1、第一部分 殖民時期一、時期綜述（關(guān)于清教的應(yīng)該都是重點） 1、清教徒采用的文學(xué)體裁：A、narratives 日記 B、journals 游記 2、清教徒在美國的寫作內(nèi)容：their voyage to the new land adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops about dealing with Indians guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的想法：Puritans want to make up pure t

2、heir religious beliefs and practices.凈化信仰和行為方式wish to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bible to theology.重建教堂，提供簡單服務(wù)，建立神圣地位look upon themselves as a chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing Gods will and is not to b

3、e accepted.認(rèn)為自己是上帝選民，對他們的生活有異議就是反對上帝。Puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated.反對對快樂和藝術(shù)的追求到了十分荒唐的地步。religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.強調(diào)上帝嚴(yán)厲的一面，忽視上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒： John Cotton and Roger Williams 他們的不同：John Cotton was much more concer

4、ned with authority than with democracy. Williams begins the history of religious toleration in America. 5、Williams的宗教觀點：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the ri

5、ght to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行為上的德，信仰上的誠，并沒有給任何人強迫別人該如何行事的權(quán)利。沒有任何政治秩序和教會體制能夠直接體現(xiàn)神本身的意旨。 6、英國最早移民到美國的詩人：Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民時期最好的清教徒詩人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Taylor. 第二部分 理性和革命時期一、時期綜述 1、美國的

6、性質(zhì)：The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic the United States of America.聯(lián)邦的資產(chǎn)階級民主共和國美利堅合眾國。 二、代表作家： 1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明.弗蘭克林 代表作：“Poor Richards Almanac”窮人理查德的年鑒 annual collection of proverbs 流行諺語集 It soon became the most popular book of its k

7、ind, largely because of Franklins shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation. 機智、幽默、風(fēng)趣成為最暢銷的書籍，弗蘭克林的成名作。 Found the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一個秘密俱樂部，討論的主題是政治、經(jīng)濟和科學(xué)等時事方面的問題。 established Americas first circulating library, founded the coll

8、ege University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美國第一個可租借的圖書館，還創(chuàng)辦了一所大學(xué)就是現(xiàn)在的賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)。 first applied the terms “positive” and “negative” to electrical charges. 在電子運動中，首次使用了電流中的“正電”和“負(fù)電”的專業(yè)術(shù)語。 As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and

9、flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficult negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. 作為殖民地的代表，他不斷建議英國改變政策，使美國可以和英國一起發(fā)展、繁榮。他說服法國支持美國的獨立戰(zhàn)爭。 As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic. 作為作家具有非凡的

10、才能，表達(dá)簡潔明了，幽默，諷刺天才。 “Autobiography” 自傳 18世紀(jì)美國唯一流傳至今的自傳 2、Thomas Paine 托馬斯.佩因 “Great Commoner of Mankind” 最平凡的人 famous pamphlet “Common Sense” 著名的政治小冊子常識，it boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”, and brought the separatist agitation to a crisis. 擁護(hù)“獨立宣言”，使分裂活動發(fā)展成最后危機。 “American Crisis”美國危機

11、, signed “Common Sense”.署名為“常識”。（P31，第一段看一下） 3、Thomas Jefferson 托馬斯.杰弗遜 drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了獨立宣言。 與清教不一樣，主張追求幸福。All Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness.人

12、人生而平等，他們都從他們的“造物主”那邊被賦予了某些不可轉(zhuǎn)讓的權(quán)利，其中包括生命權(quán)、自由權(quán)和追求幸福的權(quán)利。 4、Philip Freneau 菲利浦.弗瑞諾 poet and political journalist 詩人和政治方面的新聞記者。 perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-Revolutionary period.可能是革命戰(zhàn)爭后期最杰出的作家。 has been called the “Father of American Poetry” 美國詩歌之父 第三部分 浪漫主義時期一、文學(xué)特征： 1、environment：sh

13、aped by their New World environment美洲大陸新環(huán)境 array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditions of Europe.歐洲早期浪漫主義思潮 2、美國文學(xué)特點:pluralistic多元化，manifestations表現(xiàn)形式: Varied多樣, Individualistic個人主義,Conflicting矛盾 3、romanticism的特點：frequently shared certain general characteristics; moral enthusiasm, faith in

14、 the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and mans societies a source of corruption.浪漫主義之間大部分是相通的，都注重道德，強調(diào)個人主義價值觀和直覺感受，并且認(rèn)為自然是美的源頭，人類社會是腐敗之源。 4、transcendentalism超驗主義： as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither lo

15、gical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. 不講邏輯，不講系統(tǒng)，只強調(diào)超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束縛的個人表達(dá)。 they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.呼吁文化復(fù)興，反對美國社會的拜金主義。 they believed in the transcendence of “Ov

16、ersoul,” an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.相信精神上的超越，相信無所不能的善的力量，強調(diào)善為萬物之源。 it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind. “Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and youll become spiritually wh

17、ole again.” The natural implication of all this was, of course, that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual. This in turn added to the tradition of literary symbolism in American literature. 代表人物：Emerson愛默生，believed that man was a part of abs

18、olute good。人性本善 Thoreau 梭 羅，beheld divinity in the “unspotted innocence” of nature. 自然才是神圣的“潔白無瑕” 5、Literary forms文學(xué)形式：Novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as Americas principal literary forms.長篇小說、短篇故事和詩歌取代說教類及宣言類作品成為美國主要的文學(xué)形式。 6、Imaginative literature想象類文學(xué) 7、the wildern

19、ess came to function almost as a dramatic character that illustrated moral law.戲劇化特色的野性諷喻了時代的道德準(zhǔn)則。 8、The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. 逃離社會，回到自然成為了美國文學(xué)永恒的創(chuàng)作習(xí)慣。 9、Nationalism stimulated a greater literary interest in Ame

20、ricas language. In 1828 Noah Webster published “An American Dictionary of the English Language”. American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. 受民族主義影響，作家的目光轉(zhuǎn)向了美國本土的語言，具有美國特征的本土方言開始在詩歌和小說中大量涌現(xiàn)。 10、At mid-century a cultural reawakening broug

21、ht a “flowering of New England.” Led by Hawthorne, Emerson, and Thoreau. New England Transcendentalism, 從新英格蘭文學(xué)到超驗主義。 二、代表作家： 1、Washington Irving華盛頓.歐文 the first great belletrist 第一個純文學(xué)作家，劃線部分為三個主要contribution the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美國第一位浪漫主義散文文體作家 “Sketch Book”見聞札記,

22、the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.現(xiàn)代文學(xué)史上第一部短篇小說和美國第一部偉大的青少年文學(xué)讀物。 Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused with psychological subtleties.重振了沒落的哥特式浪漫主義小說，隨后坡在此基礎(chǔ)上，把心理學(xué)的一些知識融入了這種體裁。 “Legends of the Conquest of Spain”西班牙征服記 manner 形式

23、 matter 內(nèi)容 ； avoid moralization教化 to entertain娛樂 / amuse消遣 2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.庫珀 contribution: launched two kinds of immensely popular stories the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga 開創(chuàng)了兩種流傳極廣的小說體裁，邊疆傳奇小說和海上傳奇小說。 “Leatherstocking Tales”皮襪子故事集，包括“The Deerslayer”殺鹿者、“The Last of the

24、Mohicans”最后的莫希干人、“The Pathfinder”探路人、“The Pioneers”拓荒者、“The Prairie”大草原, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被認(rèn)為是迄今為止美國最接近史詩的作品。 the central figure in the novels, Natty Bumppo. 小說的中心人物，納蒂.班波 (筆記上添的) the Critic 評論家認(rèn)為，他揭示了矛盾 the direction was morally right the other practically /

25、 inevitable Leatherstocking: insist on old forest freedom 皮襪子：保存了這些原始森林的面貌 Judge Temple: man remain savage without law and order 3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡倫.布萊恩特 poet 詩人 as Irving had shown that American prose had cone of age, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was rea

26、dy to demand serious attention.當(dāng)歐文預(yù)示美國散文時代的到來時，布萊恩特向歐洲讀者證實了美國的詩歌達(dá)到相當(dāng)高的水平。 He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.第一個獲得美國主要詩人稱號的作家。 “To a Waterfowl”致水鳥the most perfect brief poem in the language. 用美國英語寫作的最完美的短詩。 4、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿倫.坡 show his true talents as an editor, poe

27、t, literary critic. 編輯、詩人、文學(xué)評論家。 Grahams Magazine 格雷厄姆雜志（坡的工作場所） “The Fall of the House of Usher”鄂謝府崩潰記、“The Raven”烏鴉the title poem of a collection, “Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”述異集first collection of short stories. 第一部短篇小說集。 often use grotesque or fantastic events.擅長描寫哥特式和幻想類的小說。 （筆記上添的） i

28、ntegrate 統(tǒng)一性 one sitting brevity 簡潔 readability 可讀性 totality of impression 開門見山，加強印象 compression 濃縮 finality 要求結(jié)局 5、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉爾夫.沃爾多.愛默生 be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超驗主義引入新英格蘭的先驅(qū)。 Emerson believed above all in individualism個人主義, independence of mind思想獨

29、立, and self-reliance自強. 作品：“Nature”論自然、“Essays”隨筆錄、 “The American Scholar”美國學(xué)者, our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我們知識分子的獨立宣言。 his most important works are “Representative Men ”代表and “English Traits”英國人、“Poems”詩集 摘自論自然：Standing on the bare ground, -my head bathed by the blithe air, and up

30、lifted into infinite space, -all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. 人形的約束沒有了。 6、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴維.梭羅 Emersons truest disciple. Put into practice many of Emersons theories 愛默生最忠實的信徒，把愛默生的許多理論付諸于實踐。 “In Walden”沃爾登成名作?！癈ivil Disobedience”平民反抗essay 隨筆。非暴力不合作 教義：I would not h

31、ave anyone adopt my mode of living, each should find out his own way, not his neighbors or his parents. 我不希望人們接受我的生活模式，每一個都應(yīng)該發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的生活方式，不是鄰居的，也不是他父母的。 7、Nathaniel Hawthorne 納薩尼爾.霍桑 background: one of his ancestors was Judge Hathorne, who harm a person.曾經(jīng)有個做法官的祖輩害人。 “The House of the Seven Gables”七尖角閣

32、房，是霍桑著名神秘小說中的一個房屋名稱。 he reveals the depth of his concern with the dark side of Puritanism, the harshness and the persecutions.對清教徒陰暗面的深切關(guān)注，認(rèn)為清教徒的戒行過于森嚴(yán)，對不同信仰人的迫害過于殘酷。 “Mosses from an Old Manse”古廈青苔、“The Marble Faun”玉石神像 特點unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the

33、deepest roots of mans moral nature. 獨特才能主要表現(xiàn)在他能夠通過一些極具象征意義的故事來觸摸人類靈魂深處的道德品質(zhì)。 his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appears strongly in his short stories. 短篇小說里，通過活生生、極具有象征意義的想象來體現(xiàn)人類社會的一些重大道德問題。 to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time ap

34、pear as a moral symbol.杰出之處在于他能把一個故事安放在自己設(shè)置的正義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之中來講述，他書中的正義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)成為當(dāng)時人們的道德參考。 （課堂筆記提及的）“The Scarlet Letter”紅字 女主角honest, calmly face fault 誠實，坦然的面對罪過。 弗洛伊德人格理論：Id 本我 欲望，只要快樂 Roger 女主角的丈夫 Ego 自我 分辨對錯，受約束，符合現(xiàn)實 Hester 女主角 Superego 超我 Dim 女主角的情人，牧師 女主角的自我成長和自我救贖的過程。Ego growth and redeem by her own of proce

35、ss “The Scarlet Letter”analysis分析：it not a praise of a Hester sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned against. Young Hester borders on being licentious. Her drive is sexual. She does her best to keep her hold on the magic chain humanity. Her life eventually acquires a real s

36、ignificance when she reestablishes a meaningful relationship with her fellowmen Symbolic of her moral development is the gradual imperceptible change with the scarlet letter undergoes in meaning. At first it is a token of shame, “Adultery” but then the genuine sympathy and help Hester offered to her

37、 fellow villagers changes it to “Able”. Later in the story, the letter A appears in the sky, signifying “Angel”. There is reason to agree with the critical observation that A may represent Adamic, or prehistoric, an archetypal vice suggestive of “original sin,” Dimmesdale, on the other hand, banishe

38、s himself form society. Deeply preoccupied with himself, he lives a stranger among his admirers. The result is that, whereas Hester is able to reconstruct her life and win a moral victory, Dimmesdale undergoes the tragic experience of physical and spiritual disintegration. Between him and Hester the

39、y point to a moral as Hawthorne may intend them to do, that the best policy for man is to be true, honest, and ever ready to show ones worst to the outside world. 8、Herman Melville 赫爾曼.麥爾維爾 “Moby Dick”白鯨，a tremendous chronicle of whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.主要講述

40、了一個為追捕一只想象中的神秘白鯨的漫長海上故事。The book is steeped in symbolism. 本書達(dá)到了象征主義手法的創(chuàng)作高峰。主人公：Ishmael，取自圣經(jīng)。在書中說：to write a mighty book you must have a mighty theme. 寫一部宏大的著作，必須有一個宏大的主題。故事人物：Captain Ahab.船長阿哈比；Queequeg，捕鯨人奎因奎格，was a friendly person；the rebellious struggle of Captain Ahab against the overwhelming, m

41、ysterious vastness of the universe and its awesome, sometimes merciless forces. The fitting symbol for his theme was the “gliding great demon of the seas of life.”阿哈比艦長和各種危險之間的激烈斗爭，他同那些強大的、神秘的自然展開斗爭，他們令人毛骨悚然，有時還冷酷無情。他把那只大白鯨貼切的比喻為“生命海洋中滑行的惡魔”。 “Moby Dick”：one of the major themes in Melville is aliena

42、tion, which he sensed existing in the life of his time on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Captain Ahab seems to be the best illustration of it all. The voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.”

43、 He had Ahab topmost in his mind. In a sense Ahab embodies all of the evil he once consigned to Moby Dick. 9、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃茲沃思.朗費羅 poet 詩人 it would be hard, also, to overestimate the importance of his anthology “The Poets and Poetry of Europe”. His own poetry became a means of teach

44、ing readers of his day something of the possible range of poetic subject matter and techniques, ancient, medieval, and modern. 歐洲詩人及詩不能把這部作品估計過高。他自己的詩歌成為了他教學(xué)的材料，在書中他講述了詩的主題和一些寫作技巧。從古代的，中世紀(jì)的一直到現(xiàn)代的詩歌，他都一一作了闡述。 殊榮：he became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poets corner of Westminster

45、Abbey.朗費羅被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的詩人之角，他也是美國惟一獲此殊榮的詩人。 The gentleness, sweetness, and purity for his poetry was popular during his lifetime. 他的詩歌因高雅宜人、純正有韻味而大受歡迎。 he was consistently high-minded but conventional, and untouched by the religious and social struggles that disturbed his contemporaries. 他接受正統(tǒng)的思想，但并不保

46、守。他的思想沒有受到當(dāng)時社會、宗教和各種政治斗爭的影響。 特點：exercised a great influence in bringing European culture to the U.S., and likewise did much to popularize American folk themes abroad where his work was immensely popular and widely translated.在引進(jìn)歐洲文化上起巨大推動作用，也把美國民間文化傳播到國外，他的作品還被翻譯成多種文字，在海外受到高度評價。第四部分 現(xiàn)實主義時期一、時期綜述： 1、

47、鍍金時代：The Gilded Age, an age of excess and extremes, of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope. 無節(jié)制、走極端，倒退和進(jìn)步、貧困和富有并存，既令人沮喪又讓人有希望的時代。 2、Although Americans continued to read the works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, and Poe, the great age of American romanticism

48、had ended. By the 1870s the New England Renaissance had waned. 新英格蘭的文藝復(fù)興已開始接近尾聲。 3、現(xiàn)實主義和自然主義作家的人物刻畫方法： 19世紀(jì)末,the literary naturalists who followed them, rejected the portrayal of idealized characters and events. Instead, they sought to describe the wide range of American experience and to present th

49、e subtleties of human personality, to portray characters who were less simply all good or all bed. 反對在作品中描繪理想化了的人物和事件，關(guān)注人性中的微妙之處。 4、Realism：（現(xiàn)實主義）appeared in the United States in the literature of local color, an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things was immediately observab

50、le. the dialects, customs, sights.現(xiàn)實主義有濃厚的美國本土特色，是浪漫主義故事情節(jié)和現(xiàn)實主義描寫相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物：美國風(fēng)味的方言、風(fēng)俗、各種觀點 5、自然主義：naturalism, a new and harsher realism, 新型的更為冷峻的現(xiàn)實主義，產(chǎn)生悲觀的流派 ， 產(chǎn)生于the end of the century 十九世紀(jì)末，因為Perception of societys disorders 對社會無序的感知。 Presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were

51、dominated by their environment and heredity. 設(shè)法盡力客觀真實地展現(xiàn)出受環(huán)境與出身局限的下層人民和各種經(jīng)濟階層人物的真正生活。 The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, the religious “truths” were illusory, that the destiny of

52、 humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. 強調(diào)世界的非道德性，人們沒有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虛幻的，現(xiàn)實生活是痛苦的。 Deterministic 決定論，宿命的， 代表作家：Stephen Crane 史蒂芬.克萊恩, Frank Norris 弗朗克.諾里斯, Jack London 杰克.倫敦, Theodore Dreiser 西奧多.德萊塞. 6、Darwinism: 達(dá)爾文主義:an evident influence on naturalism, stress the animality of man, to su

53、ggest that be was dominated by the irresistible forces of evolution. 對自然主義影響極大，強調(diào)人的動物性，意味著人的命運受進(jìn)化的不可抗力來決定的。 7、William Dean Howells 威廉.迪安.豪厄斯， The arbiter of 19th century literary realism in America。十九世紀(jì)美國現(xiàn)實主義文學(xué)泰斗，提拔許多年輕作家 His defined realism: nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment

54、 of material. 不加一分，不減一分，百分之百描寫現(xiàn)實。 中央視角：an objective point of view 二、代表作家： 1、Walt Whitman 沃爾特.惠特曼 free verse (自由詩體) without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. 無固定節(jié)奏，無有規(guī)律的韻腳 “Leaves of Grass”草葉集 1870 the first genuine epic poem. 美國歷史上第一部真正的史詩 Poems 特點：most of the poems in “Leaves of Grass”are about

55、 man and nature. 關(guān)注點：In his poetry, he combined the ideal of democratic common man and that of the rugged individual 詩人職責(zé)：he envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet, one who leads the community by his expressions of the truth.表達(dá)真理的前提下，引導(dǎo)社會發(fā)展。 2、Emily Dickinson 愛米麗.狄金森 作品： “I died for B

56、eauty” 我為美而死（詩歌） Beauty / Truth / Goodness are ultimate(終極) the same “Because I could not stop for Death”我不能等候死神 Theme：死亡是實現(xiàn)永恒Immortality的途徑 特點：her poetry in unique and unconventional in its own way. Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines. 3、Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈麗雅特

57、.比徹.斯托 小說家 only one female prose writer(散文作家) in 19th century 代表作：“Uncle Toms Cabin”湯姆叔叔的小屋 關(guān)注農(nóng)奴制度 Pay attention to serfs system 4、Mark Twain 馬克.吐溫 美國現(xiàn)實主義文學(xué)的代表作“Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”哈克貝里.費恩歷險記(馬克最有名的作品) 特點：local colorist 地方特色:a unique variation of American literary realism, it refers to the particular concern about the local character of a region. contribution貢獻(xiàn)：collo