1、Translation Principles Unit 2,Teaching Contents: Principles of translation Factors of translation Process of translation Teaching Aims: To teach students the theory of translation. Teaching Focus: The principles of the translation Teaching Methods: Discussion Teaching Approaches: Multi-media aided.

2、Teaching Procedures,Teaching Plan,1. What are the principles of translation?George Campbell, the English translators principle:,The first thingis to give a just representation of the sense of the originalThe second thing is, to convey into his version, as much as possible, in a consistency with the

3、genius of the language which he writes, the authors spirit and mannerThe third and last thing is, to take care, the version have at least, so far the quality of an original performance, as to appear natural and easy. (首先，準(zhǔn)確地再現(xiàn)原作的意思；第二，在符合譯作語(yǔ)言特征的前提下，盡可能地移植作者的精神和風(fēng)格；第三，也是最后，使譯作至少具有原創(chuàng)作品的特性，顯得自然流暢。),Alex

4、ander F. Tylers principle:,a. That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. b. That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. c. That the translation should have all the ease of original composition. (一、譯作應(yīng)完

5、全復(fù)寫(xiě)出原作的思想；二、譯作的風(fēng)格和手法應(yīng)和原作屬于同一性質(zhì)；三、譯作應(yīng)具備原創(chuàng)作品的通順。),他們都以“忠實(shí)”為大前提，要求譯文從三個(gè)方面中忠實(shí)于原作：一是忠實(shí)地傳達(dá)原作的內(nèi)容，二是忠實(shí)地展示原作的風(fēng)格，三是忠實(shí)地體現(xiàn)原創(chuàng)作品的通順。,Yan Fus principle on translation:,The so-call principles and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the same thing. The former lays emphasis on the translator, who sh

6、ould follow them while translating; while the latter on the reader or critic, who may use the criteria to evaluate translation works. Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Yan Fus “three-character guide”, which was first proposed in 1898, would evoke controver

7、sy, namely the principle of “faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance”.,“信”：嚴(yán)復(fù)認(rèn)為譯文應(yīng)該抓住全文要旨，對(duì)于詞句可以有所顛倒增刪，只要不失原意，不必斤斤計(jì)較詞句的對(duì)應(yīng)和順序。 “達(dá)”：嚴(yán)復(fù)認(rèn)為達(dá)很重要。只信而不達(dá)，譯了等于沒(méi)譯。只有做到達(dá)，才能做到信。要做到達(dá)，譯者必須首先認(rèn)真通讀全文，做到融會(huì)貫通，然后進(jìn)行翻譯。為了表達(dá)原意，可以在詞句方面作必要的調(diào)整改動(dòng)。 “雅”：嚴(yán)復(fù)認(rèn)為譯文要雅，否則沒(méi)有人看。雅主要是指古雅，要采用漢代以前使用的古文。對(duì)此很多人有不同看法，不能脫離原文片面追求雅，如果原文不雅，譯文怎么能雅？

8、況且，嚴(yán)復(fù)主張的是古雅，即用古文進(jìn)行翻譯，這是不可取的。,2. The principle the author put forward:,Generally speaking, two criteria are very important: the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy (忠實(shí)/準(zhǔn)確) and that of smoothness/fluency (通順/流暢). By faithfulness/accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the

9、 original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness/fluency, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language, free from stiff formula and mechanical copying from dictionaries.,examples: 【例1】 Public opinion plays a vit

10、al and healthy role in the political realm. 公共輿論在政治領(lǐng)域起著生命力的、健康的作用。 【譯文】 輿論在政治領(lǐng)域起著極其重要的、有益的作用。 【例2】 Jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment. 職業(yè)和工作帶來(lái)很大的幸福和滿足，而我們大多數(shù)人并不意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)。 【譯文】 職業(yè)和工作對(duì)于獲得幸福和滿足起了很大的作用，我們大多數(shù)人對(duì)此卻認(rèn)識(shí)不足。,兩類問(wèn)題： 一類是譯文語(yǔ)義基本符合原文，但漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)有欠正確； 另一類是漢語(yǔ)

11、表達(dá)尚有可讀性，但譯文語(yǔ)義不符原文。,Exercises: 1.For Nat Nakasa the pledge he was required to sign - to leave his country and never return proved too much; he committed suicide in New York. 納特納卡薩不得不發(fā)誓離開(kāi)祖國(guó)，不管情況如何永不返家，并自殺于紐約。 【譯文】 對(duì)納特納卡薩來(lái)說(shuō)，要他簽字保證離開(kāi)祖國(guó)永不返回是難以接受的：他在紐約自殺了。 2.In the wake of his mothers death some thirty-si

12、x years later, Hemingway turned back to the adventure and tried to write a novel about it. 在他母親去世36年之后，海明威又想起了那次歷險(xiǎn)奇遇，并試圖寫(xiě)一部小說(shuō)。 【譯文】 大約36年過(guò)后，在他母親去世后的不久海明威又想起了那次遭遇的險(xiǎn)情，并試圖就此寫(xiě)一部小說(shuō)。,What are the highest and lowest criteria for translation?,The highest standard: To make the readers of the target language

13、have the same feeling as those of the original works. That is to say, to keep the same meaning, style and the smoothness. (最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn): 達(dá)到基本相同的感受, 包括達(dá)意、傳神、入化， 即不僅保存原作的思想內(nèi)容、風(fēng)格神韻而且自然流暢，讀起來(lái)不象是譯本）。 The lowest standard: To keep the same meaning and make the translated version smooth. (最低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：譯文起碼應(yīng)該達(dá)到的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。忠實(shí)原文，表達(dá)通順

14、，達(dá)意。),2. How to apply these principles in translation?,A translator should pay attention to the following: 1) Represent the content of the original: (再現(xiàn)原作的思想內(nèi)容) To convey the content and ideas of the original work completely. Try to avoid wrong translation and missing translation. Besides try to be

15、careful with the tones and the distribution of the emphasis of the original work.,For examples: Do you see any green in my eyes? 你認(rèn)為我幼稚可欺嗎？ His grandfather is physically weak, but mentally sound. 他祖父身體雖然虛弱，但是精神尚佳。 （不能譯成思想健康） He was slightly struck by the cashier, a young and giggling girl with ankle

16、s. 他有點(diǎn)被那個(gè)年輕漂亮咯咯笑的收款員所打動(dòng).（英美文化中把腳踝的好看與否作為評(píng)價(jià)女性漂亮與否的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一。）,2) Represent the expressions of the original work: (再現(xiàn)原作的表現(xiàn)手法) Try to use different methods to express the original meaning according to the content, such as figure of speech, simile, metaphor, etc. to keep the original style. For examples: Gen

17、tlemen like him carry only large note. 只有象他那樣的人才拿大票子。（諷刺）,Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. 讀書(shū)足以怡情，足以博采， 足以長(zhǎng)才。 其怡情也， 最見(jiàn)于獨(dú)

18、處幽居之時(shí)；其博采也， 最見(jiàn)于高談闊論之中； 其長(zhǎng)才也， 最見(jiàn)于處世判事之際。（排比） 把原文中的意義美、形式美和聲韻美都淋漓盡致地表現(xiàn)出來(lái)了。,3）Represent the style of the original. (再現(xiàn)原文的文體風(fēng)格)： 不同的文體所用的語(yǔ)言不一樣。政論性文章與科技文章不同，新聞報(bào)道和文學(xué)作品不同，書(shū)面材料和口頭報(bào)告不同，應(yīng)用文也有其自己的格式，翻譯時(shí)一定要使用適合的文體。如： For example: and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish

19、 from the earth. 書(shū)面語(yǔ)：并且使這個(gè)民有、民治、民享的政府永世長(zhǎng)存。（書(shū)面語(yǔ)，比較文雅。） 口語(yǔ)： 要使這個(gè)歸人民所有，由人民管理，為人民辦事的政府永世長(zhǎng)存。 （口語(yǔ)化，瑯瑯上口。）,4) Be careful with the selection of vocabulary and expressions in the target language: (注意遣詞用句，避免洋化現(xiàn)象) Try to avoid words or expressions difficult to understand and those which sound like the source l

20、anguage or not idiomatic in the target language. For examples: They had barely enough time to catch the train. 原譯：他們僅有足夠的時(shí)間趕上火車。 改譯：他們差點(diǎn)沒(méi)趕上火車。,It is now thought that the more work we give our brain, the more work they are able to do. 原譯：現(xiàn)在人們認(rèn)為，我們讓腦子工作得越多，它就能趕更多的工作。 改譯：現(xiàn)在人們認(rèn)為腦子越用越好使。,5) Keep the impl

21、ied meaning and make your translation readable: (傳神達(dá)意) Try to fully understand the writers purpose of writing the article and get the main idea of it. While translating, do it from the view of the passage or paragraph, not only from the view of some individual words or phrases. For examples: If the

22、management provides pleasant background music and beautifies the dull setting, the factory will be much productive. (background music： 配樂(lè)) 如果廠方播放悅耳的音樂(lè)，美化一下單調(diào)的環(huán)境，工廠的生產(chǎn)效率就可以大大提高。 Betty cooked her goose when she cheated in the exam. 貝蒂因考試作弊而葬送了前途。,This is a fine kettle of fish! I forgot my book. 真糟糕, 我

23、的書(shū)忘了帶來(lái)了！ armed to the teeth: 武裝到牙齒 The paratroopers were armed to the teeth. 傘兵部隊(duì)已做好了戰(zhàn)斗準(zhǔn)備。,3.What are the reasons that the translation cant keep the same feeling as that of the original material?,Because of many differences between the two languages and the culture, etc., readers of the translated w

24、orks can not have the same feeling as those of the original ones. These are reflected from many aspects, such as: 1) 兩種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)方式不同 由于兩中語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)方式不同如直譯， 很難符合譯語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣，容易造成含混費(fèi)解，或意思走樣。在翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)與原文的意思為依據(jù)，按譯語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣重新表達(dá)，在用詞、句法結(jié)構(gòu)以及比喻修辭等方面作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整和改變。,2) 原作的對(duì)象與譯作的對(duì)象不同。 作者寫(xiě)作時(shí)考慮的是原文的讀者的實(shí)際情況，寫(xiě)作時(shí)著眼點(diǎn)不同。翻譯后是以譯語(yǔ)的讀者為對(duì)象。譯語(yǔ)讀者和原語(yǔ)讀者在社會(huì)背景

25、、文化水平、知識(shí)領(lǐng)域以及國(guó)情等方面不同。因此， 即使翻譯得十全十美， 譯文讀者對(duì)某些地方理解起來(lái)也難免會(huì)遇到一些困難。有時(shí)要采取“譯者注”的辦法進(jìn)行補(bǔ)救。,例如： 史記：Shiji/Historical Records by Simaqian 離騷：Li Sao, a long poem of patriotism 水滸傳：Heroes of the Marshes(沼澤地)/Water Margin, a Chinese novel of the early Ming Dynasty by Shi Naian 紅樓夢(mèng)：A Dream of Red Mansion/Shitouji/the S

26、tory of the Stone, novel published in the early Qing Dynasty about 1790 by Cao Xueqin/Red Chamber,3) 原語(yǔ)作者與譯語(yǔ)作者的理解和表達(dá)水平的差異。 要達(dá)到使譯文讀者的感受與原文讀者完全相同，從理論上講， 應(yīng)要求譯者對(duì)原文的理解水平不低于原文讀者的一般水平； 對(duì)譯語(yǔ)的表達(dá)能力不低于原文作者的表達(dá)能力。這一點(diǎn)是達(dá)不到的。因?yàn)樽g者對(duì)外語(yǔ)（譯語(yǔ)）的理解水平不可能等同與原語(yǔ)的讀者，他的表達(dá)能力也不可能等同與原語(yǔ)作者的表達(dá)水平。,4) 禮俗文化的語(yǔ)境干涉 英、漢語(yǔ)有著各自不同的文化，在表達(dá)上各有不同。如漢語(yǔ)中

27、的自謙語(yǔ)、尊稱語(yǔ)問(wèn)候語(yǔ)、道歉語(yǔ)和感謝語(yǔ)等體現(xiàn)了漢民族的謙虛仁讓。然而， 在該文化信息轉(zhuǎn)換成目標(biāo)語(yǔ)時(shí)， 信息編碼存在很大阻力。譯者雖能譯出所指， 卻難保語(yǔ)體色彩和感情色彩，“形似而神不似”， 語(yǔ)境得不到體現(xiàn)。因此給人“有骨無(wú)肉”的遺憾，造成文化失真。如下面的翻譯:,a. 自謙語(yǔ)的翻譯： 漢語(yǔ)：不才、小人、家兄、謹(jǐn)上、愚師等； 英語(yǔ)：均譯為“I, me, mine, myself”。 b. 尊稱語(yǔ)： 漢語(yǔ)：尊姓、貴庚、玉體、令堂 英語(yǔ)：name; age; health, mother,5) 典籍文化的語(yǔ)境干涉 在各自的語(yǔ)言中都有一些典故，由于東、西放文化的差異，這些典故如直譯出來(lái)會(huì)造成譯文讀者的費(fèi)解或誤解。 在這中情況下就要采取不同的方法， 如增詞譯法、加注譯法或引伸譯法以及與譯語(yǔ)大致接近的典故等譯法進(jìn)行翻譯， 方可將原譯比較貼切地翻譯出來(lái)。,如： 中山狼：the zhongshan wolf, a mountain wolf attacked and wanted to eat the person who has just saved him She is as beautiful as Helen. 她是絕代佳人（或她象楊玉環(huán)一樣美麗。/ 她象海倫一樣美。解釋：海倫古西臘