1、,History of English Literature 3,Part V 19th English Literature . 19th C Romantic Literature A) Background: Sentimentalism/Gothic tradition/Pro-romanticism/French Revolution /Industrial Revolution B) Definition: a) As a new trend in literature, romanticism prevailed in England during the period 1798

2、-1832, with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridges “Lyrical Ballads” as its beginning, and Sir Walter Scotts death as its end. (A Defence of Poetry and Other Essays, Biographia Literaria) b) Historically speaking, it expressed the ideology and sentiment of the classes who were discontent with

3、and opposed to the development of Capitalism;,c) Thematically emphasizing (individual) emotion and showing great interests on nature d) Artistically adopting medieval folk literature characterizing with bold imagination, fantastic plots, bright imges, Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering a

4、nd dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.,The waves beside them danced; but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee

5、: A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company I gazed-and gazed-but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And

6、 dances with the daffodils, Detail Appreciation Introduction to the poet introduction to the background upon which the poem is written visiting friends-on the way back-daffodils along the bank of a bay-deeply touched-write a poem months later main idea analysis,picturesque description of nature a th

7、ree-dimensional picture cloud hills, dales, daffodils - Him saw I, sitting in an open square, Upon a corner-stone of that low wall, Wherein were fixed the iron pales that fenced A spacious grass-plot; there, in silence, sate This One Man, with a sickly babe outstretched Upon his knee, whom he had th

8、ither brought For sunshine, and to breathe the fresher air. Of those who passed, and me who looked at him, He took no heed; but in his brawny arms (The Artificer was to the elbow bare, And from his work this moment had been stolen) He held the child, and, bending over it, As if he were afraid both o

9、f the sun And of the air, which he had come to seek, Eyed the poor babe with love unutterable. (The Prelude, Vol.7-602-618), Casual long shot(寫意長鏡頭) an open square, spacious grass-plot, sunshine, fresh air close shot（近鏡頭） contrast a corner-stone, low wall, iron pales , One Man, sate in silence, a si

10、ckly babe outstretched closeup（特寫） Eyed with love unutterable,b) Hearty praising of common people Lucy Poems Strange Fits of Passion have I Known(我有過奇異的心血來潮) She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways I Traveled among Unknown Men Three Years She Grew in Sun and Shower A Slumber did My Spirit Seal(一陣昏沉蒙住了我的心

11、靈) the Solitary Reaper,SHE dwelt among the untrodden ways Beside the springs of Dove, A Maid whom there were none to praise And very few to love: A violet by a mossy stone Half hidden from the eye! -Fair as a star, when only one Is shining in the sky. She lived unknown, and few could know When Lucy

12、ceased to be; But she is in her grave, and, oh, The difference to me! (She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways, 1-12),African violet,Violet by mossy stone,When only one is shining,江 城 子.十年生死兩茫茫蘇東坡,江 城 子 蘇東坡 十年生死兩茫茫，不思量，自難忘。 千里孤墳，無處話凄涼。 縱使相逢應(yīng)不識，塵滿面，鬢如霜。 夜來幽夢忽還鄉(xiāng)，小軒窗，正梳妝。 相顧無言，惟有淚千行。 料得年年腸斷處，明月夜，短松岡。,這首詞是宋熙

13、寧八年(公元1075年)所作，蘇東坡做了一個遇見亡妻的夢，醒來感慨系之，寫這首詞，來表達(dá)對妻子王弗的懷念。此詞開了悼亡詞之先河，被行家視作悼亡詞中絕唱。 在這首小詞中，讀不到一句令人感覺“矯情”之語，詞語的運(yùn)用簡練凝重。每一個音節(jié)的連接都有冷澀凝絕之感，猶如聲聲咽泣，壓抑沉重的氣氛就在這“幽咽泉流”中彌散開來，讓人艱與呼吸，又難以逃避。 蘇東坡用了十年都舍棄不下的，是那種相濡以沫的親情。他受不了的不是沒有了轟轟烈烈的愛情，而是失去了伴侶后孤單相吊的寂寞?！翱v使相逢應(yīng)不識，塵滿面，鬢如霜”在夢里能夠看見的，也全是逝去親人往日生活里的瑣碎片斷。因為在那些瑣碎里，凝結(jié)著化不去的親情。 在紅塵中愛的最

14、高境界是什么？執(zhí)子之手是一種境界，相濡以沫是一種境界，生死相許也是一種境界。在這世上有一種最為凝重、最為渾厚的愛叫相依為命。那是天長日久的滲透，是一種融入了彼此之間生命中的溫暖。,c) Sublimity Found in the Life of Common People Sample poem: The Old Cumberland Beggar,Then let him pass, a blessing on his head! And, long as he can wander, let him breathe The freshness of the valleys; let hi

15、s blood Struggle with frosty air and winter snows; And let the chartered wind that sweeps the heath Beat his grey locks against his withered face. Reverence the hope whose vital anxiousness Gives the last human interest to his heart. May never HOUSE, misnamed of INDUSTRY, Make him a captive!-for tha

16、t pent-up din, Those life-consuming sounds that clog the air, Be his the natural silence of old age! Let him be free of mountain solitudes;,And have around him, whether heard or not, The pleasant melody of woodland birds. Few are his pleasures: if his eyes have now Been doomed so long to settle upon

17、 earth That not without some effort they behold The countenance of the horizontal sun, Find a free entrance to their languid orbs. And let him, “where” and “when” he will, sit down Beneath the trees, or on a grassy bank Of highway side, and with the little birds Share his chance-gathered meal; and,

18、finally, As in the eye of Nature he has lived, So in the eye of Nature let him die! (The Old Cumberland Beggar, 171-196),C) Childrens philosophy,1) a natural-burn purity and naiveness,“常德不離，復(fù)歸于嬰兒”老子 公元一世紀(jì)基督教出現(xiàn)認(rèn)為兒童生來有罪，是謂“原罪說”，舊約圣經(jīng)中說“鞭撻他，從地獄深淵中救出他的靈魂” 18世紀(jì)的文壇大師塞繆爾約翰生便認(rèn)為,兒童乃非理性生物,因其不可理喻而微不足道 重溫童年，療治心靈

19、的傷痛，而且也表征著人類在新的歷史困境前，又一次轉(zhuǎn)向了“歸根返始”的出路 Sample poem : We are Seven,We are Seven,A Simple Child, That lightly draws its breath, And feels its life in every limb, What should it know of death? I met a little cottage Girl: She was eight years old, she said; Her hair was thick with many a curl That cluster

20、ed round her head. She had a rustic, woodland air, And she was wildly clad: Her eyes were fair, and very fair; -Her beauty made me glad.,So in the church-yard she was laid; And, when the grass was dry, Together round her grave we played, My brother John and I. And when the ground was white with snow

21、, And I could run and slide, My brother John was forced to go, And he lies by her side. How many are you, then, said I, If they two are in heaven? Quick was the little Maids reply, O Master! we are seven.,But they are dead; those two are dead! Their spirits are in heaven! Twas throwing words away; f

22、or still The little Maid would have her will, And said, Nay, we are seven!,:,2)The child is the father of the man,Sample poem: My heart leaps up when I behold A rainbow in the sky: So was it when my life began, So is now I am a man, So be it when I shall grow old Or let me die! The child is the fath

23、er of the man: And I could wish my days to be Bound each to each by natural piety (My Heart Leaps Up, 1-9),3) The pre-existence of soul Sample poem: Intimation of Immortality,. Poetics: A) Preface to Lyrical Ballads, the declaration of English Romanticism B) Key issues of his poetics 1) All good poe

24、try is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings 2) Poetry takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility 3) The theme is to be situations and incidents chosen from common life 4) Ordinary things are to be presented in an unusual way 5) The language used is to be a selection of languag

25、e really used by men,Samuel Taylor Coleridge,Samuel Taylor Coleridge -poet And all thats best of dark and bright Thus mellowed to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies. One shade the more, one ray the less, Had half impaired the nameless grace Which waves in every raven tress, Or softly

26、 lightens oer her face; Where thoughts serenely sweet express How pure, how dear their dwelling place.,And on that cheek, and oer that brow, So soft, so calm, yet eloquent, The smiles that win, the tints that glow. But tell of days in goodness spent, A mind at peace with all below, A heart whose lov

27、e is innocent!,. Key issues of study support of national liberation movement romantic description of exotic scenery (exotic color) Description of love successful characterization: Byronic Hero,Byronic Hero,The Byronic hero is a variant of the Romantic hero as a type of character, named after the Eng

28、lish Romantic poet Lord Byron. Both Byrons life and writings have been considered in different ways to exemplify the type. The Byronic hero first appears in Byrons semi-autobiographical epic narrative poem Childe Harolds Pilgrimage (18121818), and was described by the historian and critic Lord Macau

29、lay as a man proud, moody, cynical, with defiance on his brow, and misery in his heart, a scorner of his kind, implacable in revenge, yet capable of deep and strong affection. Wikipedia,拜倫式英雄是指十九世紀(jì)英國浪漫主義詩人拜倫作品中的一類人物形象。他們高傲倔強(qiáng)，既不滿現(xiàn)實，要求奮起反抗，具有叛逆的性格；但同時又顯得憂郁、孤獨(dú)、悲觀，脫離群眾，我行我素，始終找不到正確的出路。例如，抒情長詩恰爾德哈洛爾德游記中貴

30、公子哈洛爾德，東方敘事詩之一海盜中的主人公康拉德，哲理劇曼弗雷德中的主人公曼弗雷德，等等。,The Byronic hero typically exhibits the following characteristics： high level of intelligence and perception cunning and able to adapt mysterious, magnetic and charismatic struggling with integrity power of seduction and sexual attraction social and sexu

31、al dominance, emotional conflicts, bipolar tendencies, or moodiness a distaste for social institutions and norms Destroyer and preserver; hear, oh hear!,剽悍的西風(fēng)啊, 你是暮秋的呼吸, 因你無形的存在, 枯葉四處逃竄, 如同魔鬼見到了巫師, 紛紛躲避; 那些枯葉, 有黑有白, 有紅有黃, 像遭受了瘟疫的群體, 哦, 你呀, 西風(fēng), 你讓種籽展開翱翔的翅膀, 飛落到黑暗的冬床, 冰冷地躺下, 像一具具尸體深葬于墳?zāi)? 直到 你那蔚藍(lán)色的陽春姐妹

32、凱旋歸家, 向睡夢中的大地吹響了她的號角, 催促蓓蕾, 有如驅(qū)使吃草的群羊, 讓漫山遍野注滿生命的芳香色調(diào); 剽悍的精靈, 你的身影遍及四方, 哦,聽吧, 你既在毀壞, 又在保藏!,The tangled boughs of Heaven and Ocean,The tangled boughs of Heaven and Ocean,Thou on whose stream, mid the steep skys commotion, Loose clouds like earths decaying leaves are shed, Shook from the tangled bough

33、s of Heaven and Ocean, Angels of rain and lightning: there are spread On the blue surface of thine airy surge, Like the bright hair uplifted from the head Of some fierce Maenad, even from the dim verge Of the horizon to the zeniths height, The locks of the approaching storm. Thou dirge Of the dying

34、year, to which this closing night Will be the dome of a vast sepulchre, Vaulted with all thy congregated might Of vapours, from whose solid atmosphere Black rain, and fire, and hail will burst: oh hear!,在你的湍流中, 在高空的騷動中 , 紛亂的云塊就像飄零飛墜的葉子, 你從天空和海洋相互交錯的樹叢 抖落出傳送雷雨以及閃電的天使; 在你的氣體波濤的蔚藍(lán)色的表面, 恰似酒神女祭司的頭上豎起縷縷 亮

35、閃閃的青絲, 從朦朧的地平線 一直到蒼天的頂端, 全都披散著 即將來臨的一場暴風(fēng)驟雨的發(fā)卷, 你就是唱給垂死歲月的一曲挽歌, 四合的夜幕, 是巨大墓陵的拱頂, 它建構(gòu)于由你所集聚而成的氣魄, 可是從你堅固的氣勢中將會噴迸 黑雨、電火以及冰雹; 哦, 請聽!,Thou who didst waken from his summer dreams The blue Mediterranean, where he lay, Lulld by the coil of his crystalline streams, Beside a pumice isle in Baiaes bay, And saw

36、 in sleep old palaces and towers Quivering within the waves intenser day, All overgrown with azure moss and flowers So sweet, the sense faints picturing them! Thou For whose path the Atlantics level powers Cleave themselves into chasms, while far below The sea-blooms and the oozy woods which wear Th

37、e sapless foliage of the ocean, know Thy voice, and suddenly grow gray with fear, And tremble and despoil themselves: oh hear!,你啊, 把藍(lán)色的地中海從夏夢中 喚醒, 它曾被清澈的水催送入眠, 就一直躺在那個地方, 酣睡沉沉, 睡在拜伊海灣的一個石島的旁邊, 在睡夢中看到古老的宮殿和樓臺 在烈日之下的海波中輕輕地震顫, 它們?nèi)奸_滿鮮花, 又生滿青苔, 散發(fā)而出的醉人的芳香難以描述! 見到你, 大西洋的水波豁然裂開, 為你讓出道路, 而在海底的深處, 枝葉里面沒有漿汁的

38、淤泥的叢林 和無數(shù)的?；?、珊瑚, 一旦聽出 你的聲音, 一個個頓時膽戰(zhàn)心驚, 顫栗著, 像遭了劫掠, 哦, 請聽!,If I were a dead leaf thou mightest bear; If I were a swift cloud to fly with thee; A wave to pant beneath thy power, and share The impulse of thy strength, only less free Than thou, O uncontrollable! If even I were as in my boyhood, and coul

39、d be The comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven, As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speed Scarce seemd a vision; I would neer have striven As thus with thee in prayer in my sore need. Oh, lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud! I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed! A heavy weight of hours has chaind

40、and bowd One too like thee: tameless, and swift, and proud.,假如我是一片任你吹卷的枯葉 假若我是一朵隨你飄飛的云彩, 或是在你威力之下喘息的水波, 分享你強(qiáng)健的搏動, 悠閑自在, 不羈的風(fēng)啊, 哪怕不及你自由, 或者, 假若我能像童年的時代, 陪伴著你在那天國里任意翱游, 即使比你飛得更快也并非幻想 那么我絕不向你這般苦苦哀求: 啊, 卷起我吧! 如同翻卷波浪、 或像橫掃落葉、或像驅(qū)趕浮云! 我躍進(jìn)人生的荊棘, 鮮血直淌! 歲月的重負(fù)縛住了我這顆靈魂, 它太像你了:敏捷、高傲、不馴。,Make me thy lyre, even as

41、 the forest is: What if my leaves are falling like its own The tumult of thy mighty harmonies Will take from both a deep, autumnal tone, Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce, My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one! Drive my dead thoughts over the universe Like witherd leaves to quicken a ne

42、w birth! And, by the incantation of this verse, Scatter, as from an unextinguishd hearth Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind! Be through my lips to unawakend earth The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind, If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?,拿我當(dāng)琴吧, 就像那一片樹林, 哪怕我周身的葉兒也同樣飄落! 你以非凡和諧中的狂放的激情 讓我和樹林都奏出

43、雄渾的秋樂, 悲涼而又甜美?？癖┑木`喲, 但愿你我迅猛的靈魂能夠契合! 把我僵死的思想撒向整個宇宙, 像枯葉被驅(qū)趕去催促新的生命! 而且, 依憑我這首詩中的符咒, 把我的話語傳給天下所有的人, 就像從未熄的爐中撥放出火花! 讓那預(yù)言的號角通過我的嘴唇 向昏沉的大地吹奏! 哦, 風(fēng)啊, 如果冬天來了, 春天還會遠(yuǎn)嗎?,Theme nature, revelutionary spirit, preaching for liberty, social criticism, regeneration four tercets and a closing couplet. The rime schem

44、e is aba, bcb, cdc, ded, ee. stanzas of uniform length and arrangement. Here Shelley employed the terza rima,“,. Shelleys Love Lyrics A) Unsuccessful The nightingales complaint, It dies upon her heart; As I must on thine, Oh, beloved as thou art!,O lift me from the grass! I die! I faint! I fail! Let

45、 thy love in kisses rain On my lips and eyelids pale. My cheek is cold and white, alas! My heart beats loud and fast;- Oh! press it to thine own again, Where it will break at last., Analysis of the poem the 1st stanza: circumstancial basis,The 2nd stanza: psychological basis, The 3rd stanza: the out

46、burst of the fervent love,將我從草地上扶起來 我暈眩，我昏厥，我魂斷 讓你的哀憐用親吻 落上我的嘴唇和眼瞼 我的臉冰冷且灰白 我的心跳的響又急 把它?。≠N緊著你的心 在那里它終于會破裂,啊，請從草地上擁我入懷 我暈眩，我昏厥，神迷意亂 讓愛的熱吻如雨點(diǎn)般 灑落于我的唇間、眼瞼 我的臉冰冷而蒼白喲 我的心跳驟如鼓點(diǎn) 再緊擁我入懷喲 讓愛的激流滿溢于心間, A comparison of the Chinese vesion of the 3rd stanza,b) Platonic Love Definition ideal outlook of love pure s

47、piritual not physical equality between man Thou needest not fear mine; My spirit is too deeply laden Ever to burthen thine. I fear thy mien, thy tones, thy motion; Thou needest not fear mine; Innocent is the hearts devotion With which I worship thine.,Loves Philosophy The fountains mingle with the r

48、iver, And the rivers with the ocean; The winds of heaven mix forever, With a sweet emotion; Nothing in the world is single; All things by a law divine In one anothers being mingle;- Why not I with thine?,See, the mountains kiss high heaven, And the waves clasp one another; No sister flower could be

49、forgiven If it disdained its brother; And the sunlight clasps the earth, And the moonbeams kiss the sea; - What is all this sweet work worth, If thou kiss not me?,漢語譯文,出山的泉水與江河匯流,江河又與海洋相通,天空里風(fēng)與風(fēng)互相滲透,融洽于甜蜜的深情.萬物遵循同一神圣法則,在同一精神中會合;世上一切都無獨(dú)而有偶,為什么你與我卻不能夠?看高高的山峰親吻藍(lán)空,浪和浪也相抱相擁,姐妹花朵絕不會被寬容,如果輕視她的弟兄;燦爛的陽光撫抱著大地

50、,明麗月華親吻海波,一切甜蜜的作為有何價值,如果,你不親吻我?,Percy Bysshe Shelley （雪萊） longer poems and lyrical dramas: Queen Mab（麥布女王） Revolt of Islam（伊斯蘭的反叛） The Cenci 欽契一家 The Masque of Anarchy （暴政的行列） Prometheus Unbound （解放了的普羅米修斯) attacks on: governments, priests, marriage, religion, God; expression of his hope for a bette

51、r world.,In lyrics, like a wanderer, follow a vague, beautiful vision, forever sad The wealth ye find, another keeps; The robes ye weave, another wears; The arms ye forge, another bears.,5 Sow seedbut let no tyrant reap; Find wealth,let no impostor heap; Weave robes, let not the idle wear; Forge arm

52、s, in your defence to bear.,John Keats,John Keats(濟(jì)慈) the most talented of romantic poets , died young, the search of beauty and love in life and art. Works: Endymion(恩底彌翁） The Eve of St. Agnes （圣愛格尼斯之夜） Hyperion（赫披里昂),To Autumn(秋頌) Ode on a Grecian Urn(希臘古甕頌) Ode to a Nightingale(夜鶯頌) Bright Star(燦

53、爛的星) On First Looking into Chapmans Homer (初讀查普曼譯荷馬史詩有感),On the Grasshopper and Cricket The poetry of earth is never dead: When all the birds are faint with the hot sun, And hide in cooling trees, a voice will run From hedge to hedge about the new-mown mead; That is the Grasshoppershe takes the lead,In summer luxury,he has never done With his delights; for when tired out with fun He rests at ease beneath some pleasant weed.,The poetry of earth is ceasing never: On a lone winter evening, when the