1、Birth and the Newborn Infant,Chapter 3 Robert S. Feldman,Labor: The Process of Birth Begins,Contractions 子宮收縮 Braxton-Hicks（false labor）虛假臨產(chǎn) Labor initiation,86,Stages of Labor,87,生產(chǎn)的階段： 第一階段：始于有規(guī)律的子宮收縮（開始8-10分鐘一次，每次30秒，最后階段宮縮2分鐘一次，每次約2分鐘），終止于宮頸完全張開（約10cm）（分娩過程持續(xù)16-24小時） 第二階段：分娩（90分鐘左右） 第三階段：胎盤的分娩（幾

2、分鐘）,APGAR SCALE,89,A standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns. 阿普加量表：通過收集一系列指標(biāo)信息，以確定嬰兒是否健康的一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測量系統(tǒng)。,阿普加量表,P90-93 Approaches to Childbirth 分娩的方法 P93-96 Pain and Childbirth疼痛和分娩 P97-105 Birth Complication 出生并發(fā)癥 P105 Postpartum Depression 產(chǎn)后抑郁癥,THE

3、 COMPETENT NEWBORN,Physical Competence,Neonates emerge practiced in many types of physical activities Reflexes,107,（一）自主呼吸 （二）尋找食物和進食 1.定向反射 2.吮吸反射 3.吞咽反射 （三）回避潛在煩擾或危險的刺激 1.咳嗽 2.打噴嚏 3.眨眼 （四）消化系統(tǒng)正常工作 1.胎糞 2.新生兒黃疸 肝臟是新生兒消化系統(tǒng)的一個部分，最初它并不總有效工作，約有一半新生兒的身體和眼睛會帶有明顯的淡黃色，這種顏色上的變化是新生兒黃疸的一個癥狀。,Sensory Capabilit

4、ies: Experiencing the World,Seeing Visual acuity not fully developed but can see to some extent新生兒的視敏度還未完全成熟 Attend to visual field highest in information and brightness新生兒密切關(guān)注視野中信息量最高的畫面部分，并可以辨別不同亮度 Possess some sense of size constancy具有大小恒常性 Distinguish and show preference for different colors新生兒能

5、夠區(qū)分不同的顏色，偏好藍色和綠色,108,Hearing Clearly capable of hearing, but auditory acuity not completely mature新生兒具有聽力，但是聽覺靈敏度沒有長大后那么好 React to and show familiarity with certain kinds of sounds對某些聲音很熟悉 能對喧鬧的、突然的噪音表現(xiàn)震驚,107,What about other senses?,Senses of touch, smell, and taste are not only present at birth, b

6、ut are reasonably sophisticated. 1.聞到薄荷糖吮吸和其他動作增多； 2.酸味使嬰兒雙唇緊閉； 3.對不同味道作出相應(yīng)面部表情,108,Early Learning Capabilities,Infants are capable of learning very early through classical conditioning 經(jīng)典條件作用 Operant conditioning functions from the earliest days of life操作性條件作用,107,What is habituation?,Decrease in r

7、esponse to stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of same stimulus 習(xí)慣化是在某個刺激重復(fù)多次出現(xiàn)之后對其反應(yīng)的降低。 Most primitive form of learning that occurs in every sensory system,110,Table 3-5,Social Competence: Responding to Others社會性能力：回應(yīng)他人,Newborns have capability to imitate others behavior新生兒可以模仿他人的行為 This provides them with important foundation for social interaction la