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1、,形容詞和副詞,形容詞常用于修飾名詞,說(shuō)明該詞的性質(zhì)、特征等。它在句中主要用作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ),如: The primitive language of signs is not always very clear.(定語(yǔ))原始語(yǔ)言手勢(shì)的意思并非總是很清楚的。 Groups of new, modern buildings have sprung up along the river.(定語(yǔ))一群群新的現(xiàn)代建筑沿江拔地而起。 The football game was marvelous.(表語(yǔ))足球賽精彩極了。 Im sorry that Im late.(表語(yǔ)) 對(duì)不起,我遲到

2、了。 Dont leave the door open, please.(賓補(bǔ)) 請(qǐng)不要將門(mén)敞著。 He spent three days in the snow, cold and hungry. (狀語(yǔ)) 他又冷又餓地在風(fēng)雪中過(guò)了兩天。,形容詞的分類(lèi) 形容詞就起構(gòu)成來(lái)說(shuō),分為單字形容詞和復(fù)合形容詞。單字形容詞有的不帶詞綴,如big, good, hard, round, square; 有的帶詞綴,如contemptible, economic, Spanish, impossible, unkind, disloyal, monolingual, multimedia, voiceles

3、s, instructive, unthinkable等。復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成是多種多樣的,它們可以是:,形容詞+形容詞,如bitter-sweet, deaf-mute, phonetic-syntactic 名詞+形容詞,如grassgreen, duty-free, war-weary 形容詞/副詞+-ing,如 good-looking, easy-going, hard-working 形容詞/副詞+-ed, 如newly-born, well-known 名詞+-ed, 如hand-made, town-bred, sunstanned 名詞+-ing,如ocean-going, la

4、w-abiding, mouth-watering 形容詞+名詞+-ed, 如 kind-hearted, absent-minded,形容詞, 就其句法功能來(lái)說(shuō),可分為中心形容詞和外圍形容詞。大多數(shù)形容詞既能充當(dāng)名詞修飾語(yǔ),有能充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)可賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ),這種形容詞構(gòu)成這類(lèi)詞的主體,故稱中心形容詞。如:Green apples are sore. Pillar-boxes are green. They have painted the windows green.,此外還有少數(shù)形容詞只能充當(dāng)修飾語(yǔ), 或是只能充當(dāng)補(bǔ)語(yǔ),這少數(shù)形容詞叫做外圍形容詞。有的語(yǔ)法學(xué)家把只能用作修飾語(yǔ)的形容詞稱做“定語(yǔ)形

5、容詞”,把只能用作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的形容詞稱做“表語(yǔ)形容詞”,有的語(yǔ)法學(xué)家把它們統(tǒng)稱為外圍形容詞。例如可以說(shuō):This is utter nonsense. 但是不可以說(shuō):*The nonsense is utter. 可以說(shuō):This child is asleep. 但是不可以說(shuō):*This is an asleep child.,形容詞, 就其詞匯意義來(lái)說(shuō),有可分為靜態(tài)形容詞和動(dòng)態(tài)形容詞。靜態(tài)形容詞描繪人和物的靜態(tài)特征,如tall, short, big, small, shallow, deep, ugly, beautiful, solid, liquid等。大多數(shù)形容詞都是靜態(tài)的,但也有少數(shù)帶

6、有動(dòng)作含義,這部分形容詞叫做動(dòng)態(tài)形容詞,如abusive, adorable, calm, cheerful, complacent, dull, faithful, generous, gentle, hasty, impudent, irritable, irritating, jealous, lenient, loyal, mischievous, nice, noisy, obstinate, playful, reasonable, rude, sensible, shy, slow, suspicious, tidy, timid, troublesome, untidy, un

7、scrupulous, vicious, vain, vicious等。,我們之所以要區(qū)分靜態(tài)形容詞和動(dòng)態(tài)形容詞,是因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)谟梅ㄉ嫌袇^(qū)別。 (1)動(dòng)態(tài)形容詞可與系動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行體搭配,而靜態(tài)形容詞不可以。 例如可以說(shuō): She is being witty. 不可以說(shuō): *She is being beautiful. (2)動(dòng)態(tài)形容詞可用于以動(dòng)be詞開(kāi)頭的祈使句,而靜態(tài)形容詞不可以。例如可以說(shuō):Be patient! Be careful! 不可以說(shuō):Be tall! (3) 動(dòng)態(tài)形容詞可用語(yǔ)使役結(jié)構(gòu),而靜態(tài)形容詞不可以。例如可以說(shuō): I persuaded her to be generou

8、s. 不可以說(shuō): * I persuaded her to be pretty.,有些形相似、義相別的詞,alone(獨(dú)自地) lonely(孤獨(dú)的) alive(活的) living(活生生的) lively(活躍的) blooming(花正開(kāi)的) booming(繁榮的) credible(可靠的) creditable(高貴的) considerable(應(yīng)考慮的;相當(dāng)多的) considerate(體貼人的) desirous(想望的) desirable(合意的) efficient(有效力的) sufficient(足夠的) exhaustive(徹底的) exhausting(使

9、人筋疲力盡的),healthy(健壯的) healthful(有益健康的) healthily(旺盛地;相當(dāng)大地) honorable(榮譽(yù)的) honorary(名譽(yù)的) historic(歷史性的) historical(歷史上的) imaginative(富于想象力的)imaginable可想象到的) imaginary(想象的) industrial(工業(yè)的) industrious(勤勉的) legible(易讀的) eligible(合格的) later(較遲的) latter(后者的) likely(可能的) likable(可愛(ài)的) respectful(有禮貌的) respe

10、ctive(各自的) respectable(可尊敬的)respecting(說(shuō)到、關(guān)于),-ly 結(jié)尾的形容詞,在英文里,有些形容詞是以-ly 結(jié)尾的,不要誤認(rèn)為是副詞。這類(lèi)詞常見(jiàn)的有: brotherly(友愛(ài)的) deadly(致命的) earthly(世俗的) friendly(友好的) likely(可能的) leisurely(空閑的) lovely(可愛(ài)的)manly(男子氣概的) weekly(每周一次的) yearly(每年一次的),有些以-ly 結(jié)尾既為形容詞,也為副詞,如daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early等。例如:The Times is

11、a weekly paper. 時(shí)代周刊為周刊。The Times is published weekly. 時(shí)代周刊每周發(fā)行一期。,用形容詞表示類(lèi)別和整體,1) 某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類(lèi)人,與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連接,如the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry等。例如: The poor are losing hope. 窮人行將失去希望。 2) 有關(guān)國(guó)家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個(gè)民族的整體,與動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用,如 the British,the English, the French,the Chinese 等

12、。例如: The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英國(guó)人頗有幽默感。,只能作修飾語(yǔ)的形容詞,下列兩類(lèi)形容詞只能作修飾語(yǔ)用,不能作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)用: 1)起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用或特指作用的形容詞。例如: a mere child a firm friend the only reason total nonsense sheer arrogance the very end a certain winner a particular worker a definite loss the sole argument a true scholar the specific p

13、oint a complete fool the chief excuse the exact answer the principal objection,作修飾語(yǔ)的形容詞的順序,當(dāng)名詞中心詞帶有兩個(gè)以上的形容詞作前置修飾語(yǔ)時(shí),這些形容詞詞序通常遵循一定的規(guī)則:如表示大小、形狀、年齡、顏色等形容詞與一般描繪性形容詞并列時(shí),通常是一般描繪性形容詞在前,其他形容詞在后。例如: a brave young man a very courageous old lady these beautiful tiny round crystals,當(dāng)表示大小、長(zhǎng)短、高低、形狀的形容詞與表示顏色的形容詞并列時(shí)

14、,通常是大小、形狀在前,顏色在后。如: a little brown jug a tall grey building 當(dāng)表示年齡、新舊的形容詞與表示顏色的形容詞并列時(shí),也是年齡、新舊在前,顏色在后。如: a new pink blouse, a dirty old brown skirt,如果兩個(gè)以上表示顏色的形容詞并列,那就得用并列連詞或用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。例如: a blue and white flag, a red, blue, and white flag 如果表示大小、形狀、年齡、顏色的形容詞與表示國(guó)籍、地區(qū)、出處的形容詞并列,通常是國(guó)籍、地區(qū)、出處在后,其他形容詞在前,例如: an o

15、ld Norwegian novelist those tall young British policemen a beautiful large green Chinese carpet a typical high Italian building,如果在被修飾名詞之前還有表示材料的形容詞(或名詞),那么這種形容詞(或名詞)就應(yīng)更加貼近名詞中心詞。例如:、 the small whitewashed thatched cottage a round brown wooden table a useful oblong(長(zhǎng)方形的, 橢園形的)tin box these steep grey

16、 Norwegian rocky hills a very attractive round Chinese cloisonn(景泰藍(lán))vase many beautiful old European cathedral cities,當(dāng)名詞中心詞帶有多個(gè)形容詞時(shí),起順序大體如下:限定詞一般描繪性形容詞表示大小、長(zhǎng)短、高低的形容詞表示形狀的形容詞表示年齡、新舊的形容詞表示顏色的形容詞表示國(guó)籍、地區(qū)、出處的形容詞表示物質(zhì)、材料的形容詞表示類(lèi)別、用途的形容詞名詞中心詞。如: a charming small round old brown French oak writing desk.,限定描述

17、大長(zhǎng)高,形狀年齡與新老; 顏色國(guó)籍出材料,用途類(lèi)別往后靠。 all these last few days a light blue silk skirt the first two paragraphs another three English books some beautiful little red flowers,上述形容詞都不能用做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。例如不能說(shuō): a child is mere, the nonsense was total, the friend is firm, 等等。 這種現(xiàn)象有時(shí)和搭配有關(guān),同一個(gè)形容詞在某種搭配里既可以作修飾語(yǔ)也可以作補(bǔ)語(yǔ),如: a complet

18、e victory the victory is complete a complete foolt*he fool is complete,某些源自名詞的形容詞。例如: an atomic scientist (=a scientist specializing in atomic science) criminal law (=law concerning crime) a medical school (=a school for students of medicine) a woolen dress (a dress made of wool),只能作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的形容詞,下列形容詞只能做補(bǔ)

19、語(yǔ),不能做修飾語(yǔ): 1)某些表示健康狀況的形容詞,如:well, faint, ill, unwell, Im very well. Hes been ill for a long time. She felt faint. 2)某些以a-開(kāi)頭的形容詞,如ablaze,著火的, afire, aflame, afloat, afoot, afraid, agape, aglow, akin, alike, alive, alone, aslant, asleep, astray, awake, aware, away, awash,The wooden house was quickly ab

20、laze. The sky was aglow with the setting sun. The two brothers are very much alike. I was alone in the house. He held himself aloof from the others.,副詞及其基本用法,副詞主要用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞,形容詞,副詞或其他結(jié)構(gòu)以表示程度、方式、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)以及對(duì)話語(yǔ)的態(tài)度等。 The door acted very quickly. The sun appeared rather briefly. That machine can cut bread fairly

21、 rapidly. This is by far the most interesting book I have ever read.,副詞的構(gòu)成和分類(lèi),大多數(shù)副詞由形容詞后加后綴-ly構(gòu)成。例如: politepolitely sadsadly immediateimmediately gladgladly heavyheavily busybusily simplesimply dulldully 有些副詞是介詞或地點(diǎn)名詞加后綴-ward(s)構(gòu)成,意義是 “向” Backward(s), downward(s), forward(s), northward(s), onward(s),

22、 upwars(s), 等。 有些副詞由名詞加后綴-wise構(gòu)成,表示方向、位置、狀態(tài)、樣子等。如clockwise (in the direction of a clock), crabwise (in the manner of a crab), money-wise (in connection with money), cricket wise, education-wise, sale wise, sidewise。 還有少數(shù)副詞不帶后綴,如fast, hard, well, long, slow, straight, quick 等,還有的采取詞組的形式,如all but, not

23、 half, kind of, sort of 等。,副詞的分類(lèi),1。 副詞,按詞匯意義可分為: 1)程度副詞(Adverbs of degree) 修飾形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞,表示程度。如almost, a bit, awfully, completely, considerably, deeply, definitely, fairly, greatly, hardly, immensely, (a) little, much, nearly, partly, pretty, slightly, scarcely, terribly等。 2) 方式副詞(Adverbs of manner) 修

24、飾動(dòng)詞,表示動(dòng)作進(jìn)行的方式如 angrily, anxiously, badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, conscientiously, half-heartedly, gratefully, intentionally, loudly, merrily, mildly, nervously, quickly, politely, rudely, slowly, softly, willingly, warmly等。 3)時(shí)間副詞(Adverbs of time) 表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間范疇。如ago, already, before, early, finally, immediately, just now, late, lately, later on, now, presently, recently, right away, shortly, soon, today, tomorr

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