1、環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語 Professional English for Environmental Engineering,Han Xiaogang College of Resources and Environment Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Tel:QQ:103475685,2,English Proverb,The only person you should try to be better than, is who you were yesterday.,你唯一應(yīng)該超越的人，是昨天的自己。,3,Re

2、view of the Last Lesson,4,Review of the Last Lesson,Unique Data 獨(dú)特 的數(shù)據(jù),Quality 質(zhì)量,Unique Data 數(shù)據(jù)的獨(dú)特性保證了其權(quán)威性和受歡迎度 We have been capturing, unifying and standardising（收集、統(tǒng)一、規(guī)范） Author Cited References over 55 years, and this allows unique methods of discovery simply not possible in any other literature

3、 database.,Diversity 廣度,Depth 深度,Characteristics of SCI,Unique capabilities,5,Review of the Last Lesson,例如：某期刊2008年影響因子的計(jì)算 本刊2007年的文章在2008年的被引次數(shù)： 50;本刊2007年的發(fā)文量： 100 . 本刊2006年的文章在2008年的被引次數(shù)： 100;本刊2006年的發(fā)文量： 100 .,Impact factor,本刊2006-2007的文章在2008年的被引次數(shù)總計(jì)： 150 本刊2003-2004年的發(fā)文量總計(jì)： 200 本刊2005年的影響因子：0.

4、75 = 150200,Journals with higher impact factors seemed to be more important than those with lower ones,6,Review of the Last Lesson,Immediacy Index,An immediacy index is a measure of how topical and urgent work published in a scientific journal is.,The immediacy index is calculated based on the paper

5、s published in a journal in a single calendar year.,For example, the 2005 immediacy index for a journal would be calculated as follows: 2005immediacy index=A/B,7,2. SCI in China,上世紀(jì)80年代末，南京大學(xué)率先將SCI引入中國的科研評價體系。,The History,Present Situation,2008年，中國科學(xué)技術(shù)信息研究所公布的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果顯示：2007年，SCI收錄的中國科技論文數(shù)達(dá)94800篇，比2006年

6、增長33.5%，占世界份額的7.5%，排在世界第三位，僅處于美國和英國之后。,2003年至2013年（截至2013年9月1日），我國科技人員發(fā)表的國際科技論文共被引用709.88萬次，比上年度統(tǒng)計(jì)時提升1位，排在世界第5位。,Review of the Last Lesson,8,Part The Major Citation Index,3. Merits and Mistakes,從一定程度上使得科研資助更加客觀、公平，提高了我國高校的學(xué)術(shù)競爭力，促進(jìn)了我國科研事業(yè)的發(fā)展曲欽岳,SCI成了Stupid Chinese Idea（愚蠢的中國式觀念）-李國杰院士,Positive aspect

7、,Negative aspect,誰來決定中國基礎(chǔ)研究方向-蔡睿賢院士,一定要看發(fā)表文章數(shù)量、一定要看排名先后的科研評價體系，已經(jīng)嚴(yán)重阻礙了科技工作者的成長，過于苛刻的量化考核指標(biāo)讓他們無法正常進(jìn)行科研-陳宜瑜院士（前國家自然科學(xué)基金委員會主任）,9,Part The Major Citation Index,3. How to make use of SCI？,Web of Science,1997年，美國Thomson Scientific（湯姆森科技信息集團(tuán)）基于WEB的開放環(huán)境，將SCI，SSCI，AHCI整合，創(chuàng)建了網(wǎng)絡(luò)版的多學(xué)科文摘數(shù)據(jù)庫Web of Science,10,Part

8、 The Major Citation Index,3. How to make use of SCI？,Web of Science,11,Part The Major Citation Index,Web of Science,12,Part The Major Citation Index,選擇檢索方式,檢索途徑選擇,入庫時間設(shè)置,選擇引文庫,13,SCI 作者檢索,作者的寫法：姓在前，名在后，姓用全稱，名用縮寫,中國： 宋榮方Song RF 楊 庚Yang G,國外： James C. Smith Smith JC 高橋悟(Takahashi, Satoru) Takahashi S,

9、Part The Major Citation Index,SCI 地址檢索,Fujian Agr that which we can see, hear, touch, smell, and taste. When the goal of improving environmental quality is taken to be improving human wellbeing, the word environment broadens to include all kinds of social, ecnomic, and cultural aspects.,System is a

10、set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole; as, a solar system, irrigation system, water supply system, the world or universe.,System,31,3. Some Definitions,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Engineering,Engineering is a profession (職業(yè)、專業(yè)) tha

11、t applies science and mathematics to make the properties (特性) of matter and sources of energy useful in structures, machines, products, systems, and processes.,Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the air, water, or land that c

12、an harmfully affect the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms.,Pollution,32,3. Some Definitions,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Environmental engineering is manifest (顯示，表明) by sound Engineering thought and practice in the solution of problems of Environm

13、ental sanitation, notably (尤其) in the provision of safe, palatable (可口的), and ample (足夠) public water supples; the proper disposal of or recycle of wasterwater and solid wastes; the adequate drainage of urban and rural areas for proper sanitation; and the control of water, soil, and atmospheric poll

14、ution, and the social and environmental impact of these solutions.,Environmental engineering,Furthermore it is concerned with engineering problems on the field of public health.,33,3. Interaction of systems,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Many of environmental problems will apply only

15、 within one of water, air, or land systems , justifying (證明，為作出解釋) the breakdown (分解) into these categories. Such a classification is also useful for easier comprehension (理解) of related problems within one system.,Moreover, it is sensible because, for manager and administrative reasons, such subfie

16、lds (子域) as air pollution, water supply, wastewater disposal, and solid waste disposal are often dealt with separately by governmental agencies.,34,3. Interaction of systems,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Unfortunately, many important environmental problems are not confined (局限于) to

17、an air, water, or land system, but involve interactions between systems.,A current example is the acid rain problem stemming from (根源) the emission (排放) of sulfur dioxide (二氧化硫) and nitrogen oxide gases into the atmosphere from the stacks (煙囪) of generating stations (發(fā)電廠), smelters (熔爐), and automob

18、ile exhausts (汽車尾氣) 。,These gases are then transported by air currents (氣流) over wide regions. Rainfall “washes them out”, creating acid rain which is harmful to aquatic life (水生生物), forests, and agricultural crops.,35,4. Environmental Problems,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Many maj

19、or improvements to our standard of living can be attributed to the application of science and technology.,With these improvements, however, have come disturbing side effects, such as lost arable land (耕地), disappearing forests, environmental pollution, and new organisms resistant to controls (微生物滋長

20、).,Environmental problems are always interrelated. Sometimes a solution to one problem actually creates another problem.,36,4. Environmental Problems,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,For example, when people are sick and dying from disease, it is natural to want to improve human health

21、.,When health is improved and infant mortality (嬰兒死亡率) is reduced, a population explosion may result.,To feed this growing pollution, natural habitats (自然棲息地) are often destroyed by turning them into farmland.,As natural habitats are destroyed, the wild plants, predatory animals (食肉動物), and parasite

22、s (寄生生物) that once lived there are killed as well.,37,4. Environmental Problems,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Because of the lack of predators and parasites, outbreaks of insect pests (害蟲) become more common.,Farmers use pesticides (農(nóng)藥) to control the pests and protect the crops, bu

23、t in the process the environment becomes polluted.,The development of this entire (整個的) cycle in itself consumes fossil fuel (化石燃料) supplies that are becoming scarce.,In addition, when fuels are burned, air pollutants are generated.,38,4. Environmental Problems,Part Introduction to Environmental Eng

24、ineering,How does a person begin to study such a network of interlocking (相關(guān)聯(lián)的) problems? To make the task (工作、任務(wù)) a bit more manageable, we should recognize what environmental problems people are up against.,What environmental problems are people up against？,Overpopulation,Pollution,Depletion of Re

25、sources,Changes in the Global Condition,The War,39,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,40,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,范文： Aerobic Treatment Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break do

26、wn and digest the the waste. Aerobic bacteria are like humans in that they require oxygen to survive and thrive. This is the primary difference between aerobic systems and septic systems, you see. Septic systems depend on much less efficient anaerobic bacteria.,41,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,During this oxidation proc

27、ess, pollutants are broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), nitrates, sulphates and biomass (micro-organisms). By optimizing the oxygen supply with so-called aerators, the process can be significantly accelerated. Of all biological waste treatment method, aerobic digestion is the most wi

28、despead process used throughout the world (more than 95%). Aerobic bacteria demand oxygen to decompose dissolved pollutants. Large amounts of pollutants require large quantities of bacteria; hence the demand for oxygen will be high. The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the quantity of

29、dissolved organic pollutants that can be removed in biological oxidation by the bacteria. It is expressed in mg/L.,42,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) measures the quantity of dissolved organic pollutants that can be removed in chemical oxidation, by adding strong acids. It is expressed in

30、mg/L. The ratio BOD/COD gives an indication of the fraction of pollutants in the wastewater that is biodegradable. Aerobic bacteria are very efficient in breaking down waste products. As a result, aerobic treatment usually yields better effluent quality than that obtained in anaerobic processes.,43,

31、專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,1. 專業(yè)英語翻譯概論 1.1 專業(yè)英語的特點(diǎn) 1.1.1 專業(yè)英語的詞匯特點(diǎn) 專業(yè)詞匯出現(xiàn)的頻率低。 詞義專一。 廣泛是使用縮寫詞。如： COD chemical oxygen demand 化學(xué)需氧量 BOD biochemical oxygen demand 生化需氧量 TOC total organic carbon 總有機(jī)碳 DO dissolved oxygen 溶解氧,44,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,POPs persistent organic pollutants 持久性有機(jī)污染物 TSP total suspended particle 總懸浮顆粒 TKN tot

32、al Kjeldahl nitrogen 總凱氏氮 UASB up flow anaerobic sludge blanket 上流式厭氧污泥床 MBR membrane bioreactor 膜生物反應(yīng)器 SBR sequencing batch reactor 間歇式活性污泥法 1.1.2 專業(yè)英語的句法特點(diǎn) 廣泛使用陳述句。 Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process i

33、n which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.,45,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,廣泛使用被動語態(tài)。 During this oxidation process, pollutants are broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), nitrates, sulphates and biomass (micro-organisms). By optimizing the oxygen supply with

34、 so-called aerators, the process can be significantly accelerated. 被動語態(tài)在專業(yè)英語中的使用比在其他場合更為廣泛，主要因?yàn)楸粍泳浔戎鲃泳涓苷f明需要論證的對象，更能使其位置鮮明、突出。,46,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,簡略表達(dá)多。 The ratio BOD/COD gives an indication of the fraction of pollutants in the wastewater that is biodegradable. 長句使用多。 Aerobic treatment of waste is the natu

35、ral degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste. 主句帶若干從句，從句帶短語，短語帶從句，相互依附，相互制約。,47,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice

36、 caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica. 句子倒置。 Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice 多重修飾。 ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.,48,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,Floating on the oceans are 7,659 tri

37、llion metric tons of ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica. 庖丁解牛。 ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica. 就近修飾原則。 Layer 1: Ice encased

38、in 10,000 icebergs Layer 2: icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, icebergsmore than ninety percent of them from Antarctica. 粗譯： 世界大洋里漂浮著7659萬億噸的冰。這些冰包含在10000多個冰山里。這些冰山從極地冰蓋脫落而產(chǎn)生；多于90%的這些冰山來源于南極。,49,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,1.1.3 專業(yè)英語的修辭特點(diǎn) 時態(tài)運(yùn)用有限。 過去研究過去時（與現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生聯(lián)系）；討論理論用現(xiàn)在時。 Biofiltration technique for d

39、isposing ammonium-contaminated gas streams was investigated. 修辭手法較為單調(diào)。,50,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,邏輯性語法詞使用普遍。如： 表示原因的詞：because, because of, due to, owing to, as, as a result, caused by, for 表示語氣轉(zhuǎn)折的詞：but, however, nevertheless, yet, otherwise 表示邏輯、順利連接的詞：so, thus, therefore, furthermore, moreover, in addition to 表示

40、限制的詞：only, if only, except, besides, unless 表示假設(shè)的詞：suppose, supposing, assuming, provided, providing Aerobic bacteria are very efficient in breaking down waste products. As a result, aerobic treatment usually yields better effluent quality than that obtained in anaerobic processes.,51,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,1.2 翻

41、譯的基本知識 1.2.1 翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 嚴(yán)復(fù)天演論：信、達(dá)、雅 忠實(shí)：譯文必須忠實(shí)、正確地傳達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容。 通順：譯文的語言必須規(guī)范、流暢、通俗易懂。,52,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,1.2.2 翻譯的過程 理解-表達(dá) 翻譯的理解過程 通讀全文，領(lǐng)會大意。 明辨語法，弄清關(guān)系。 結(jié)合上下文，推敲詞義。,Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that

42、 thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.,53,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論, 翻譯的表達(dá)過程 a. 一稿初譯，忠實(shí)為主。 b. 二稿核對，注意邏輯。 c. 三稿定局，潤色詞句。 翻譯的方法 直譯 意譯,Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria tha

43、t thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.,54,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,2. 詞義的選擇和引申 2.1 詞義的選擇 2.1.1 根據(jù)詞類選擇詞義 E.g.: like：像、同樣的、喜歡、希望、如同 He would like to join our discussion. Things like air, water or metal are matter. Like charges repel, unlike charges attract. I hope that I can drive th

44、e tractor like you do.,55,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,2.1.2 根據(jù)詞的搭配關(guān)系選擇詞義 E.g.: operate: 操作、運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、完成、實(shí)施 Thermal convection will not operated in zero gravity. Rockets operate in the vacuum of outer space as well as in the earth atmosphere. Transistors(晶體管) operate as control devices and amplifier. The electric computers ca

45、n operate only according to instructions, which must be prepared by man in advance.,56,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,represent: 代表，表示、相當(dāng)于，是、提供、闡述 Inorganic flocculants represent nearly 20% of the total flocculants. The material referred to as “acid rain” represents the raindrops dissolved CO2 which have a pH of 5.6.,57,

46、專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,2.1.3 根據(jù)單、復(fù)數(shù)及習(xí)慣表達(dá)選擇詞義 E.g.: The ability to do work is called energy. （功） This iron and steel works was set up last year. （工廠） The time for the water supply is cut by half. A is three times as large as B. 2.1.4 語言習(xí)慣的轉(zhuǎn)換 E.g.: Magnetism is used to measure the coldest temperature. (很低的） Light-c

47、olored things reflect more light than dark-colored things. （深、淺）,58,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,2.2 詞義的引申 2.2.1 單詞的引申 E.g.: Today is the link between yesterday and tomorrow. （橋梁） This kind of wood works easily. （加工） Within these broad categories, process differ according to the type of the drier(干燥機(jī)). The thicker the

48、wire the more freely it will carry current. （容易）,59,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,2.2.2 詞組的引申 E.g.: Alloys belong to a half-way house between mixture and compounds. （中間結(jié)構(gòu)） At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant. （能源） High concentrations of critical elements, such as lead, arsenic, mercury, may affect t

49、he human health. （微量）,60,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,3. 詞類轉(zhuǎn)換 3.1 非動詞譯成動詞 E.g.: The control unit of a computer causes the machine to operate according to mans wish. 計(jì)算機(jī)的控制單元使機(jī)器人按照人的意志運(yùn)作。,61,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,3.1.1 名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動詞 1.單獨(dú)的名詞用作動詞 （1）動名詞、動詞派生的名詞，具有動作意義的名詞可直接譯為動詞 E.g.: In the absence of friction, vehicles could not even start

50、. Control of dissolved oxygen, solids retention time and hydrolytic retention time is necessary for efficient treatment of wastewater. c. The main object of sedimentation is the separation of clear water from mixture.,62,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,(2) 一些加er或or的名詞，有時在句中并不表示一個人的身份或職業(yè)，而具有較強(qiáng)的動作意義，這種詞漢譯時可譯為動詞。 E.g.: Talki

51、ng with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings. Professor Wang was the instructor of our experiment. 2. 適用于動詞短語或介詞短語中的名詞可譯為動詞。E.g.: A body is negatively charged when it has electrons in excess of its normal number.,63,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,3.1.2. 形容詞譯為動詞 1. 英語中表示感覺、知覺、信念的詞，如fam

52、iliar、 confident、sensible of等在句中作表語時，譯成動詞。 E.g.: Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible. They are quite content with the data obtained from the experiment. We are not sure about the effect of this parameter on the quality of the effluent.,64,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,2. 有些要求有固定介詞的形容詞在句中作表語或定語時，譯成

53、動詞。 E.g.: The final product moisture is dependent on feed size and residence time at temperature. For larger size feed, dried product moisture levels are higher.,65,專業(yè)英語翻譯理論,3. 起形容詞作用的現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞和一些作定語或補(bǔ)語的形容詞，譯為動詞。 E.g.: The design calculation will serve as an illustrative application of the theory semiconductor devices.,3.1.3