1、Poes Theories on Poetry,His poetry express the same deep hopelessness and rejection of the world as his prose, but in a different way. Expressed in his works “The Philosophy of Composition”,寫作的哲學(xué) “The Poetic principle”詩歌原理 1. He avoids the intrusion of ugliness and tries to create a vision of beauty

2、 and a melodious sound. The chief aim is beauty.,2. The function of poetry is not to summarize and interpret earthly experience, but to create a mood in which the soul soars toward supernal beauty. The basic tone is melancholy. 3. He stresses rhythm, opposed to “the heresy of the didactic” and calle

3、d for “Pure poetry”, defined true poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty” . The artistry of poetry lies not in what is being said but in the way it is said. 4. The creation of work of art requires the utmost concentration and unity, as well as the most scrupulous use of words.,To Helen致海倫,海倫，你

4、的美在我的眼里， 有如往日尼西亞的三桅船船行在飄香的海上，悠悠地把已倦于漂泊的困乏船員送回他故鄉(xiāng)的海岸。 早已習(xí)慣于在怒海上飄蕩，你典雅的臉龐，你的鬈發(fā)，,你水神般的風(fēng)姿帶我返航，返回那往時的希臘和羅馬，返回那往時的壯麗和輝煌。 看哪！壁龕似的明亮窗戶里，我看見你站著，多像尊雕像，一盞瑪瑙的燈你拿在手上！塞姬女神哪，神圣的土地,才是你家鄉(xiāng)！,To Helen,Stanza 1 The poet first mentioned Helen, the most famous beauty in Great mythology. Then Poe compared himself to Odysse

5、us, who wandered for ten years over the sea to get home. As Odysseus, Edgar Allan Poe was persistent in his chasing after fine arts with the sincere belief that art, or beauty and truth, is the ultimate aim, the home, for the wandering poet; while Helen, the embodiment of ancient beauty, is the guid

6、er to that dreamland.,Stanza 2,All the art and literature originated from one thing-beauty. Having taken Helen as the embodiment of beauty, the poet was confident that once he saw Helen, he was sure to be led by Helen to the home of beauty-fine and pure literature. Poe insisted that Greece and Rome

7、are the homes of beauty, the treasure houses of fine art and literature.,Stanza 3,The speaker sees Helen standing in the bright niche and holding in her hand an agate lamp. She is quite similar to goddess Psyche from Greek Myth. Through his description of his passion to Helen, Poe expressed his purs

8、uit and sincere devotion to beauty. In the poem, three beauties in ancient Greek mythologyHelen, Naiad and Psyche-are mentioned just to show that beauty is something that existed; it is very holy but it is hard to reach.,Questions on To Helen,1. Although the poem is about a real person, is lines wri

9、tten in passionate boyhood to the first purely and ideal woman in his soul, Poe addressed it to Helen, why might he have done this? 2In the final stanza, Helen is addressed as Psyche the Greek word for “ breath” or “soul”. How do you reconcile this with the earlier references to Helen of Troy, whose

10、 legendary beauty led to the Trojan War? Beauty-to truth-to soul 3. Note that all three stanzas end with a reference to a place-native shore, Greece and Rome, and Holy land. How are these related to each other? To the meaning of the poem as a whole? Beauty is truth and leads to spiritual oneness and

11、 artistic integrity,The Raven,愛倫坡的長詩烏鴉發(fā)表于1845年。詩作發(fā)表之后引起轟動，有出版商請著名的插畫家Gustave Dor為這首長詩創(chuàng)作了25幅插畫。 愛倫坡(Edgar Allan Poe) ，生于1809年，他27歲時與自己14歲的表妹弗吉尼亞克萊姆結(jié)婚。他們婚后的生活窮困潦倒。1847年，愛倫坡的妻子被病魔奪去了生命。兩年后，他也死于飲酒過度。他的悲傷就如詩中失去至愛的主人公。他的靈魂，如詩中那團(tuán)在地板上漂浮的陰暗被擢升，且永不復(fù)還！,美國著名作家愛倫坡是世界文壇上最著名、最浪漫的天才之一。但愛倫坡的一生，歷經(jīng)了屈辱與苦難。他自小就是個孤兒，受盡了白

12、眼與欺辱。在被一個富有的煙草商人收為養(yǎng)子后，由于不能博得養(yǎng)父的歡心，竟被罵為“白癡”，用棍棒打出家門。當(dāng)他在西點(diǎn)軍校求學(xué)時，有一次，應(yīng)該持槍在操場練習(xí)時，他卻躲在房子里寫詩，結(jié)果被教官發(fā)現(xiàn)，送去軍事法庭審判，而后在所有學(xué)員的蔑視中被踢了出去。,把壓力和不幸轉(zhuǎn)化為奮進(jìn)的力量 愛倫坡,在他26歲時，他與年僅13歲的表妹維琴妮亞不顧一切地?zé)釕俨⒔Y(jié)婚了，那是愛倫坡一生中最美好的時光，但也給他們夫婦帶來了莫大的痛苦。許多人認(rèn)為他瘋了，勸他盡早結(jié)束這幕悲??；更有許多人奉勸維琴妮亞離開這個窮光蛋，在他們眼里，愛倫坡根本不配擁有愛情和一切美好的東西?？墒?，世俗終歸是世俗，市井小人永遠(yuǎn)不會領(lǐng)悟到偉大的愛情是如何

13、產(chǎn)生的。愛倫坡夫婦用世間最牢固的愛情擊垮了一切流言，他倆的婚姻是最美滿幸福的.,維琴妮亞用溫柔與愛啟示愛倫坡寫成了很多最優(yōu)美的詩句，其中就有那篇不朽的名詩烏鴉。這首詩愛倫坡寫了又寫，改了又改，足足花費(fèi)了十年的時間，可是僅賣了十塊錢。這件事立刻在當(dāng)?shù)貍鳛樽畲蟮男υ?，愛倫坡成為了公認(rèn)的弱智與無能之輩。許多人都為自己能夠識別出一個白癡而驕傲，感覺自己與相中良馬的伯樂一樣出色(但是他們犯了最大的錯誤，今天這首詩的原稿已售價數(shù)萬美元)。,在紐約的郊外，有一處四周都種了蘋果樹的房子。在這所房子里，住著愛倫坡和他年輕的太太，他們以每月3美元的租金租借此房?？墒?，他大半時候窮得沒有飯錢，更別提房租了。維琴妮亞

14、病倒在床，可他竟沒有分文替她買些食物和藥物。有時候，他們整天餓著肚子，當(dāng)院里車前草開花時，他們便煮它充饑。除了肉體的折磨，還有來自旁人的冷嘲熱諷。但愛倫坡幾盡瘋狂地寫詩，強(qiáng)烈的成功的欲望使他忘記了一切苦痛，在他的腦海中，只有兩個字：奮斗！ 體弱的維琴妮亞終究敵不過饑寒交迫，在一個寒冷的冬夜，帶著令人感動的愛去了。失去了愛妻，愛倫坡幾乎崩潰了，惟一支撐他的只有成功的信念了。在愛妻的墳?zāi)古?，他?qiáng)忍著淚水和思念，拿著筆，一刻也不放下，他用盡一切氣力，投身于創(chuàng)作。從白天到夜晚，從夜晚到夢中，從夢中又到白天終于，使他寫出了感人肺腑的愛的稱頌。愛倫坡終于迎來了成功。,The Raven,The Raven

15、,從前一個陰郁的子夜，我獨(dú)自沉思，慵懶疲竭， 沉思許多古怪而離奇、早已被人遺忘的傳聞 當(dāng)我開始打盹，幾乎入睡，突然傳來一陣輕擂， 仿佛有人在輕輕叩擊，輕輕叩擊我的房門。 “有人來了，”我輕聲嘟喃，“正在叩擊我的房門 唯此而已，別無他般?！?哦，我清楚地記得那是在蕭瑟的十二月； 每一團(tuán)奄奄一息的余燼都形成陰影伏在地板。 我當(dāng)時真盼望翌日；因?yàn)槲乙呀?jīng)枉費(fèi)心機(jī) 想用書來消除悲哀消除因失去麗諾爾的悲嘆 因那被天使叫作麗諾爾的少女，她美麗嬌艷 在這兒卻默默無聞，直至永遠(yuǎn)。,那柔軟、暗淡、颯颯飄動的每一塊紫色窗布 使我心中充滿前所未有的恐怖我毛骨悚然； 為平息我心兒停跳我站起身反復(fù)叨念 “這是有人想進(jìn)屋，

16、在叩我的房門。 更深夜半有人想進(jìn)屋，在叩我的房門； 唯此而已，別無他般。”,很快我的心變得堅強(qiáng)；不再猶疑，不再彷徨， “先生，”我說，“或夫人，我求你多多包涵； 剛才我正睡意昏昏，而你來敲門又那么輕， 你來敲門又那么輕，輕輕叩擊我的房門， 我差點(diǎn)以為沒聽見你”說著我拉開門扇； 唯有黑夜，別無他般。,凝視著夜色幽幽，我站在門邊驚懼良久， 疑惑中似乎夢見從前沒人敢夢見的夢幻； 可那未被打破的寂靜，沒顯示任何跡象。 “麗諾爾？”便是我囁嚅念叨的唯一字眼， 我念叨“麗諾爾！”，回聲把這名字輕輕送還， 唯此而已，別無他般。,我轉(zhuǎn)身回到房中，我的整個心燒灼般疼痛， 很快我又聽到叩擊聲，比剛才聽起來明顯。

17、“肯定，”我說，“肯定有什么在我的窗欞； 讓我瞧瞧是什么在那里，去把那秘密發(fā)現(xiàn) 讓我的心先鎮(zhèn)靜一會兒，去把那秘密發(fā)現(xiàn)； 那不過是風(fēng)，別無他般！”,我猛然推開窗戶，心兒撲撲直跳就像打鼓， 一只神圣往昔的健壯烏鴉慢慢走進(jìn)我房間； 它既沒向我致意問候；也沒有片刻的停留； 而以紳士淑女的風(fēng)度，棲在我房門的上面 棲在我房門上方一尊帕拉斯半身雕像上面 棲坐在那兒，僅如此這般。,于是這只黑鳥把我悲傷的幻覺哄騙成微笑， 以它那老成持重一本正經(jīng)溫文爾雅的容顏， “雖然冠毛被剪除，”我說，“但你肯定不是懦夫， 你這幽靈般可怕的古鴉，漂泊來自夜的彼岸 請告訴我你尊姓大名，在黑沉沉的冥府陰間！” 烏鴉答日“永不復(fù)還。

18、”,聽見如此直率的回答，我驚嘆這丑陋的烏鴉， 雖說它的回答不著邊際與提問幾乎無關(guān)； 因?yàn)槲覀儾坏貌怀姓J(rèn)，從來沒有活著的世人 曾如此有幸地看見一只鳥棲在他房門的面 鳥或獸棲在他房間門上方的半身雕像上面， 有這種名字“永不復(fù)還?！?但那只獨(dú)棲于肅穆的半身雕像上的烏鴉只說了 這一句話，仿佛它傾瀉靈魂就用那一個字眼。 然后它便一聲不吭也不把它的羽毛拍動 直到我?guī)缀跏青哉Z“其他朋友早已消散 明晨它也將離我而去如同我的希望已消散?！?這時那鳥說“永不復(fù)還?！?驚異于那死寂漠漠被如此恰當(dāng)?shù)幕卦挻蚱疲?“肯定，”我說，“這句話是它唯一的本錢， 從它不幸動主人那兒學(xué)未。一連串無情飛災(zāi) 曾接踵而至，直到它主人

19、的歌中有了這字眼 直到他希望的挽歌中有了這個憂傷的字眼 永不復(fù)還，永不復(fù)還?！?但那只烏鴉仍然把我悲傷的幻覺哄騙成微笑， 我即刻拖了張軟椅到門旁雕像下那只鳥跟前； 然后坐在天鵝絨椅墊上，我開始冥思苦想， 浮想連著浮想，猜度這不祥的古鳥何出此言 這只猙獰丑陋可怕不吉不祥的古鳥何出此言， 為何聒噪永不復(fù)還?！?我坐著猜想那意見但沒對那鳥說片語只言。 此時，它炯炯發(fā)光的眼睛已燃燒進(jìn)我的心坎； 我依然坐在那兒猜度，把我的頭靠得很舒服， 舒舒服服地靠在那被燈光凝視的天鵝絨襯墊， 但被燈光愛慕地凝視著的紫色的天鵝絨襯墊， 她將顯出，啊，永不復(fù)還！,接著我想，空氣變得稠密，被無形香爐熏香， 提香爐的撒拉弗的

20、腳步聲響在有簇飾的地板。 “可憐的人，”我呼叫，“是上帝派天使為你送藥， 這忘憂藥能中止你對失去的麗諾爾的思念； 喝吧如吧，忘掉對失去的麗諾爾的思念！” 烏鴉說“永不復(fù)還?！?“先知！”我說“兇兆！仍是先知，不管是鳥還是魔！ 是不是魔鬼送你，或是暴風(fēng)雨拋你來到此岸， 孤獨(dú)但毫不氣餒，在這片妖惑鬼崇的荒原 在這恐怖縈繞之家告訴我真話，求你可憐 基列有香膏嗎？告訴我告訴我，求你可憐！” 烏鴉說“永不復(fù)還。”,“先知！”我說，“兇兆！仍是先知、不管是鳥是魔！ 憑我們頭頂?shù)纳n天起誓憑我們都崇拜的上帝起誓 告訴這充滿悲傷的靈魂。它能否在遙遠(yuǎn)的仙境 擁抱被天使叫作麗諾爾的少女，她纖塵不染 擁抱被天使叫作麗

21、諾爾的少女，她美麗嬌艷?！?烏鴉說“永不復(fù)還?！?“讓這話做我們的道別之辭，鳥或魔！”我突然叫道 “回你的暴風(fēng)雨中去吧，回你黑沉沉的冥府陰間！ 別留下黑色羽毛作為你的靈魂謊言的象征！ 留給我完整的孤獨(dú)！快從我門上的雕像滾蛋！ 從我心中帶走你的嘴；從我房門帶走你的外觀！” 烏鴉說“永不復(fù)還?！?那烏鴉并沒飛去，它仍然棲息，仍然棲息 在房門上方那蒼白的帕拉斯半身雕像上面； 而它的眼光與正在做夢的魔鬼眼光一模一樣， 照在它身上的燈光把它的陰影投射在地板； 而我的靈魂，會從那團(tuán)在地板上漂浮的陰暗 被擢升而起永不復(fù)還！,注：插畫作者是古斯塔夫多雷（Gustave Dor）(1832-1883)，德國著名

22、的插畫家。他為愛倫坡的這首詩配了25幅插畫。,The Raven,A sense of melancholy over the death of a beloved beautiful young lady pervades the poem. The portrayal of a young man grieving for his lost lover. His grief had been turned into madness under the steady one-word repetition of the talking bird. The changes of the poe

23、ts mood with the development of the poem: sadnessjocularitydespairmadness,The Ravens symbolic meaning,A. it symbolizes disaster and misfortune. B. it may symbolize the soul of the radiant maiden, the “l(fā)ost Lenore.” C. it may symbolize the sub-consciousness of the poet. D. it is the symbol of modern

24、reality.,Annabel Lee,Stanza 1. The pretty young girl Annabel Lee used to live in a kingdom by the seaside. Before her death, the only thing in her heart was to love or to be loved by me. Stanza 2. Our love was so strong and beautiful that angels in heaven, who are with wings and living in heaven and

25、 likely to be freer and abler than any human beings, envied us. Seldom did any angels envy anything of the human world. If they did, there must be something spectacular in the object of their admiration.,Stanza 3.My Annabel Lee was taken away from me. The faithful lovers were mercilessly separated b

26、y a superpower. Poe was indicating that Annabel Lee might be an angel from heaven, because she was “brought back(and taken away”) to heaven and she had some “highborn kinsmen” up there. Stanza 4: The poet was quite clear about the reason of Annabel Lees being taken away from him. The evil wind came

27、out by night and Annabel Lee was taken away by night, that indicates that somebody may appear as angels in daytime, but as devils during night.,Stanza 5. Though the evil wind and the highborn kinsmen are very powerful to take my beautiful Annabel lee away from me, they are not so powerful as to take

28、 her soul away from me. Our love is more powerful than death. After the death of one, our souls are still together. Stanza 6. My Annabel Lee had gone to heaven. She reminds me of her bright face by the moon, so that I can see her in my dream; hen I see the stars in the sky, I see her bright eyes, to

29、o. We are together and nothing can separate us;, neither the human power nor the God of death is possible.,Evaluation,father of modern short story father of detective story father of psychoanalytic criticism,He is the father of psychoanalytic criticism. In deed, Poe places the subconscious condition

30、 of the mind under investigation and probes beneath the surface of normal existence. What interests him most is the deep abyss of the unconscious and subconscious mental activity of the people, the subterranean recesses of the mind at work. He was the first author in American literature to make the neurotic the heroic figure, the protagonist, in his stories.,His masterpiece “Raven” reveals a central theme: the human mind would be healthy and alive if it were incapable of thought, but since it is a mind and does possess the power