1、TCM Translation Theory,中醫(yī)英語翻譯理論,1 中醫(yī)翻譯概論,1.1 仿造 翻譯 SL 的無等值詞匯時，用 TL 中的直接對應(yīng)詞代換無等值詞匯的組成部分 (詞素 / 詞) 借用英語中已有的相關(guān)單詞來表達中醫(yī)學(xué)特有的概念 肝血liver blood 血虛blood deficiency 活血化瘀activating blood to resolve stagnation,1 中醫(yī)翻譯概論,1.1 仿造 句子層次的翻譯也能運用仿造法 從陰陽翻則生，逆之翻則死。 Following (the law of) yin and yang ensures life, while vio

2、lating it leads to death. 陰虛翻則熱，陽虛翻則寒。 Deficiency of yin generates heat and deficiency of yang produces cold.,1 中醫(yī)翻譯概論,1.2 定義化 中醫(yī)術(shù)語高度凝煉，難以用同樣長短的英語表達清楚 翻譯往往以解釋、定義方式進行 辨證論治 diagnosis and treatment based on the overall analysis of symptoms and signs 虛脹 Flatulence due to yang-deficiency of the spleen an

3、d kidney,1 中醫(yī)翻譯概論,1.2 定義化 缺點 簡潔變?nèi)唛L，違反科技術(shù)語翻譯、使用的原翻則 和語境難以配合 有礙中醫(yī)術(shù)語英譯邁向規(guī)范 簡化處理 辨證論治 treatment based on syndrome differentiation (Li) identifying patterns and determining treatment (Wiseman) 虛脹 deficiency-flatulence vacuity distension,1 中醫(yī)翻譯概論,1.3 詞義分化 同一中醫(yī)術(shù)語在不同語境下，可以有不同涵義 (一詞多義 polysemy) 同一概念也可用不同術(shù)語表達

4、 (同義詞 synonymy) 虛 asthenia, deficiency, insufficiency, weakness, debility, hypofunction,1 中醫(yī)翻譯概論,1.3 詞義分化 脾虛 asthenia of the spleen (Li) spleen vacuity (Wiseman) spleen deficiency (WHO draft)* 脾虛水泛 hypofunction of the spleen* (Li) 體虛 weakness / debility,1 中醫(yī)翻譯概論,1.3 詞義分化 必須考慮語境 a) 腎藏精，精舍志。 精指精氣 The

5、kidney stores essence and the essence maintains activities. b) 精1傷翻則骨痠痿厥，精2 時自下。 精1 指腎精； 精2 指精液 The damage of the kidney essence causes aching and flaccidity of the bones as well as cold sensation in the limbs, which will further leads to frequent seminal emission.,1 中醫(yī)翻譯概論,1.3 詞義分化 (續(xù)) 必須考慮語境 c) 脈理

6、精微，其體難辨。 精 指精深 The theory of pulse is very profound and the conditions of pulse are difficult to differentiate.,1 中醫(yī)翻譯概論,1.4 拼音化 當(dāng)英語無法表達中醫(yī)特有概念時，用拼音翻譯 氣 Vital energy * Qi 動筆！ which term(s) should be phonetically transcribed? 四氣五味 four properties and five tastes (Li) four natures and five flavors (Wis

7、eman) 滋陰降火 nourishing yin to reduce fire enriching yin and downbearing fire,2 中醫(yī)翻譯的困難,2.1 詞匯缺口 (lexical gap) 翻譯人員各有不同考慮、偏好 五行 five elements, five phases, wuxing 命門 gate of life, vital gate, vitaport, mingmen 三焦 three warmers, triple burners, three heaters, triple energizers, sanjiao 五臟 five solid or

8、gans, five bowels, five zang-organs, five zang-visceras, wuzang,2 中醫(yī)翻譯的困難,2.2 理解偏差 歷時、文化因素，使得術(shù)語理解困難 失笑散 Powder for Lost Smiles* Sudden Smile Powder 黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng) Yellow Emperors Internal Medicine * (Huangdis) Canon of Medicine Huangdis Classics on Medicine Huangdis Internal Classic Huangdi Neijing,2 中醫(yī)翻譯的困難,

9、重要經(jīng)典譯名舉隅,2 中醫(yī)翻譯的困難,重要經(jīng)典譯名舉隅,2 中醫(yī)翻譯的困難,重要經(jīng)典譯名舉隅 (續(xù)),2 中醫(yī)翻譯的困難,重要經(jīng)典譯名舉隅 (續(xù)),3 中醫(yī)翻譯實踐,3.1 借用西醫(yī)術(shù)語 動筆！ 心悸 便秘 便溏 遺尿 黃疸 納呆,palpitation constipation loose / sloppy stool enuresis / incontinence* jaundice anorexia*, poor appetite / torpid intake,3 中醫(yī)翻譯實踐,3.2 直譯 動筆！ 陽化氣 陰中之陰 木生火 抑木扶土 補母瀉子 * 心開竅於舌 脾主運化 * 肺主氣司呼

10、吸,yang transforming into qi yin within yin wood generates/generating fire inhibiting wood to strengthen earth supplementing mother-organ and draining child organ heart opens into the tongue the spleen governs transportation / movement and transformation the lung governs qi and manages respiration,3

11、中醫(yī)翻譯實踐,3.2 直譯 動筆！ 陰陽失調(diào) 脾失健運 肝不藏血 胃失和降 腎陽不足,yin-yang disharmony / imbalance between yin and yang spleen failing to move and transform / dysfunction of spleen; failure of spleen in transportation liver failing to store blood / inability of the liver to store blood impaired harmonious downbearing of th

12、e stomach / failure of gastric qi to descend insufficiency of kidney yang / insufficiency of renal yang,3 中醫(yī)翻譯實踐,3.3 意譯 天行赤眼 acute contagious conjunctivitis vs. heaven-current red eye 纏腰火丹 herpes zoster around the waist vs. girdling fire cinnabar 子盜母氣 child-organ disorder involving its mother organ

13、vs. child steals the mothers qi,3 中醫(yī)翻譯實踐,3.4 音意結(jié)合 元氣 primordial qi, original qi, congenital qi 正氣 healthy qi, right qi, genuine qi, vital qi 宗氣 pectoral qi, thoracic qi, ancestral qi 中氣 gastrosplenic qi*, middle qi, center qi 營氣 nutrient qi, construction qi 腎氣 kidney-qi, renal qi*,三焦the Triple Warme

14、r (Sanjiao),三焦，是中醫(yī)學(xué)臟腑學(xué)說中一個特有的名詞。 The term, triple warmer, is peculiar to TCM. 三焦是上焦、中焦、下焦的合稱，為六腑之一。 It is a collective name of the upper, middle and lower warmer and is one of the six bowels. 關(guān)於三焦的型態(tài)與實質(zhì)，中醫(yī)界眾說紛紜，至今尚無定論。 In the field of TCM, no unanimous conclusion has been drawn about the form and cr

15、ux of the triple warmer.,三焦the Triple Warmer (Sanjiao),一般認(rèn)為，三焦是包羅人體所有內(nèi)臟的一個大臟， It is generally recognized that “triple warmer” is a large bowel containing all the internal organs. 如明張介賓說：三焦者，確有一腑，蓋臟腑之外，軀殼之內(nèi)，包羅諸臟，一腔之大腑也。 For instance, Zhang Jiebin, a medical man in the Ming dynasty, said, “Triple warm

16、er is, in fact, a bowel. It is outside all the viscera and bowels but within the body, contains all the other organs and is the largest bowel within the body cavity.”,三焦the Triple Warmer (Sanjiao),在中醫(yī)理論中，三焦也是劃分軀體部位的一個概念。 In the theory of TCM the term “triple warmer” is also used to locate the body p

17、arts. 即膈以上的部位為上焦，包括心、肺；膈以下、臍以上的部位為中焦，包括脾、胃；臍以下為下焦，包括肝、腎、大小腸、膀胱、女子胞等。 The upper warmer is the portion of the body cavity above the diaphragm which houses the heart and the lung. The middle warmer is the portion between the diaphragm and umbilicus (navel) which houses the spleen and the stomach. The l

18、ower warmer is the portion below the umbilicus which houses the liver, the kidney, the urinary bladder, the intestines and the uterus.,三焦the Triple Warmer (Sanjiao),其中肝臟，按其部位來說，應(yīng)歸劃中焦。 According to the livers location, it can be clearly seen that the liver is an organ within the middle warmer. 但中醫(yī)認(rèn)為，

19、肝腎同源，關(guān)係密切，故將肝腎同劃歸下焦。 But it is said that the liver is an organ within the lower warmer. Why? Because TCM believes that the liver and the kidney have the same source (a common source) and a close relationship, thus puts the liver into the lower warmer (together with the kidney).,三焦the Triple Warmer (

20、Sanjiao),三焦的生理功能，總的來說，是總司人體氣化。 Generally speaking, the physiological functions of triple warmer control the activities of the qi of the human body. 分開來說，上焦主呼吸、主宣發(fā) (實指心、肺的功能)，即把積於胸中的氣宣布、布達全身，若霧露之溉，故稱上焦如霧； The upper warmer controls respiration, and activates the flow of vital energy, blood and body fl

21、uid (referring to, in fact, the functions of the heart and lung), i.e., it disperses pectoral qi accumulated in the chest to all parts of the body just as fog and dew moisten the earth. This is why TCM says that “The upper warmer is like a sprinkler for distributing nutrients and qi.”,三焦the Triple W

22、armer (Sanjiao),動筆！ 中焦主運 (實指脾、胃的功能)，即腐熟水谷，運化精微，以化氣血，故喻之為中焦如漚； The middle warmer functions in transportation and transformation (referring to in fact, the functions of the spleen and stomach), i.e. it ferments water and food and transports and transforms food essence in order to produce vital energy

23、and blood. Therefore, it is likened to a fermentation tun, where food is digested.,三焦the Triple Warmer (Sanjiao),動筆！ 下焦主分別清濁、排泄尿液與大便 (實指腎、小腸、大腸、膀胱的功能)，以上生理功能均具有向下、向外排泄的特點故稱下焦如瀆。 The lower warmer separates clear fluid from turbid fluid and discharges urine and stool, (referring to, in fact, the funct

24、ions of the kidney, the small intestine, the large intestine and the urinary bladder). These two physiological functions mentioned above are characterized by excreting wastes downwards and outwards. It is said that the lower warmer works like gutters, to filter and drain off waste and superfluous wa

25、ter.,三焦the Triple Warmer (Sanjiao),三焦的這些生理功能，實際上是體內(nèi)各臟腑功能的總合。 In fact, all these physiological functions of the triple warmer are the sum total of the activities of all the viscera and bowels in the body. 在病理上，上、中、下三焦異常所出現(xiàn)的病證，實際上也是各部位臟腑功能的異常表現(xiàn)。 Pathologically, diseases (disease patterns) due to an ab

26、normality of upper, or middle, or lower warmer are manifestations of dysfunctions of the viscera or bowels within it.,肺與脾The relationship between the lung and the spleen,Physiologically, two aspects are involved in the relationship between the lung and the spleen. The lung and the spleen are physiol

27、ogically related in two ways. One is the production of the pectoral qi. The lung is responsible for inhaling fresh air and the spleen for absorbing food nutrients through transportation and transformation. The accumulation of the fresh air and food nutrients in the chest eventually transforms into t

28、he pectoral qi.,肺與脾The relationship between the lung and the spleen,Thus the normal function of the lung and the spleen are prerequisite to sufficient production of the pectoral qi. Normal functioning of the lung and the spleen are thus essential for sufficient production of (the) pectoral qi. Sufficient production of (the) pectoral qi depends on the normal functioning of the lung and the spleen. The other is the metabolism of fluid. The other involves the metabolism of fluid.,肺與脾The relationship between the lung and the spleen,The spleen absorbs and transports wa