問(wèn)題。 便條按照其功能可以分為：邀請(qǐng)、祝賀、感謝、道歉、推薦、申請(qǐng)、告示、通知等。 考生要善于將提示語(yǔ)中的信息轉(zhuǎn)化成自己的語(yǔ)言，融進(jìn)便條中。,利用作文指令擴(kuò)寫(xiě)引言段練習(xí) 1. directions: we spend most time in dormitory with our roomma

18、tes. therefore a harmonious relationship is very important. write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: the best way to keep a harmonious relationship in dormitory,to keep a harmonious dormitory relationship is really important for college students, for everyday we spend more than

19、 10 hours in dormitory with our roommates. if you ask me how we can get along well with each other, my answer is definite: to be considerate.,2. directions: nowadays students tend to look up for a word in an electronic dictionary more than in a printed dictionary. so, some believe electronic diction

20、aries will kill printed ones. what is your opinion? write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: will electronic dictionaries kill printed dictionaries?,a large number of students are using electronic dictionaries to study english. they hold that it is light to carry and convenient to find th