1、Unit 8,Manufacturer around the World,Content,Warm-up activities:,I. Read the following questions. Talk about them with your partners. 1. Pair works Do you know what a “magnetic tape” is or did you ever use it? Can you give some other names of products that are out-of-date or not in use now? 2. Group

2、 work The advance in technology has changed many products we have used. Work in small groups, discussing how each of those products you mentioned above were used in history or are still being used today. 3. Think about and then imagine how these products will be replaced in the future.,Background In

3、formation,manufacturer Definition Entity that makes a good through a process involving raw materials, components, or assemblies, usually on a large scale with different operations divided among different workers. Commonly used interchangeably with producer.,Manufacturing is the production of goods f

4、or use or sale using labor and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a la

5、rge scale. Such finished goods may be used for manufacturing other, more complex products, such as aircraft, household appliances or automobiles, or sold to wholesalers, who in turn sell them to retailers, who then sell them to end users the consumers.,History and development In its earliest form, m

6、anufacturing was usually carried out by a single skilled artisan with assistants. Training was by apprenticeship. In much of the pre-industrial world the guild system protected the privileges and trade secrets of urban artisans. Before the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in rural

7、areas, where household-based manufacturing served as a supplemental subsistence strategy to agriculture (and continues to do so in places). Entrepreneurs organized a number of manufacturing households into a single enterprise through the putting-out system. Toll manufacturing is an arrangement where

8、by a first firm with specialized equipment processes raw materials or semi-finished goods for a second firm.,Manufacturing and investment Surveys and analyses of trends and issues in manufacturing and investment around the world focus on such things as: the nature and sources of the considerable var

9、iations that occur cross-nationally in levels of manufacturing and wider industrial-economic growth; competitiveness; and attractiveness to foreign direct.,Popular Industries, Manufacturing, 工匠 例：The table in the kitchen was made by a local craftsman. 廚房里的桌子是當?shù)匾幻そ匙龅摹?guild 1. N-COUNTA guild is an o

10、rganization of people who do the same job. 同業(yè)公會 例：.the Writers Guild of America. 美國作家協(xié)會。,Text Analysis,3. As our society moved into the age of capitalization during the late 20th century, the competition between product manufacturers became increasingly fierce as corporations were forced to become l

11、eaner and more streamlined in order to thrive. 20世紀晚期，我們的社會步入了資本的時代，生產(chǎn)廠商之間的競爭越來越激烈，各種公司為了生存被迫在經(jīng)濟上更加節(jié)儉在人員上更加精簡。 capitalization 1. N the act of capitalizing 資本化 2. N the sum so derived 資本額 market capitalization 經(jīng)（股票等的）市值 capitalization rate 資本化率,Text Analysis,fierce 1. ADJ A fierce animal or person is

12、 very aggressive or angry. 兇猛的; 狂怒的 例：They look like the teeth of some fierce animal. 它們看上去像是某種猛獸的牙齒。 2. ADJ Fierce feelings or actions are very intense or enthusiastic, or involve great activity. 激烈的; 狂熱的 例：Consumers have a wide array of choices and price competition is fierce. 消費者的選擇面很廣，價格競爭也很激烈。

13、例：The town was captured after a fierce battle with rebels. 與叛軍的一場激戰(zhàn)后，這個城市被占領(lǐng)了。 fierce competition 激烈的競爭,Exercise:I. Answer the following questions according to the text:,1. What is the situation of the quality of consumer merchandise nowadays? 2. Prior to the industrial revolution, quality or quanti

14、ty was preferred？ 1. It is no secret that the quality of consumer merchandise has dropped significantly in recent decades. Products made today are not designed to last more than a season or two and are nearly always cheaper to replace than to repair. 2. Quality was preferred, because products were m

15、ade by hand by experienced craftsman and lasted for a lifetime or even to passed down for generations.,3. How modern advertising came into being? 4. What is the result of the fierce competition between product manufactures? 3. As the decades passed and the economy grew, manufacturers eventually foun

16、d themselves in the position of being able to mass produce far more goods than anyone could possibly need. In order to move these cheaply made products out onto store shelves and into the hands of shoppers, it was necessary to start manufacturing consumer desire as well. 4. They made incremental cha

17、nges in their manufacturing facilities that allowed for products to be rolled off of assembly lines more efficiently by cutting corners here and there on quality control.,5. Why consumers grew accustomed to those products that could not last very long? 6. Why does the author say that saving money is

18、 an illusion? 5. They learned to accept the shift in quality as the price of being able to afford more consumer goods than they were before. 6. Cheaply made merchandise that lasted a third as long as quality goods simply meant that consumers would buy three times as many products as normal. At the s

19、ame time, the low cost on cheap merchandise did not mean that consumers were squirreling their money away in investments or retirement savings. Instead, they were actually spending more than ever before on other consumer goods that they could not possibly need.,7. What is the major factor of the ree

20、mergence of quality? 8. What is the economic reason for the growing movement towards energy efficiency and green technology? 7. The major factor that is moving the marketplace toward reevaluating the value of quality made products is the increasing interest in energy efficiency and green technology.

21、 8. Succinctly speaking, energy efficient technology has a positive impact on the bottom line of nations, corporations and consumers because these products simply last longer and are much cheaper to operate in the long run.,Word Practice Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the text. The i

22、nitial letter of each word has been supplied for you. 1. And their impact on inflation has been o by falling prices of goods exported by emerging economies. 2. Those who s over space disagree about why there are more species in the tropics than anywhere else. 3. An IBM supercomputer will take on two

23、 human contestants in a TV showdown of a intelligence. 4. Love not only included sadness and scars , but also included g , envy and contempt , we all learn how to forget all of them, but why we need to forget ? 5. Much American d focuses on the role of marriage and the traditional family in fosterin

24、g a healthy society.,1. offset 2. squabble 3. artificial 4. grumble 5. debate,6. The one -China principle, resolutely adhered to by the Chinese Government, is also universally -recognized by the international c . 7. If you visit a cave on a hot summer day, you might come away with the i that its som

25、ewhat cold underground. 8. Im especially proud that I was able to s the department without resorting to wholesale firings 9. ONGC is one of Asias leading oil and gas conglomerates and Indias most valuable company in terms of market c . 10. Most consumers will still be short of cash, so firms that ma

26、ke cheap stuff well will t . 6. community 7. impression 8. streamline 9. capitalization 10. thrive,III. Word Practice Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words or phrases given in the box. Change the forms where necessary. put up with be born out of on the surface be forced to passed down be rol

27、led off cutting corners prior to under the impression break down There are times in everyones life when something constructive adversity. 2. This can cause a vicious circle as debtors sell assets, driving prices down. 1. is born out of 2. forced to,3. We went with Peter, whose car before we were hal

28、fway there. 4. We have to fine way to on this project because weve already gone over our budget. 5. , the Obama plan would appear to rule banks out from making such exchanges. 3. broke down 4. cut corners 5. On the surface,6. West Lake will be since ancient times with many folk legends and fairy tal

29、es. 7. Most people will agree they cannot remember much, if anything, around age four. 8. But show me another CEO that has to so much outside tinkering and public pressure? 6. passed down 7. prior to 8. put up with,IV. Translation Translate the following sentences into English: 1. 遇到經(jīng)濟困難時期，我們被迫削減辦公用

30、品的開支。 2. 最終，雇員們會要求更高的工資以補償生活成本的提高。 3. 我在工作的時候不能忍受喧鬧聲。 4. 任何會直接影響到盈虧底線的事情必須先搞定。 5. 新經(jīng)理想精簡機構(gòu)以提高生產(chǎn)效率。 1. We have been forced to cut corners on stationary expenses during these severe economic times. 2. Eventually workers will demand higher wages to offset the rising cost of living. 3. I cant put up wit

31、h noise when I am working. 4. Anything that directly affects the bottom line gets done first. 5. The new manager wants to cut out the dead wood and streamline production.,Writing: Questionnaire I. Introduction A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other pro

32、mpts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. They are often designed for statistical analysis of the responses.,II. Writing Tips 1. Decide what information you want to gather from the survey. 2. Keep the survey as short as possible, asking only those questions that will provide th

33、e information you need. 3. Use a casual, conversational style, making the questions easy for almost anyone to understand. 4. Structure the survey so that the questions follow a logical order and evolve from general to specific. 5. Use multiple-choice questions whenever possible. This helps the respo

34、ndent to better understand the purpose of your question and will reduce the time it takes to complete the questionnaire.,6. Avoid leading questions that might generate false positive responses. For example, the question How great was the service provided by our excellent waiters? should be How was t

35、he service provided by our waiters? 7. Use the same rating scale throughout your survey for questions requiring the respondent to rate items. For example, if the scale is from 1 to 5, with 5 being the most positive, keep that same scale for all of the questions requiring a rating. 8. Test the survey

36、 on 10 to 15 people before you produce it for mass distribution. Conduct an interview with each of those respondents after he or she completes the survey to determine if your questions were easily understood and easy to answer.,III. A Sample Questionnaire Stress Questionnaire for College Students Na

37、me: _ Address: _ Phone Number: _ Email id: _ Course:_,Q1. What are you currently pursuing? a) High school b) Graduation c) Post-graduation d) PhD e) Other _ Q2. How many hours of academic training are held per week? a) Less than 20 b) Between 20-40 c) Between 40-60 d) More than 60,Q3. How frequently

38、 are examinations held in your college? a) Every week b) Once in a month c) 1-2 times in a quarter d) Half-yearly e) Annually Q4. Do you get the support of your family for pursuing your studies? a) Yes b) No Q5. Does your classmate bully you? a) Yes b) No,Q6. How difficult is it to find the job of your choice after completing your education? a) Very difficult b) Difficult c) Moderately easy d) Very easy Q7. What kind of assessment marking is following in your college? a) Absolute percentage b) Percentile c) CGPA d) Oth