1、非謂語,-to do,在句子中，不能作謂語而是擔當其他語法功能的動詞叫做非謂語動詞(Non-finite Verb),也叫非限定動詞。非謂語動詞包括動詞不定式(the Infinitive)、分詞(the Participle)(現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)和動名詞(the Gerund).現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞都可以用V-ing形式表示，過去分詞用 V-ed表示。,1.Scientists have tried many ways to solve this problem and in China , a mass campaign has been started to help solve it.

2、2.They are often so thick that you cannot see the sun , and the wind is sometimes strong enough to move sand dunes.,3. To have been caught in a sandstorm was a terrible experience. 4.There was nothing to be done . 5.You just had to hope youd survive .,6.I thought I was going to disappear under the s

3、and . 7.Sandstorms in China appear to have increased in recent years as a result of “desertification” . 8.When a sandstorm arrives in the city , weather experts advise people not to go out .,9.To be cycling in a sandstorm is frightening . 10.Its difficult to breathe and the dust makes me ill. 11.So

4、if you want to go out , youd better wear a mask. 12.To prevent it coming nearer ,the government is planting trees. 13.Already the government has planted more than 30 billion trees and plans to continue planting for the next five years.,一、 動詞不定式 1. 作主語 動詞不定式作主語，通常表示一次性的、具體的動作，有時也可表示抽象的或泛指的動作?？谡Z中，常用it

5、作形式主語。但若句中表語也是動詞不定式時，則不能用it作形式主語。 To swim with John was very enjoyable. It would be best to tell him the truth. To see is to believe.,2. 作賓語(如固定搭配offer to do sth.中，to do這個非謂語就是offer的賓語) 能直接接不定式作賓語的動詞有：offer, learn, ask, agree, help, prepare, hope, decide, choose, refuse, manage, expect, pretend, pro

6、mise等。,動詞+疑問詞+不定式。這類動詞有：decide, find out, forget, know, learn, remember, see, think, understand, wonder等。 I dont know what to do next. I havent decided where to goon holiday.,不定式作介詞的賓語。介詞except(but)之后接不定式時，如果介詞前有實義動詞do或do的變形時，則except (but)后接不帶to的不定式，反之則不定式要帶to。 I have no choice but to wait. She coul

7、d do nothing but cry. 有些動詞既可跟不定式也可跟動名詞，但含義不同.,后接動詞不定式后接動名詞 1.forget忘記去做某事 忘記做過某事 2.regret對將做的事表示遺憾 對做的事表示后悔 3.try盡力做某事 試著做某事,4.go on繼續(xù)做另一件事 繼續(xù)做同一件事 5.remember記著要去做某事 記得做過某事 6.stop停下來去做另一件事 停下正在做的事 7.mean打算做某事 意味著做某事,3,作表語 不定式常用在系動詞后作表語，這些詞是be，seem，appear，get，remain等。 My job is to help the patient.,4

8、. 作定語 動詞不定式作定語往往后置，且與被修飾的詞之間存在動賓關系、主謂關系、同位關系或僅為修飾關系。若動詞不定式是不及物動詞時，應在動詞后加上適當?shù)慕樵~；若被修飾的詞是place，time或way時，則通常省略不定式后的介詞。,Do you have anything to say for yourself? (動賓) 在此句中，to say是anything的后置定語，并且to say與anything是動賓關系。 找同學分析下面的例句。 He was the last one to leave the classroom. （主謂） I have no wish to quarrel

9、with you. (同位) The girl has nothing to worry about. （about不要遺漏）,【注意】 在某些謂語動詞，如find，give，get，have，need，want等后作賓語的名詞可用不定式修飾。 They gave us a week to think the problem over. 當名詞用特定的定語，如first，last，next，only和形容詞最高級修飾時，其后用不定式修飾。 舉例：Yang is the 431st person to travel in space, including astronauts from 32 c

10、ountries.,Hes the only person to know the truth. 某些用不定式作賓語的動詞轉化為名詞后，仍用不定式作定語，如：agreement，attempt，decision，promise，wish，plan等。 He must keep the promise to pay within a month.,5. 作狀語 動詞不定式作狀語主要表示目的、結果和原因。 He woke up to find everyone gone ( 結果 ). We laughed to hear the news( 原因 ). 目的,6.作賓語補足語 1)有些動詞可接帶

11、to的不定式作賓語補足語，這類動詞有：warn, remind, ask, allow, permit, order, tell, advise, wish, invite, encourage, persuade等。 Mr. Smith warned his daughter never to drive after drinking. Please remind me to post the letter this afternoon.,2)動詞see，watch，notice，hear，listen to，observe，feel，make，let，have后使用省略to的不定式作賓補，

12、但當我們把它由主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時do要變?yōu)閠o do，此時的不定式就是主語補足語了。 The boss made the workers work ten hours a day. The workers were made to work ten hours a day.,重點：固定搭配,一些動詞后面 只可以加to do: want to do ;would like to do; decide to do; ask sb to do; hope to do(不可加sb); used to do; try ones best to do ; It takes sb. some time/

13、 money to do; help sb. to do; Its +adj. +for sb. to do; I find it +adj. to do; like to do;,hate to do; be made to do; advice sb. to do; plan to do ; encourage sb. to do ; what to do = how to do it; allow sb. to do; wish sb. to do; refuse to do ; expect to do; happen to do; seem to do; which to choos

14、e; afford to do,2008年高考題 1.(08全國26) I like getting up very early in summer.The morning air is so good . A.to be breathed B.to breathe C.breathing D.being breathed,答案 B 解析 在“主語+be+adj.+to do”結構中，動詞不定式用主動形式表被動意義。,2.(08北京31) Did the book give the information you needed? Yes.But it， I had to read the en

15、tire book. A.to find B.find C.to be finding D.finding,答案 A 解析 答語句意為：是的，但是為了找到它，我不得不閱讀了整本書。表示目的要用動詞不定式形式。由于不表示正在進行，故不用進行時態(tài)。,3.(08北京32) I feel greatly honored into their society. A.to welcome B.welcomingC.to be welcomed D.welcomed,答案 C 解析 welcome與“I”之間為邏輯上的動賓關系，故welcome須用被動語態(tài)形式。該句語意相當于I feel it a grea

16、t honor to be welcomed into their society.。,4.(08北京35) It is worth considering what makes“convenience” foods so popular， and better ones of your own. A.introduces B.to introduce C.introducing D.introduced,答案 C 解析 本題句意為：值得考慮一下什么使得“方便”食品這么受人歡迎，并且介紹一下你自己比較喜歡的那些“食品”。and連接consider與introduce，故introduce也要用

17、v.ing形式作為worth的賓語使用。,5.(08天津4) their hats into the air， the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory. A.To throw B.ThrownC.Throwing D.Being thrown,答案 C 解析 throw與句子主語the fans之間為主謂關系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。A項表示動作還未發(fā)生；B、D兩項表示被動，均不符合句意。,6.(08江西24) I hear theyve promoted Tom， but he didnt mention when

18、we talked on the phone. A.to promote B.having been promotedC.having promoted D.to be promoted,答案 B 解析 句意為：我聽說他們提拔了湯姆，但我們在電話中交談時湯姆并未提及被提拔之事。mention后跟名詞或動名詞作賓語，此處要用動名詞的完成被動式表示，“被提拔”的動作在mention前發(fā)生。,7.(08江西28) We finished the run in less than half the time . A.allowing B.to allow C.allowed D.allows,答案 C

19、 解析 句意為：我們用了不到被允許的時間的一半就跑完了。time后缺少定語，“時間”與“允許”之間是被動關系，因此用過去分詞形式。,8.(08湖南26) The trees in the storm have been moved off the road. A.being blown down B.blown downC.blowing down D.to blow down,答案 B 解析 句意為：在暴風雨中被吹倒的樹已經(jīng)被從道路上移走了?！皹淠尽钡暮竺嫒鄙俣ㄕZ，因為blow down與trees之間是動賓關系，且是已經(jīng)完成的動作，故用過去分詞短語blown down。,.(08湖南30) 9. the project as planned，well ha