1、Grammar: 動詞不定式一不定式的五種基本形式主動被動一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done進行式to be doing不定式的否定形式：not to do/ not to have done / not to be doing/ not to be done/ not to have been done不定式的進行式、完成式和被動式不定式的進行式由to be + V-ing構成，用來表示謂語動詞動作發(fā)生時，不定式的動作正在進行。eg. Some students pretended _ (read) English when

2、the teacher came in.不定式完成式由to have + V-ed構成，用來表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前。eg. - Is Bob still performing? - Im afraid not. He is said _ (leave) the stage already as he has become an official.不定式的被動式分為一般式被動to be V-ed和完成式被動to have been V-ed。當不定式的邏輯主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時，不定式要用被動語態(tài)。eg. It is an honour for me_ (invite) to t

3、he party. The book is said _ (translate) into many languages. All these gifts must be mailed immediately _ in time for Christmas. A. in order to have received B. in order to receive C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving二. 不定式句法功能1. 作主語：To find a true friend is difficult. 不定式短語作主語時，可以直接放在句

4、首，但在很多情況下，尤其是在疑問句和感嘆句中，往往放在謂語之后，而用先行代詞it作形式主語It is difficult to find a true friend.Is it difficult to find a true friend?How difficult it is to find a true friend!不定式作主語常見句型：a) It is + adj. (easy, important, difficult) + to do sth.b) It is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, ones duty, a shame) + to do sth. e

5、g. Its a pleasure to go shopping at weekends.c) It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience) + to do sth.eg. It requires patience to be a good teacher.2. 作表語：當句子的主語是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主語是what引導的名詞性從句時，后面可以用不定式做表語，用以說明主語所包含

6、內容。eg. Our most important task now is to make a plan.注：作表語的不定式都帶to，但當主語部分有實義動詞do時，to可以省略。eg. The only thing we can do now is wait and see.3.作賓語 The teacher said “Remember to bring the book tomorrow!”a) 可以直接用不定式作賓語的動詞很多，常見的有：agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, inte

7、nd, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish等當復合賓語中的賓語是不定式時，先用形式賓語it代替不定式，把不定式置于補語之后，即：主語動 詞it補語to do句式,常用動詞有feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。如: He feels it his duty to help the poor.I think it difficult to find a true friend.b) 不定式一般不作介詞的賓語，只有少數(shù)介詞如but, except等后面可以跟不定式作賓語。一般情況下作介詞

8、賓語的不定式都帶to，如果but或except前面有do, does, did, to do時，通常省略to。eg. The bus hadnt come. We had no choice but to wait.= We could do nothing but wait.4. 賓語補足語在主語+謂語+賓語+賓補句型中，許多動詞都可以接不定式作賓語補足語。a) 通常作賓語補語的不定式要帶to，常用于以下動詞之后：ask, tell, advise, allow, permit, enable, expect, force, get, like, order, teach, want, in

9、vite, wish, beg等You should get them to help you.在謂語動詞believe, find, think, feel, consider, suppose, imagine, prove等后面跟to be作賓補，不跟to do, 有時to be可省略 We all believe John (to be) honest. I consider him (to be) one of the best teachers of No. 1 Middle School. 但當不定式是完成式時，to不能省略，如：We consider him to have b

10、een foolish.b) 以下兩類動詞后跟不定式作賓補時不能帶to使役動詞，如：let, have, make等感官動詞，如： see, watch, notice, look at ,listen to ,hear, feel,等Dont let the children trouble you.I heard someone open the door.但當這兩類動詞為被動態(tài)時，不定式就成了主補。作主補的不定式必須加上toHis father made him go to bed early.He was made to go to bed early by his father.動詞

11、不定式省略to的情況還有：a) would rather, had better, why not do I would rather go swimming.You had better tidy your bedroom.Why not visit your cousin in Japan?b)當兩個動詞不定式由and, or, except, but, than, rather than相連接時，通常情況下第二個to要省略Do you want to go shopping or watch a film?I decided to write rather than phone.We h

12、ad nothing to do but watch TV.=we had no choice but to watch TV.(注：一般情況下作介詞but, except后接to do，但是如果but或except前面有do, does, did, to do時，通常省略to。)5. 作定語不定式可以在句子充當后置定語，修飾名詞。以下幾類情況常用不定式作定語：能帶不定式作賓語的動詞，其同源名詞可以帶不定式作定語。常見的有attempt, decision, promise, plan等eg. He hasnt kept his promise to write to his parents

13、regularly.常與不定式搭配的形容詞，其同源名詞一般可以用不定式作定語。常見的有ability, determination, anxiety, eagerness等eg. His eagerness to finish his homework was quite clear.序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或被only, last, next等修飾的名詞可以用不定式作定語：She was the only person to survive after the earthquake.（Tips: 不定式在作定語時，有時與被修飾的名詞有意義上的主謂關系、同位關系、動賓關系，如果該不定式是不及物動詞

14、，它后面需要加上適當介詞。）Eg. Hes always the first to come and the last to leave. 主謂關系 Ive no time to listen to your excuse. 同位關系 She has a meeting to attend. （動賓關系=attend a meeting） Theres nothing to worry about. (動賓關系=worry about nothing)6. 作狀語作目的狀語 (1) I stayed there to see what would happen. Henry has decid

15、ed to go to the hospital to be examined by the doctor. (2)有時為了強調，不定式前可加in order或so as。如： Bob took down my telephone number so as (in order) not to forget it. 有時為強調目的狀語可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to不能這樣用。在這種句式中不定式部分可轉換為so that, in order that,成為目的狀語從句，如：I stayed there in order (so as) to see what wou

16、ld happen. =I stayed there so that (in order that) I could see what would happen. 作原因狀語在部分表示感情色彩的形容詞、過去分詞或動詞之后可接不定式，如：astonished, glad, happy, laugh, pleased, sad, smile, sorry, surprised等。 We are glad to hear the news. I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well. 在部分形容詞后接不

17、定式，用主動形式表示被動意義，這種句型中的主語是不定式的邏輯賓語如：The question raised by the student is difficult to answer. The room is really comfortable to live in. 常這樣用的形容詞有: easy, difficult, heavy, light, comfortable, fit, impossible等。 作結果狀語 We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy. 不定式作結果狀語還常用在下列句式中。如：

18、 soas to; suchas to Im not so stupid (a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到會把它寫下來。 Im not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing. enoughto The boy isnt old enough to go to school. = The boy is too young to go to school. only to 用于表示意想不到的結果 Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying in the

19、 hospital. tooto Im too tired to stay up longer. 但在下列結構中，tooto并非是“太而不能”之意。如： Im only too glad to have passed the exam.考試及格我太高興了。（too修飾glad to have，相當 于very） We have too much to learn.我們要學的太多了（不定式作定語）。 4. 不定式短語還可作獨立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如： To tell the truth, the play was a great disappointment tome. 常見的短語有to

20、 be exact（確切地說），to begin with（首先），to do him justice（說句對他公道的話），to be sure（真的）等等。Eg. To tell you the truth, I dislike you.7. 作同位語eg. The order to start the general attack soon came.不定式的復合結構，以it為形式主語或形式賓語引導的復合結構，如果其前的形容詞是指行為的性質就用：for sb. to do sth.這種復合結構在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語等。It is necessary for me to le

21、arn English well.如果該形容詞是指行為的性質，同時又指行為的人，則用of sb. to do sth.。這種句式中的常用形容詞有：right, wrong, brave, careful, careless, clever, wise, stupid, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, silly等。eg. Its very kind of you to come to see me.連接代（副）詞+不定式（包括whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, 不包括why），在句中起名

22、詞的作用，通常跟在諸如tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain等動詞后作賓語,也可作主語或表語。eg. No one can tell me where to find John.When to start the exam is still unknown.The problem is how to get enough money.動詞不定式鞏固練習1. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _in my new job. Aexpected Bto expectCto be

23、expecting Dexpects2. _late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm. ATo sleep BSleeping CSleep DHaving slept3. One learns a language by making mistakes and _them. Acorrect Bcorrecting Ccorrects Dto correct4.The mother didnt know _ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out. whow

24、henhowWhat5. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. to seeto be seenseeingSeen6. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows _. it what to do withwhat to do it with what to do with itto do what with it7. How do

25、 you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers? The key _ the problem is to meet the demand _ by the customers. A. to solving; makingB. to solving; madeC. to solve; makingD. to solve; made8. The teacher asked us _ so much noise. A. dont make B. not makeC. not makingD. not to m

26、ake9. My advisor encouraged_ a summer course to improve my writing skills. A for me takingB me takingC for me to takeD me to take10. The man insisted_ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding11. The news reporters hurried to the airport, onl

27、y_ the film stars had left. Ato tellBto be toldCtellingDtold12. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time_ the exam. ApassBto passCpassedDpassing13. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better _ ityouve got some big bills coming. A. forget B. forgot C. fo

28、rgetting D. to forget14. Helen had to shout _ above the sound of the music. A. making herself hear B. to make herself hearC. making herself heard D. to make herself heard15. You were silly not _ your car. A. to lockB. to have lockedC. locking D. having locked16. I dont know whether you happen , but

29、Im going to study in the U.S.A. this September. Ato be heard Bto be hearing Cto hear Dto have heard 17. According to a recent U.S. survey, children spent up to 25 hours a week _ TV. A. to watch B. to watching C. watching D. watch18. The flu is believed _ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cell

30、s inside the human nose and throat. A. causing B. being caused C. to be causedD. be have caused19. Im going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything _ ? A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought20. Victor apologized for _ to inform me of the change in the plan. A. his being no

31、t able B. him not to be able C. his not being able D. him to be not able21. Its necessary to be prepared for a job interview._ the answers ready will be of great help. A. To have hadB. Having hadC. HaveD. Having22. He glanced over at her, _ that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together

32、. A. noting B. noted C. to note D. having noted23. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _ in a year. A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed 24. - Is Bob still performing? - Im afraid not. He is said_ the stage already as he has become an official A. to have left B. to leave C. to ha

33、ve been left D. to be left25. I think youll grow _ him when you know him better.AlikingBto be likeCto likeDto be liking26. While watching television, _. Athe doorbell rang Bthe doorbell ringsCwe heard the doorbell ring Dwe heard the doorbell rings27. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside

34、the gym for three hours just _ a look at the sports stars. A. had B. having C. to have D. have28. _ more about university courses, call (920) 746-3789. ATo find outBFinding out CFind out DHaving found out29. I dont want _like I m speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair. A. to sound

35、B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded30. Soon they saw the boy _ in the crowd.A. disappearB. to disappearC. disappearsD. disappeared31. Did you notice the little boy _ away?A. took the candy and runB. take the candy and runC. taking the candy and runD. who taking the candy running32. I hea

36、rd him _ so.A. saysB. sayingC. sayD. said33. Professor Black had us _ compositions every Friday.A. to writeB. writtenC. writeD. writing34. Mrs Smith made her pupils _ the text three times a week.A. reciteB. recitedC. recitingD. to recite35. She was seen _ model ships in the room.A. madeB. to makeC.

37、makesD. make36. Birds are seldom heard _ at night.A. singB. singingC. to singD. to be singing37. The areoplane was noticed _ at six.A. take offB. to take offC. get offD. to get off38. Mr Crossett was make _ his teaching because of his poor health and old age.A. give upB. give inC. to give upD. to gi

38、ve in39. The book is said _ into many foreign languages.A. to have been translatedB. to have translatedC. to be translatingD. having been translated40. The Marquis was thought _ some terrible wrongs to his tenants.A. of doingB. that he had doneC. to have done D. to have been done41. Do you think it

39、difficult _ a horse _?A. to train, jumpingB. training, for jumpingC. to train, jump D. to train, to jump42. My car has broken down. Would you help me_?A. to get the car to startB. get the car startC. to get the car startedD. get to start the car43. He ordered the room _.A. to sweepB. to be sweptC. s

40、hould sweepD. swept44. Tell Tom and Jack _ each other.A. not quarrelB. not to quarrel withC. to not quarrel withD. they not quarrel45. He would like them _ every day.A. to practice B. to practiseC. practicingD. practicing46. -“Are you going to leaving now?”-“Unless you would prefer me _ here.”A. to stayB. will stayC. that Ill stayD. staying47. What a pity! One cannot help _ sorry for the injured.A. to feelB. oneself to feelC. feelingD. oneself from feeling48. Nothing could _ the boy from _ the tall building.A. prevent, risking climbingB. prevent