1、英語語篇教學(xué)與英語思維能力的培養(yǎng)江蘇張家港市教育局教研室 龔海平2014.04.24深圳一、語篇教學(xué)的概念1. 語篇的概念2. 語篇的類型 任何文體的語言材料都是語篇。3.小學(xué)英語語篇教學(xué)的概念 小學(xué)英語語篇教學(xué)，是指對語篇的閱讀理解教學(xué)，以獲取、分析、整理和應(yīng)用文本信息為主要目的，以閱讀活動為主要教學(xué)手段、其他語言技能（聽、說、寫）訓(xùn)練包含其中的教學(xué)活動。依照這樣的概念界定，即使是最簡單的英語對話材料也因該放在語篇教學(xué)的高度去對待和處理。例如：A: Hello. Im Mike. Whats your name? B: Hello. My name i

2、s Tom.A: Nice to meet you, Tom.B: Nice to meet you, too.顯然，上面這個只有四句話的口語對話也是屬于簡短語篇的。在這個對話體裁的語篇材料中就包括了幾個話輪（talk-turn）：A說出的“Hello.”是話輪的開啟；“Whats your name?”則是話輪的轉(zhuǎn)換； “Hello. My name is Tom.”則是對上一話輪的承接；“Nice to meet you, Tom.”則是話輪的又一次轉(zhuǎn)換。同時，這個對話體裁的語篇材料還涉及到了英語語言文化和語用學(xué)（Pragmatics）方面的知識，如：與人家見面打招呼要說“Hello.”；

3、與人家初次見面時可以說“Nice to meet you.”，但是再次或經(jīng)常與人家見面就不能這么說了。二、語篇教學(xué)的意義 1.培養(yǎng)學(xué)生從整體上正確把握語篇信息的能力，而不能“只見樹木，不見森林”，避免望文生義現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生。 2.培養(yǎng)學(xué)生結(jié)合上下文對具體語境中的生詞的詞義作出合理推斷的能力。 3.培養(yǎng)學(xué)生運(yùn)用語篇文本信息解決問題的能力。 4.培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的英語寫作能力和發(fā)展學(xué)生的聽、說交際能力，豐富學(xué)生的英語話語。三、語篇教學(xué)設(shè)計的理論基礎(chǔ)1.二語習(xí)得理論 斯蒂芬克拉申(Stephen Krashen)的二語習(xí)得的 “輸入假說”(The input hypothesis)和“ 語言習(xí)得學(xué)習(xí)（The A

4、cquisitionLearning ”Hypothesis）假說。二語習(xí)得是指在自然的或有指導(dǎo)的情況下通過有意識 學(xué)習(xí)或無意識學(xué)習(xí)吸收、掌握母語以外的一門語言的過程。 習(xí)得，是指調(diào)動人腦中固有的語言學(xué)習(xí)能力，像兒童習(xí)得母語那樣，在交際中感悟、理解話語的意思，無意識地學(xué)會和使用第二語言。 的語言材料。 克拉申認(rèn)為，只有當(dāng)習(xí)得者接觸到“可理解的語言輸入”（comprehensive input）， 即略高于他現(xiàn)有語言技能水平的第二語言輸入，而他又能把注意力集中于對意義或?qū)π畔⒌睦斫舛皇菍π问降睦斫鈺r，才能產(chǎn)生習(xí)得。這就是他著名的 “i + 1 ” 公式。“i” 代表習(xí)得者現(xiàn)有的水平, “1”

5、代表略高于習(xí)得者現(xiàn)有水平有效輸入必須具備的條件： 1）可理解性，否則就是噪音； 2）既有趣又有關(guān)； 3）非語法程序安排； 4）要有足夠的輸入量。 2.建構(gòu)主義學(xué)習(xí)理論 建構(gòu)主義的思想來源于以維果斯基為代表的認(rèn)知加工學(xué)說，解釋如何使客觀的知識結(jié)構(gòu)通過個體與之交互作用而內(nèi)化為認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)。 建構(gòu)主義的目的就是要尋求適合于高級學(xué)習(xí)的教學(xué)途徑隨機(jī)通達(dá)教學(xué)（RandomAccess Instruction）?！半S機(jī)通達(dá)教學(xué)”認(rèn)為，對同一內(nèi)容的學(xué)習(xí)要在不同時間多次進(jìn)行，每次的情境都是經(jīng)過改組的，而且目的不同分別著眼于問題的不同側(cè)面。 3.全語言教學(xué)理論（1）“全語言教學(xué)”的語言觀Goodman在秉承語言是思維

6、和交際的媒介的思想同時，認(rèn)為不能僅僅為了學(xué)習(xí)一種語言而學(xué)習(xí)這種語言，學(xué)習(xí)語言就要學(xué)習(xí)這個語言所承載的文化，強(qiáng)調(diào)語言是整體的（inclusive），是不可割裂的（indivisible），是不可以被肢解成語音、詞匯、語法規(guī)則、句式結(jié)構(gòu)等若干個互不相干的語言單位的，否則就破壞了語言的整體性。主張“整體總是大于部分之和”。（2）“全語言教學(xué)”的學(xué)習(xí)觀Goodman認(rèn)為，語言并非先天稟賦，也不是靠模仿學(xué)會的。語言學(xué)習(xí)的過程是一個社會人際交往的過程。人們總是在不斷地用自己構(gòu)造的言語去與外部世界進(jìn)行交流，同時這些由自己構(gòu)造的言語也在不斷地受到外部世界的檢驗(yàn)（tested）、修飾（modified），進(jìn)而不

7、斷揚(yáng)棄（abandoned）或完善（perfected）。語言的運(yùn)用只有在社會語境中才能擁有其潛在的語義，也只有在具體的語境中，語言才容易被學(xué)會。習(xí)使學(xué)生受到全面教育和全面發(fā)展的過程。(3)“全語言教學(xué)”的師生觀Goodman認(rèn)為，應(yīng)該是引導(dǎo)、支持、指 導(dǎo)、鼓勵和促進(jìn)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)，而不是控制其學(xué)習(xí)。應(yīng)該理解學(xué)生在語言學(xué)習(xí)上所采取的不同路徑。他反對采用“填鴨式”的教學(xué)方式，反對總是按部就班地組織課堂教學(xué)，要創(chuàng)設(shè)一個支持學(xué)習(xí)的環(huán)境，還要做學(xué)生的語言示范者，還要觀察學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)過程和反應(yīng)，還要介入學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)活動。他認(rèn)為，語言教學(xué)應(yīng)該是一個通過語言學(xué)4.前語篇學(xué)說 前語篇與語篇教學(xué)的關(guān)系 1）前語篇是語篇

8、教學(xué)的基礎(chǔ) 2）前語篇能夠?yàn)檎Z篇教學(xué)服務(wù) 3）教師要盡可能激活學(xué)生的前語篇，并引導(dǎo)學(xué)生將前語篇積極地為語篇學(xué)習(xí)服務(wù)，并正確地理解前語篇 4）前語篇激活的關(guān)鍵時機(jī)在“閱讀前活動”這一教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)四、語篇教學(xué)中英語思維能力的培養(yǎng)方法1. 英語思維能力培養(yǎng)貫穿語篇教學(xué)的各個程序2. 英語思維能力培養(yǎng)貫穿語篇教學(xué)的各個程序的活動(1) Before-reading activities:a. BrainstormAsk your students what words or ideas they can suggest that relate to the text that they will read

9、, or to a picture from the text or to the topic or title.b. DiscussionAsk your students to discuss a picture from the text or the title. They can talk about what they think the story will be about, who will be in it, and what might happen.c. Questioningd. Pre-teaching difficult key words(2) During-r

10、eading activities:a. Reading for the main ideaFinding key words and topic sentences;True or false sentences written on the blackboard to be checked, according to the text;Fill in the blanks in the passage with sentences, ormatch the topic sentences to some paragraphs in the text.b. Mid-text predicti

11、ngc. Reading for specific informationd. Gap-filling exerciseRemove some key words from the text, ask students to guess the missing words from the context.e. Pronoun checks and guessing unknown words3. After-reading activitiesa. Retell the story in small groups or as a class. Students act out the sto

12、ry, using their own words.b. Rewrite the story in their own words, preferably in pairs or in groups to encourage discussion.c. Discuss the story in pairs or small groups, giving their opinions of what they have read, or suggesting different endings.PEP Primary English（五年級）Unit 3Read andanswer揚(yáng)州市廣陵區(qū)教

13、育局 龔海平執(zhí)教 2012.03.24北京Pre-reading.Read thepassage andanswerthe questions:1. Whosereport is it?2. Whatsthereport about?3. Whereis Canada?Seasons in CanadaThis is Mikes reportI love summer! In summer, the weather is usually very hot, and I can swim in the sea.Spring is beautiful, bu

14、t in Canada it often rains. And it is hard to plant flowers in the rain. I love my garden! It is so nice to watch the flowers grow.In autumn I can pick apples. They are so delicious inthe autumn. I also love to watch the leaves fall. Is that why we can call autumn “fall”?It usually snows in winter i

15、n Canada. Sometimes it snows here in Beijing, too. When it snows, I can ski.I love all the seasons. They are all beautiful and I canfind many things to do.Pre-reading.Read thepassage andanswerthe questions:1. Whosereport is it?2. Whatsthereport about?3. Whereis Canada?While-reading.Read the passage

16、again and answer the questions:1. Whats the weather like in summer in Canada?2. Is it often rainy in spring in Canada?3. What can Mike do in autumn in Canada?4. Because the leaves fall in autumn,people call autumn “fall”. Right?5. Where is Mike now? Why?6. Is it really very hot in summer in Canada?S

17、easons in CanadaThis is Mikes reportI love summer! In summer, the weather is usually very hot, and I can swim in the sea.Spring is beautiful, but in Canada it often rains. And it is hard to plant flowers in the rain. I love my garden! It is so nice to watch the flowers grow.In autumn I can pick appl

18、es. They are so delicious inthe autumn. I also love to watch the leaves fall. Is that why we can call autumn “fall”?It usually snows in winter in Canada. Sometimes it snows here in Beijing, too. When it snows, I can ski.I love all the seasons. They are all beautiful and I canfind many things to do.C

19、anada is a big country. Its n USA. There are four seasons in Canada.Mike likes summer. He can s in the sea. Spring is often r . He likes spring also, because its i to watch the flowers grow. He likes to watch the l fall in autumn. In winter, when it s , Mike can ski.He loves a the seasons, and he ha

20、s m to do ineach season.Post-reading.Read the text again, and fill in the blanks with the rightwords, one word for each blank. The first letter of each word is given.(再讀課文，根據(jù)所給首字母填空，每空填寫一個單詞。)Canada is a big country. Its near USA. There are four seasons in Canada.Mike likes summer. He can swim in th

21、e sea. Spring isoften rainy. He likes spring also, because its interestingto watch the flowers grow. He likes to watch the leaves fall in autumn. In winter, when it snows , Mike can ski.He loves all the seasons, and he has much to do ineach season.Discussion(討論).1. Whats the weather like in spring,

22、summer, autumn and winter in Beijing?2. What do you like to do in spring, summer,autumn and winter in Beijing?3. Which season do you like best(最喜歡) inBeijing? And why?Writing.Write a report on the seasons of Beijing.Homework.Surf the Internet and try to find out:1. Why are apples delicious in the au

23、tumn?2. Whats the average temperature(平均氣溫) inspring, summer, autumn and winter in Canada?譯林版牛津小學(xué)英語(6A)Unit 3It was there!江蘇揚(yáng)州市廣陵區(qū)教育局 龔海平 執(zhí)教2012.09.17合肥Questions about the text:1. What day is it today?2. Where are Su Hai and Su Yang?3. What are Su Hai and Su Yang doing now?4. Wha

24、t does Su Hai want to do?5. Why is Su Yang helping Su Hai?Unit 3 It was there!It is Sports Day. All the students are very excited. Su Hai and Su Yang are watching the running race. Su Hai wants to take some photos. She is looking forher camera. Su Yang is helping her.Questions about the text:1. What

25、 day is it today?2. Where are Su Hai and Su Yang?3. What are Su Hai and Su Yang doing now?4. What does Su Hai want to do?5. Why is Su Yang helping Su Hai?Su Yang is telling her mum about Sports Day. Read the sentences. Write Tif the is true. Write Fif the sentence is false.()1. There was a running r

26、ace.)2. I wanted to take some photos.)3. The camera was in my bag.)4. The films were on the ground.Su Hai:Look, Su Yang. The boys are running.Itsvery exciting. Let me take somephotos. Su Yang, wheres my camera?Su Yang: Its in your bag.Su Hai:Let me see. No! It isnt here.Su Yang: It was there a momen

27、t ago. Where isit now?Su Hai:Is it in your bag?Su Yang: Let me see. Oh, yes, it is.Su Hai:Where are the films?Su Yang: They are in my bag.Su Hai:Can I have them, please?Su Yang: Oh, no! They arent in my bag.They were here just now. Are they in your bag?Su Hai:No, they arent.Su Yang: Where are they n

28、ow?Su Hai:Look, theyre on the ground. Canyou pick them up for me, please?Su Yang: Sure!Su Yang is telling her mum about Sports Day. Read the sentences. Write Tif the is true. Write Fif the sentence is false.()1. There was a running race.)2. I wanted to take some photos.)3. The camera was in my bag.)

29、4. The films were on the ground.What does the underlined word in each of the following sentences mean?1. The boys are running. Its very exciting.2. Su Hai: Wheres my camera? Su Yang: Its in your bag.3. Su Hai: Where are the films? Su Yang: Theyre in my bag.4. Can you pick them up for me, please?5. L

30、ook, theyre on the ground.Say in other ways.1. Su Hai: Is it in your bag?Su Yang: Let me see. Oh, yes, it is.2. Su Yang: Where are they now?Su Hai: Look, theyre on the ground. Can you pick them up for me, please?3. It is Sports Day.Read, think and answer.1. Su Hai cant find her camera and films.Why?

31、上海教育小學(xué)英語分級閱讀（龔海平主編）Unit 4Paul findsawallet（語篇教學(xué)課型）江蘇揚(yáng)州市廣陵區(qū)教育局 龔海平2012.11 西 安Questions:1. How do you usually go to school?2. What can you see on the way to school?3. What will you do if you find a book in the street?Read and answer the following questions.1.IsPaul going to school

32、on a morningor on an afternoon?How is Paul going to school, on foot or by bike?Where does Paul find a wallet? Whats in the wallet?Whose wallet is it?Does Paul return the wallet to its owner?.6.Unit 4Paul finds a walletIts a spring morning. Paul is going to school on his bike. On the way to th

33、e school, he finds a wallet and picks it up. There is two hundred and fifty dollars in the wallet. “Whose wallet is it?” he wonders.Then , an old lady comes over. Paul asks the old lady, “Is it your wallet, madam?”The old lady says, “Yes, its mine.” “Whatsin the wallet, then?” Paul asks.The old lady says, “Two hundred and fifty dollars.”Paul says, “Thats right, madam. Here you are.” And he gives the wallet back to the lady.The lady smiles and says, “You are agood boy. Here is twenty-five dollars for you. Thank you very much.”Paul says, “You are welcome,