1、Introduction of English Rhetoric英語(yǔ)修辭學(xué),2010-3-1,Book List in Rhetoric,陳望道 修辭學(xué)發(fā)凡，上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社， 1979 謝祖鈞 英語(yǔ)修辭， 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社， 1988 范家材 英語(yǔ)修辭賞析，上海交通大學(xué)出版社，1998 馮翠華 英語(yǔ)修辭大全，外語(yǔ)教學(xué)語(yǔ)研究出版社，1995 胡曙中 英漢修辭比較研究，上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，1993 胡曙中 現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)修辭學(xué)，上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，2004 黃任 英語(yǔ)修辭與寫(xiě)作，上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，1996 郭秀梅 實(shí)用英語(yǔ)修辭學(xué)，江蘇人民出版社， 1985 李冀宏 英語(yǔ)常用修辭入門，世界圖書(shū)出版公司

2、，2003 李慶榮 現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)修辭， 北京大學(xué)出版社，2002 李樹(shù)德 馮奇英語(yǔ)修辭簡(jiǎn)明教程，復(fù)旦大學(xué)出版社，2003 呂煦 實(shí)用英語(yǔ)修辭， 清華大學(xué)出版社，2004 張秀國(guó) 英語(yǔ)修辭學(xué)， 清華大學(xué)出版社，2005,Questions:,What is rhetoric? What is a figure of speech? Are they the same?,Definition of rhetoric,Aristotle(384BC-322BC) Rhetoric Rhetoric may be defined as the faculty of observing in any giv

3、en case the available means of persuasion. This is not a function of any other art.,Definition of rhetoric,Cicero：famous orator in Roman Rhetoric is eloquence to persuade their fellows of the truth of what they had discovered by reason.,Definition of rhetoric,Francis Bacon: Rhetoric is a technique m

4、aking it possible to apply reason to imagination, for the better moving of the will.,Definition of rhetoric,The Oxford English Dictionary (1933): Rhetoric is the art of using language so as to persuade or influence others; the body of rules to be observed by a speaker or writer in order that he may

5、express himself with eloquence.,Definition of rhetoric,Websters New World Dictionary of the American Language (1972): Rhetoric is the art or science of using words effectively in speaking or writing, especially of literary composition.,Definition of rhetoric,The Concise Oxford Dictionary (1982): Rhe

6、toric is the art of persuasive or impressive speaking or writing; language designed to persuade or impress (but perhaps insincere or exaggerated),Definition of rhetoric,Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (1995): Rhetoric is the language used to persuade or influence people, especially by pol

7、iticians; the art of speaking or writing to persuade or influence people.,Definition of rhetoric: Chinese,現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)詞典: 修辭：修飾文字、詞句，運(yùn)用各種表現(xiàn)方式，使語(yǔ)言表達(dá)得準(zhǔn)確、鮮明而生動(dòng)有力。 辭海： 修辭：依據(jù)題旨情景，運(yùn)用各語(yǔ)文材料，各種表現(xiàn)手法，恰當(dāng)?shù)乇憩F(xiàn)寫(xiě)說(shuō)者所要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容的一切活動(dòng)。 陳望道修辭學(xué)發(fā)凡： 修辭不過(guò)是調(diào)整語(yǔ)辭，使達(dá)意傳情能夠適切的一種努力。,Definition of rhetoric: Chinese,張弓現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)修辭學(xué)： 修辭是為了有效地表達(dá)意旨、交流思想而

8、適應(yīng)現(xiàn)實(shí)語(yǔ)境，利用民族語(yǔ)言各因素以美化語(yǔ)言。 北京大學(xué)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教研室語(yǔ)言學(xué)名詞解釋： 修辭是指最有效地運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言，使語(yǔ)言很好地表達(dá)思想感情的一種技巧。研究這種技巧的學(xué)問(wèn)，就叫修辭學(xué)。換言之，修辭學(xué)是以修辭的規(guī)律、方法和語(yǔ)言手段的表現(xiàn)為研究對(duì)象的科學(xué)。,Our definition of rhetoric,Rhetoric is an art or science of using words or language to persuade, influence or impress others in speaking or writing.,Categories of rhetoric,Cate

9、gory 1: (Western Rhetoric) Communicative Rhetoric Aesthetic Rhetoric Category 2 （陳望道） 消極修辭(Passive Rhetoric) 積極修辭(Active Rhetoric),Category 1,交際修辭（Communicative Rhetoric）：無(wú)論說(shuō)話或?qū)懽?，把思想感情表達(dá)得明白、通順，要求在選詞擇句時(shí)，語(yǔ)意明確、文理通順、結(jié)構(gòu)妥貼、語(yǔ)言平易好懂，這樣才能正確地說(shuō)明客觀事物，表達(dá)主觀意愿，完成交際任務(wù)。 美學(xué)修辭（Aesthetic Rhetoric）：要求語(yǔ)言表現(xiàn)得生動(dòng)、形象，富于說(shuō)服力和感染力

10、，最大限度地發(fā)揮語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)功能，給人以美的享受。,Category 2,Passive rhetoric: How to choose the proper words and sentences to express the ideas, and make the language: accuracy, euphonic, and coherent. Active rhetoric: How to apply the figures of speech properly so as to make the content more exact, vivid and lively. It ma

11、inly concerns the usage of the figures of speech.,Communicative Rhetoric,Choice of words Choice of sentences,Aesthetic Rhetoric,音韻修辭格：Phonetic Figures of Speech 詞語(yǔ)修辭格：Lexical / Semantic Figures of Speech 句法/結(jié)構(gòu)修辭格：Syntactical Figures of Speech,音韻修辭格：Phonetic Figures of Speech,Alliteration Assonance C

12、onsonance Rhyme Onomatopoeia,押頭韻,元韻,輔韻,尾韻,擬聲,詞語(yǔ)修辭格：Semantic Figures of Speech,Simile Metaphor Transferred Epithet/hypallage Metonymy Synecdoche Antonomasia Personification,明喻,暗喻/隱喻,移就/轉(zhuǎn)喻,借代,提喻,換稱,擬人,詞語(yǔ)修辭格：Semantic Figures of Speech,Synaesthesia hyperbole/overstatement understatement Irony Oxymoron Paradox Euphemism pun,通感,夸張,低調(diào)陳述,反語(yǔ),矛盾修飾法,雋語(yǔ),委婉語(yǔ),雙關(guān),詞語(yǔ)修辭格：Semantic Figures of Speech,Syllepsis Zeugma Parody Rhetorical question allusion Analogy Palindro