1、大學(xué)英語四級寫作指導(dǎo),大學(xué)英語各部分分值比例以及計(jì)算方法,聽力（35%）、閱讀（35%）、完型填空或改錯(cuò)（10%）、作文和翻譯（20%）。各單項(xiàng)報(bào)道分的滿分分別為：聽力249分，閱讀249分，完型填空或改錯(cuò)70分，作文142分。各單項(xiàng)分相加之和等于總分（710分）。關(guān)于聽力聽力選擇題都是1分一個(gè)，共25分；后面篇章理解，前面八個(gè)空0.5分一個(gè)，共4分，后面3個(gè)句子，2分一個(gè)，共6分，這樣加起來一共35分因?yàn)榭偡指臑?10,則上面的一分變?yōu)?.1分,各題型之間的比重不變 完形0.5分一個(gè)； 15選10 為0.5分一個(gè)； 其它都是一分一個(gè),大學(xué)英語四六級作文評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),（注：雖然現(xiàn)在作文不是15分滿

2、分，但作文分值仍然占整卷的20%左右） 2分條理不清，思路紊亂，語言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯(cuò)誤，且多數(shù)為嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。 5分基本切題。表達(dá)思想不清楚，連貫性差。有較多的嚴(yán)重語言錯(cuò)誤。 8分基本切題。有些地方表達(dá)思想不夠清楚，文字勉強(qiáng)連貫；語言錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)多，其中有一些是嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。 11分切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語言錯(cuò)誤。 14分切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字通順，連貫性好?；旧蠠o語言錯(cuò)誤，僅有個(gè)別小錯(cuò)。(注: 白卷, 作文與題目毫不相關(guān), 或只有幾個(gè)孤立的詞而無法表達(dá)思想,則給0分。),英語四、六級寫作基本文體,首先要指出的是，四、六級作文在準(zhǔn)備和對策上是基本一致的，因?yàn)閮烧咴u分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)基本一

3、致，除了字?jǐn)?shù)上的差距，四級120詞，六級150詞。英語考試的作文大體可以分為： 1、正反論證 2、原因現(xiàn)象描述類； 3、圖表； 4、名言諺語。 5、信件。所謂的寫信，無非就是在這四類的基礎(chǔ)上，套用信件的格式而已。,作文得分技巧總結(jié),1、 卷面整潔，書寫清楚 2、 構(gòu)思簡單，少犯錯(cuò)誤 3、 中心突出，層次分明 4、 固定經(jīng)典，名言注目 5、 重在變化，寧簡勿爛,寫作的“七項(xiàng)基本原則”1、長短句原則,As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body a

4、nd the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar. 強(qiáng)烈建議：在文章第一段（開頭）用一長一短，且先長后短；在文章主體部分，要先用一個(gè)短句解釋主要意思，然后在闡述幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)的時(shí)候采用先短后長的句群形式，定會(huì)讓主體部分妙筆生輝！文章結(jié)尾一般用一長一短就可以了。,2、主題句原則,主題句通常放在句首 To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主

5、題句）. Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.,3、闡述觀點(diǎn)的一二三原則,（1）first, second, third, last（不推薦，原因：俗） （2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推薦，原因：俗） （3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推薦，原 因：俗） （4）in the first place, in the second place,

6、 in the third place, lastly（不推薦，原因：俗） （5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（強(qiáng)烈推薦） （6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（強(qiáng)烈推薦） （7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（強(qiáng)烈推薦） （8）most important of all, moreover, finally （9）on the one hand, on the other hand（適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況） （10）for one

7、 thing, for another thing（適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況）,4、短語優(yōu)先原則,寫作時(shí)，尤其是在考試時(shí)，如果使用短語，有兩個(gè)好處：其一、用短語會(huì)使文章增加亮點(diǎn)，如果老師們看到你的文章太簡單，看不到一個(gè)自己不認(rèn)識(shí)的短語，你的得分率將會(huì)降低；相反，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)一些精彩的短語，你的文章定會(huì)得高分。其二、關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻思維短路，只有湊字?jǐn)?shù)，怎么辦？用短語是一個(gè)辦法！比如： I cannot bear it.可以用短語表達(dá)：I cannot put up with it. I want it.可以用短語表達(dá)：I am looking forward to it.,5、多實(shí)少虛原則,原因很簡單，寫文章還是

8、應(yīng)該寫一些實(shí)際的東西，不要空話連篇。這就要求一定要多用實(shí)詞，少用虛詞。所謂虛詞是指那些比較大的詞。比如我們說一個(gè)很好的時(shí)候，不應(yīng)該只說nice這樣空洞的詞，應(yīng)該使用一些諸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital之類的形象詞。再比如： 走出房間，general的詞是：walk out of the room 但是小偷走出房間應(yīng)該說：slip out of the room 小姐走出房間應(yīng)該說：sail out of the room 小孩走出房間應(yīng)該說：dance out of the room

9、 老人走出房間應(yīng)該說：stagger out of the room,6、多變句式原則 （1）加法（串聯(lián)）,寫長句的方法就是這些，可以在任何句子之間加and,但最好是前后的句子又先后關(guān)系或者并列關(guān)系。比如說： I enjoy music and he is fond of playing guitar. 如果是二者并列的，我們可以用一個(gè)超級句式： Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm. 其它的短語可以用： besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover,（2）轉(zhuǎn)折（拐彎抹角）,批評某人缺點(diǎn)的時(shí)候，

10、我們總習(xí)慣先拐彎抹角說說他的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，然后轉(zhuǎn)入正題，再說缺點(diǎn)，寫文章的時(shí)候只要在要點(diǎn)之前先來點(diǎn)廢話，注意二者之間用個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折詞就夠了。 The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition. The coat was thin, but it was warm. 更多的短語： despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding,（3）因果（so, so, so）,昨天在街上我看到了一個(gè)女孩，然后我主動(dòng)搭訕，然后我們?nèi)タХ葟d，然后我們

11、認(rèn)識(shí)了，然后我們成為了朋友可見，講故事的時(shí)候我們總要追求先后順序，先什么，后什么，所以然后這個(gè)詞就變得很常見了。其實(shí)這個(gè)詞表示的是先后或因果關(guān)系！ The snow began to fall, so we went home. 更多短語： then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that,（4）失衡句（頭重腳輕，或者頭輕腳重）,文章中如果出現(xiàn)失衡句子，更會(huì)讓考官看到你的句子與眾不同。其實(shí)就是主語從句，表語從句，賓語從句的變形。 This is what I can

12、do. Whether he can go with us or not is not sure. 同樣主語、賓語、表語可以改成如下的復(fù)雜成分： When to go, Why he goes away,（5）附加（多此一舉）,在句子中穿插定語從句和同位語從句或者是插入語，使句子有變化。 The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine. I dont enjoy that book you are reading. Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going. 附加法其實(shí)很簡單：同位語要解

13、釋的東西刪除后不影響整個(gè)句子的構(gòu)成；定語從句借用之前的關(guān)鍵詞并且用其重新組成一個(gè)句子插入其中，但是whom /that關(guān)鍵詞必須要緊跟在先行詞之前。,（6）排比（排山倒海句）,文學(xué)作品中最吸引人的地方莫過于此，如果非要讓你的文章更加精彩的話，那么我希望你引用一個(gè)個(gè)的排比句，一個(gè)個(gè)的對偶句，一個(gè)個(gè)的不定式，一個(gè)個(gè)地詞，一個(gè)個(gè)的短語，如此表達(dá)將會(huì)使文章有排山倒海之勢！ Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you. Nowadays,

14、 energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides. We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.（氣勢恢宏）,7、挑戰(zhàn)極限原則,既然是挑戰(zhàn)極限，必然是比較難的，但是并非不可攀！原理：在學(xué)生的文章中，很少發(fā)現(xiàn)諸如獨(dú)立主格的句子，其實(shí)也很簡

15、單，只要花上5分鐘的時(shí)間看看就可以領(lǐng)會(huì)，它就是分詞的一種特殊形式，分詞要求主語一致，而獨(dú)立主格則不然。比如： The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills. Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.,議論文寫作的基本模式,從2006年6月四級改革以來，議論文已經(jīng)成為四級作文的絕對主流，無論是學(xué)生還是老師，都對此類題目進(jìn)行了充分的準(zhǔn)備。對于這種類型的

16、文章，寫作框架如下： 第一段：現(xiàn)象背景介紹+引出話題（公眾觀點(diǎn)+大概理由）；第二段：關(guān)于話題的相關(guān)因素（影響，作用，好處，危害或原因等）；第三段：陳述自己觀點(diǎn)或預(yù)期未來。 組成一篇文章的三要素是：結(jié)構(gòu)，內(nèi)容和語言。對于此類型的文章，同學(xué)們是很難在結(jié)構(gòu)上略勝一籌的； 至于具體內(nèi)容，也完全不需要推陳出新，因?yàn)榕砝蠋熓峭耆珱]有時(shí)間仔細(xì)看理由的。所以，如何體現(xiàn)我們的寫作能力和文章價(jià)值，關(guān)鍵在于文章遣詞造句的質(zhì)量。 此類文章的高分原則為：第一，在文章中必須有五個(gè)左右的銜接詞，來體現(xiàn)邏輯性。第二，用詞盡量避免重復(fù)，體現(xiàn)語言的靈活和升級。第三，盡量使用非陳述句式，如倒裝、被動(dòng)、虛擬語氣及插入語等。,辯論式

17、議論文模版1,Some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that 觀點(diǎn)1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 觀點(diǎn)2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea. There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, 論據(jù)1. More importantly, 論據(jù)2. Most important of all, 論據(jù)3. In s

18、ummary, 總結(jié)觀點(diǎn). As a college student, I am supposed to 表決心.或:From above, we can predict that 預(yù)測.,辯論式議論文模版2,People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 觀點(diǎn)1, while others point out that 觀點(diǎn)2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. For one thing

19、, 論據(jù)1. For another, 論據(jù)2. Last but not the least, 論據(jù)3. To conclude, 總結(jié)觀點(diǎn). As a college student, I am supposed to 表決心.或 From above, we can predict that 預(yù)測.,辯論式議論文模版3,There is no consensus of opinions among people about X(爭論的焦點(diǎn))。Some people are of the view that 觀點(diǎn)1，while others take an opposite side, f

20、irmly believing that 觀點(diǎn)2。As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses. The reasons are obvious. First of all, 論據(jù)1。 Furthermore, 論據(jù)2。 Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest. That is, 論據(jù)3。 A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that總結(jié)觀

21、點(diǎn)。 As a college student, I am supposed to 表決心. 或 From above, we can predict that 預(yù)測.,1.利弊議論文,Model 1 It is a new thing that credit cards have been widely used by college students. Many people welcome this new development while others have expressed their concern about this. Those who take sides agai

22、nst this new trend believe that because some college students have no proper sense of consumption. One common argument, however, for the using of credit cards on campus_ is that some college students have no proper sense of consumption. Of the two views discussed above, I am in favor of the former.

23、My reason is that if college students realize the advantages of using credit cards, they will accept this modern way of consumption .,Model 2 As is known to all, there has been a wave of _. There are many advantages (disadvantages) of this modern way. First of all, _. In the second place, _. Lastly,

24、 _.In a word, _.,Model 3 When asked about _, different people will offer different opinions. Some people take it for granted that _. In their mind, _. Besides, _.However, others hold that _. They maintain that _. Weighting up these two arguments, I am for the first one. For one thing, _. For another

25、, _. Therefore, as stated above, _.,Model 4_ is becoming more popular in _, especially among _. Today, its certainly difficult to think of _.There are several reasons for its popularity. First, _. Second, _.However, in terms of _.,Model (1)Nowadays more and more people pay more attention to college

26、students using credit cards_. Some people argue that this will lead to a tendency of college students spending money without limitation while others firmly hold that college students are adults and they have the ability to choose whatever way of spending money In my opinion, I think this question sh

27、ould be probed in depth. On one hand, the first group is not totally correct because money in a credit card is not countless and the host bank has certain strict disciplines of using credit cards. On the other hand, the second group seems not quite right because there are really some college student

28、s who have no self-control when it comes the spending of money.In a word, we can see clearly that the key lies in college students self-control when they go shopping with credit cards. Otherwise the advantages of using credit cards may become a burden to them.,個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)議論文,Model (2)It becomes a common te

29、ndency these days for people to _. Many people are opposed to _ because they think_. They also argue that _.In my mind, however, I cant agree with _. At the same time, _. In addition, _.In conclusion, _.,Model (3) _ has been one medium of communication that has connected all the people around world.

30、 More and more people tend to concern the _, because it is so _ that _.The advantages of _ are obvious to some people. For one thing, in terms of _, _. As a result, _. Consequently, _. For another thing, _.Personally, I side with the former opinion. Because _. However, _.,Model (4)Presently, one phe

31、nomenon calls for people s attention that _.In general, _. For one thing, _. (For example, _.) For another, _.As far as I am concerned, _. To sum up, _.,3.解決方法類議論文,Model (1) If you fail the exam what will you feel? Of course, you will feel Sad because have to go over what you have learned again. Bes

32、ides this, there are also other reasons for your sorrow. For one thing, you will not allowed to have a further study on this subject, For another, your parents and your teachers will be very disappointed at you . No easy solution can be taken to cope with the problem of using disposable plastic bags

33、, but if we want to make our environment clean, we must take certain measures . Therefore, my viewpoint is that our government should at first ban the producing of disposable plastic bags There is no doubt that this is the most effective way of solving this problem.,Model (2) Most of us today recogn

34、ize that _environmental pollution_ has been a greatly serious problem. Therefore, we should take some measures to deal with it.From above, we can find that the reasons why _credit cards are very popular_, are as follows, the primary reason, I think, _is that using credit cards is very convenient_. F

35、or example, _you can put lots of money into one card instead of cash_. However, _you must remember the code of each credit card. Second,if your credit card is lost, you can easily apply for a new one without losing money in it_. The third reason actually is the result of _college students sense of c

36、onsumption_.,Model (3) Therefore, _. Moreover, _. Lets make our good efforts, and _.,writing task: Recreational activities,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Recreational activities. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given be

37、low.1.娛樂活動(dòng)多種多樣。 2.娛樂活動(dòng)可以使人們受益，也可能帶來危害。 3.作為大學(xué)生，我認(rèn)為,Recreational activities,P1 。Everyone needs some recreational activities to help them relax after a days work or study. And there are many recreational activities available to us in todays society. For example, sports fans may choose to play basketba

38、ll or football. Or one may take a break by watching TV or listening to music. P2。Among the large number of recreational activities, some are carefully designed and can be beneficial to us. For example, playing basketball can help us get stronger and healthier. It can also enrich friendships while we

39、 play together with our teammates. However, some activities may cause harm, especially to young people who are curious about everything but are unable to control themselves. Playing computer games is one such activity. Many college students play them every day. Some students even develop addictions

40、and skip school or stay up late into the night to play them. This can affect their study and health.,P3。As college students, we should strike a balance between work and rest.Recreation is of great importance to our life, but study is our primary task. If we want to play, we need to know clearly whic

41、h activities are good and which are bad. At the same time, we should exercise self-control so that we wont get addicted to some bad activities.,2. 各種題型的寫作方法。 對比選擇型：基本方法為：闡述一種觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度并表明這種觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度正確的理由;闡述第二種(相對或相反的)觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度并說明這種觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度正確的理由;表明個(gè)人支持或反對以上觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度，并說明原因。 現(xiàn)象解釋型：基本方法為：描述現(xiàn)象分析原因?qū)ΜF(xiàn)象做出預(yù)測或如何促進(jìn)(限制)這種現(xiàn)象的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。

42、 問題解決型：基本方法為：提出問題分析問題解決問題。 觀點(diǎn)論證型：基本方法為：分析主題得出結(jié)論舉例論證得出結(jié)論(證明觀點(diǎn)的正確性)。 應(yīng)用文基本方法為：分析所給情景選擇寫作方法。,三段式作文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排,現(xiàn)象解釋型模板一,現(xiàn)象解釋型作文模板二, Recently, . 描述現(xiàn)象，引起話題 What amazes us most is 表現(xiàn)較為典型的一個(gè)方面 It is true that . 對于現(xiàn)象做出的評論There are many reasons explaining 承上啟下,解釋這一現(xiàn)象的原因The main reason is 說明原因一What is more, 原因二Thirdly, 原因三As a result, . 講述導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果Conside