1、如何有效學(xué)習(xí)英語？ 劉振和整理,由下而上（Bottom-up）學(xué)習(xí)法 自然發(fā)音可消除學(xué)習(xí)英語的疑慮 由上而下（Top-down）學(xué)習(xí)法 單字中歸納發(fā)音規(guī)則 雙向(bi-direction)或混合(mix)學(xué)習(xí)法 但規(guī)則中也有例外，這正是學(xué)英語的樂趣。 見山是山見山不是山見山是山,短母音a,At, cat, bat, dad, mat, fat, hat, sat, rat, Am, dam, Sam, jam, ram, cram, clam, Ad, dad, cad, bad, fad, had, lad, mad, sad, an, can, ban, Dan, fan, man, pa

2、n, Dag, lag, bag, tag, flag, Back, black, lack, pack, rack, Cap, rap, lap, map, tap, crap, Dab, cab, jab, lab, tab,短母音e,bet, met, get, set, let, net, pet, wet, hem, stem, bed, fed, head, led, meadow, red, read, Ben, Denny, fen, men, pen, hen, Wendy, leg, beg, Meg, Beck, peck, deck, heck, rep, pepper

3、, step, Deb, web, Read, dead, mead, lead, leather, There, pear, rear,短母音i,it, bit, fit, hit, sit, wit, lit, pit, dim, him, Jim, Kim, limb, rim, timber, did, bid, fid, hid, lid, mid, Sid, widow, in, bin, din, fin, min, pin, tin, Dig, fig, big, pig, rig, wig, kick, lick, pick, stick, tick, wick, dick,

4、 rip, lip, dip, tip, flip, drip, trip, dib, jib, bib, Dear, ear, hear,短母音o,hot, lot, pot, cot, dot, got, not, rot, Mom, Rod, on, bon, con, won, bond, fond, fog, bog, goggle, hog, log, blog, cock, lock, pock, stock, tock, rock, bock, cop, lop, mop, top, flop, drop, pop, cob, hob, Bob, lob, mob, rob,

5、wow,短母音u,but, hut, cut, guts, nuts, Must, bust, dust, lust, rust, hum, rum, bud, huddle, mud, bun, dun, fun, gun, nun, pun, run, sun, Dug, fug, bug, pug, rug, hug, tug, luck, stuck, tuck, duck, duck, cup, bubble, dub, hub, Touch,A-e,Cake, bake, lake, make, snake, sake, Ate, bate, date, fate, gate, h

6、ate, late, mate, Ape, cape, drape, rape, tape, Age, cage, page, rage, sage, stage, Bade, fade, hade, lade, made, blade, fame, lame, name, same, tame, came, Cane, lane, mane, pane, bane, Ace, lace, mace, face,E-e,Pete, eve, Steve, Chinese, Taiwanese, Japanese,i-e,Bike, like, Mike, dike, hike, pike, s

7、trike, Bite, kite, write, rite, site, mite, Hide, ride, tide, Crime, rime, dime, lime, mime, Nine, fine, line, mine, pine, wine, Pile, file, mile, tile, smile, Fire, dire, hire, mire, wire, tire, Ice, dice, mice, rice, lice,O-e,Bode, code, lode, mode, rode, Mote, note, rote, Cope, dope, hope, lope,

8、mope, pope, Bore, sore, core, whore, Hole, ole, bole, mole, pole, stole, Rose, prose, pose, dispose,U-e,Duke, puke, Lure, cure, pure, Huge,Ai; ay,Ail, sail, mail, nail, snail, fail, rail, Aid, said, maid, raid, paid, braid, Hay, lay, may, stay, say, way, ray, tray, stray, bay, day, pay, pray, spray

9、Steak, Eight,Ee,deed, feed, heed, speed, seed, weed, reed, Eel, feel, heel, peel, steel, Three, tree, bee, pee, Tea, pea, Feet, beet, meet, speech,Here,Ea, e, ey,Eat, meat, beat, feat, heat, seat, read, lead, bead, Each, beach, teach, East, least, beast, feast, Ease, tease, please, He, she, we, me,

10、be, Key,Ie, y,Lie, die, pie, tie, Bye, lye, dye, rye, Fly, my, sky, by, fry, dry, cry, try, Night, tight, bright, fight, flight, height, might, knight, light, right Sigh, high, Bicycle,Oe, oa,Foe, hoe, toe, woe, doe, Oat, boat, coat, goat, road, Bow, low, slow, sow, row, crow, blow, mow couch Gold,

11、mold, sold, cold, told, bold, fold, hold,Ue, oo,Blue, clue, glue, cool, tool, stool, fool Too, tooth, boo, booth, doo, smooth, Loom, bloom, broom, room, doom, boom, gloom, Moon, boon, coon, loon, loony, soon, Tomb, movie, to, do, lose, Two, Dew, stew, mew, new,Ow, ou,Owl, bow, cow, down, town, House

12、, lousy, mouse,oo,Book, took, look, cook, Pool, wool,ar,Bar, car, far, mar, par, par, tar, war, star, Card, bard, hard, Art, cart, dart, hart, smart, wart, tart, part, start, Ark, park, dark, mark, Arm, farm, harm, warm, Yarn, barn, Heart, are,or,Pork, sort, mort, snort, forty, fort, report, port, B

13、orn, torn, corn, popcorn, porn, pornography, horn,Ir, ur, er,Bird, stir, dirt, dirty, girl, sir, thirty, thirteen, Surf, fur, curb, purse, blur, turn, return, overturn, Herb, herd, person, personal, personality,All, aw, au,All, call, ball, tall, hall, mall, small, stall, fall, pall, wall, Australia,

14、 Austrian, August, Claw, draw, raw, craw, law, saw, flaw, raw, Caution, audit, auction, cause, causation,Ng, nk, nc,Sing, sting, ding Sang, Sung, stung, Song, strong, dong Link, blink, Bank,Ph, gh,Phonics, phoneme, phonology, photo, physics, morph, autograph, Enough,三個(gè)不可能放在單字最後的子音,Yes, yet, yeah, （如

15、在最後必為母音，與 i 相似，所以ay與ai； oy與oi同音） Was, way, wave, wax, （如在最後必為母音，與 u 相似，所以aw與au；ow與ou同音） Quick, queen, quilt, quiet, （q與u如同連體嬰黏在一起，發(fā)kw音）,一些不發(fā)聲且不影響發(fā)音的字母,Watch, catch, ditch, bitch Sandwich, comb, dumb, tomb, Knight, gnaw, caught, bought, fought, Enough,schwa,以上所列原則上是為重音或次重音，然母音若為輕音，絕大多數(shù)都以schwa處裡。 重音之不

16、同會(huì)影響單字發(fā)音之不同，即使同一字也有可能有不同的發(fā)音方式，如：kilometer, missile, 只有兩個(gè)以上音節(jié)之單字，方有可能schwa產(chǎn)生，但如在句子亦有例外之情形發(fā)生（功能字）。也有可能沒有schwa，如：missile（British）, fourteen, 兩個(gè)以上音節(jié)沒有重音，常常發(fā)生在外來語。,-tion,Station, temptation, location, vocation, vacation, dictation, formation, duration, mutation, nation, national, education Action, Dictio

17、n, dictionary, friction, Direction, collection, correction, selection, Coalition,-ture,Picture, structure, infrastructure, rupture, lecture, stature, miniature, rapture,-sure,Leisure, measure,-sion,Mission, missionary, passion,-ible, -able,Impossible, possible, permissible, incredible, probable, imp

18、robable, readable, curable, doable, teachable, kickable,-ology,Biology, ecology, anthropology, mythology, psychology, physiology, sociology, zoology, technology, musicology, theology, morphology, etymology, phonology,-graphy,Autography, biography, bibliography, pornography, calligraphy,compound,football, superman/superwoman, classroom, roommate, classmate, background, baseball, basketball,intonation,英語中的intonation可能會(huì)改變意義。這也是外國(guó)人學(xué)習(xí)英語比較困難的地方。 語言跟繪畫有其相通的道理，繪畫中有其主從關(guān)係