1、大學英語跨文化交際,Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication,Essay Questions for Chapter 1,How do you define culture? How does ones cultural identity often develop? Name the three stages and explain precisely. What are the differences between subculture and subgroup?,Learning objectives:,In thi

2、s chapter, students will learn how to: Understand the definition and components of communication Describe the characteristics of communication Summarize the definition of intercultural communication Evaluate the forms of intercultural communication,Lead-in Case: She Has Three Hands,Suppose you are t

3、he Chinese doctor, if you are communicating with the Canadian physiotherapist, how would you respond to the situation? What caused their communication conflicts? What do you think of the different communication styles of the two doctors?,The definition of communication Components of communication,Te

4、xt A: Communication,Text A: Communication,The word communication is derived from the Latin word “communicare” meaning to share with or to make common. The study of communication is said to have begun some 2500 years ago in Greece with Aristotles Rhetoric and Poetics, which described the process of c

5、ommunication as involving a speaker, the speech act, an audience and a purpose.,Western Perspective of communication Eastern perspective of communication,The definition of communication,Western Perspective of communication,In western cultures, communication is studied as the means of transmitting id

6、eas. Western cultures emphasize the instrumental function of communication; that is, effectiveness is evaluated in terms of success in the manipulation of others to achieve ones personal goal.,Eastern perspective of communication,Definitions of communication from many Asian countries stress harmony,

7、 which is most notable in cultures with a Confucian tradition. Eastern cultures understanding would define communication as a process where all parties are searching to develop and maintain a social relationship.,2. Components of communication,A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.,A

8、 message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.,Encoding refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message.,Encoding （編碼）,Channel /Medium （渠道）,Channel/Medium is the method used to deliver a message.,Message （

9、信息）,Sender/Source （信息源）,Decoding （解碼）,Decoding is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.,Receiver （信息接收者）,A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message.,Feedback （反饋）,The response of a receiver to a senders mess

10、age is called feedback.,Noise （干擾）,Noise is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise ，physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise. Noise is inevitable.,(1)External Noise,Sounds that distract communicators: voices in the next room;

11、 annoying ring of someones cell phone in a meeting; etc. Other types of external noise that dont involve sound: an overcrowded room or a smelly cigar,(2) Physiological Noise illnesses and disabilities,(3) Psychological Noise forces with the sender or receiver that interfere with understanding: egoti

12、sm; hostility; preoccupation; fear; etc.,(4) Semantic Noise caused by using different languages; the use of jargon; different understanding of the message delivered; etc.,Context (語境) The physical context: location The social context People have shared expectations on what interactions are proper an

13、d what are not in different kinds of social events, like wedding, funeral, classroom, restaurant, etc. 不同情境下合適的行為方式 The interpersonal context People have shared expectations on what interactions are proper and what are not in different kinds of relationships between communicators, like teacher-stude

14、nt, parent-child, boss-subordinate, etc. 不同人際關系下的行為方式,Text B Characteristics of Communication,a. Communication is dynamic b. Communication is systematic c. Communication is symbolic d. Communication is irreversible e. Communication is transactional f. Communication is self-reflective g. Communicatio

15、n is contextual.,a. Communication is dynamic,Communication is an ongoing activity. It is not fixed. A word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action.,b. Communication is systematic （系統(tǒng)性的）,Communication does not occur in isolation

16、or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a larger system. We send and receive messages not in isolation, but in a specific setting. Setting and environment help determine the words and actions we generate. Dress, language, topic selection, and the like are all adapted to context.,c. Communication is sy

17、mbolic （符號性的）,Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. A symbol is a word, action, or object that stands for or represents a unit of meaning. Peoples behaviors are frequently interpreted symbolically, as an external representa

18、tion of feelings, emotions, and internal states.,d. Communication is irreversible （不可逆轉的）,Communication is an irreversible process. We can never undo what has already been done. Although we may try to qualify, negate, or somehow reduce the effects of our message, once it has been sent and received,

19、the message itself cannot be reversed.,e. Communication is transactional （交互式的）,A transactional view holds that communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversations.,f. Communication is self-reflective,Human beings have a unique abi

20、lity to think about themselves, to watch how they define the world, and to reflect on their past, present, and future.,g. Communication is contextual （情境的）,All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpos

21、e for being together, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.,Text C Culture and Communication,The relationship between culture and communication is compared to the relationship between a map and a journey. How do you understand

22、 and interpret this simile?,文化對交際的影響,文化對交談模式的影響 何時講話（e.g. 英國人） 話題的選擇（e.g. 中西方） 話輪轉換(e.g.美國人：乒乓球 日本人：保齡球) 文化對交際風格的影響 直接交際風格與間接交際風格 個人交際風格與語境交際風格（e.g.泰國，日本，韓國）,Interview a classmate in your class. Ask him/her about how his cultural background influences his actual communication practices in Guangzhou.,2. Forms of Intercultural Communication,a. International Communication b. Interethnic Communication c. Interracial Communication d. Intracultural Communication,1. Intercultural Communication Defined,Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cul