1、to our group,Members: Steven Grace Vera Milly Bonnie Stella Apple Linda,Dangling Modifier,A dangling modifier is a phrase or clause that is wrongly attached to the matrix clause(主句), so that the implied subject(邏輯主語(yǔ)) of this phrase/clause is not the same one of the matrix clause. This phrase/clause

2、is dangling because it is actually unattached to the sentence.,The types of dangling construction,1.Dangling participles and participial clauses,Participles or participial clauses may be at the beginning or the end of a sentence, and a participial clause is usually attached to its subject clause . H

3、owever, when the subject is missing or the participle attaches itself to another object in a sentence, the clause is seemingly hanging on nothing or on an entirely inappropriate noun. It thus becomes a dangling participle.,Example,Walking down Main Street, the trees were beautiful. the walking down

4、participle modifies trees, the subject of the sentence. However, the trees are presumably not themselves walking down Main Street. The participle in fact modifies the unmentioned speaker of the sentence, the one doing the walking (and finding the trees beautiful).,2.Dangling infinitive phrases,Some

5、infinitive phrases are used as adverbial and its logical subject does not agree with the subject of the sentence . ( F）To appreciate the English language, reading must be done. （T）To appreciate the English language, we must read.,3.Dangling prepositional phrase,Some prepositional phrases are used as

6、 adverbial and its logical subject does not agree with the subject of the sentence （F） Instead of watching The Late Show, a novel was read. （T）Instead of watching The Late Show, Nancy read a novel.,The Dangling Construction of pragmatic meanings（語(yǔ)用意義）,1.Leading topic: Talking of (談及，說(shuō)到）， Getting bac

7、k to， Coming to，Referring to eg:1.Talking of money, have you paid the tailors bill yet? 2.Coming to this question，I say no .,2. Expressing the speech way of people: Putting it mildly , Frankly speaking， Generally speaking， Roughly speaking，Broadly speaking eg: Generally speaking，dogs are more faithf

8、ul to men than cats,3.Expressing the talking perspective of speaker: Judging from, According to， Considering, Viewing it from(從來(lái)說(shuō)）， Seeing eg: Judging from his expression，he is in a bad mood,4. Providing conditions for the content what the speaker said: if or with, Provided ,Supposing eg: Supposing

9、this to be true，he is certainly the murderer,5. Acting as a adversative conjunction : Admitting that（雖然，即使），Allowed that，Allowing for， Considering（that） ，Assuming that，Seeing that，Granting that（即使，假定），Granted that eg: Admitting（Assuming Allowing）that he is drunk，that is no excuse,6. Expressing what

10、the speaker says without exception: Barring（除非，不包括），Bating（除以外），Excepting，Excepted, Including，Counting，Setting aside （除以外） ， Leaving eg: Setting aside the question of capital（資金），this business has many other problems,generally speaking 一般來(lái)看 broadly speaking 廣而言之 personally speaking 就個(gè)人而言 frankly spe

11、aking 坦率地說(shuō) judging from/by從看 considering考慮到 providing在條件下 supposing假定 talking of/about 說(shuō)起，談到 ,given考慮到 granted即使，假定.，就算 provided that 假設(shè) supposed假設(shè) admitted 假定 allowed 假設(shè),to tell you the truth說(shuō)老實(shí)話 to be honest誠(chéng)懇地說(shuō) to be sure的確，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn) to be fair說(shuō)良心話 to be frank坦率地說(shuō) to cut a long story short長(zhǎng)話短說(shuō) to put

12、it in another way換句話說(shuō) to begin with首先,There are three kinds of correction methods of dangling construction as follows：,Dangling participle or participle phrases,such as:, Climbing up the hill, several boars were seen.,(a)Determining the logical subject,make sentences into “Climbing up the hill, the

13、explorers saw several boars.” (b)The present participle phrase can be extended into the adverb clause “When the explorers climbed up the hill, they saw several boars/ several boars were seen.”,The dangling adverbial phrases, such as: After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite. what i

14、s the logical relationship of adverbial phrase and the fish？ (a) After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fisherman found that the fish began to bite. (b) After the fisherman had put a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.,Dangling infinitive verb phrases, such as: To write well, a lot of pract

15、ice is needed. To be a loyal employee, a sense of belonging is a must. The infinitive verb phrases of the two sentence cant modify practice and a sense of belonging“. The real subject must bepeople (a) To write well, one needs a lot of practice/a person has to practice a lot. (b) To be a loyal emplo

16、yee, he or she must have a sense of belonging.,Among the three dangling structures above mentioned, the first type is used frequently, however, the following three kinds of situations, participial phrases are right, they are not dangling structure First，in the Absolute Construction, the participle p

17、hrase has its own subject, so it is not dangling structure： Such being the case, we can go home now.,Second, when the participle contain the nature of prepositions and conjunctions , it does not require the logical subject, so there is no dangling problems. For example: Owing to a lack of funds, the

18、 project has to be discontinued. Provided that there is sufficient time, everyone can do the job better.,Third, when the participle phrases are used to express the speakers attitude or opinion, also do not need to be the logical subject, so there is not a dangling problem. For example: Judging from

19、his facial look, the news must have been terrible. Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong with the logic behind that idea,Some instructions of draping the past participle,1 。According to English syntax (語(yǔ)法）,when participle or past participle phrase are used as adverbial ,its logical subject should

20、 agree with the subject of the sentence. FOR EXAMPLE: Viewed from a distance, the island looked like a cloud.,This sentence is correct ,because the logical subject of phrase view from distance is the island，this cession can rewrite as：When it (=the island) was viewed from a distance.,2。When particip

21、le or past participle phrase are used as adverbial， its logical subject doesnt agree with the subject of the sentence，it is called dangling the past participle. Dangling past participle has always been looked as against the syntax, which is incorrect.,FOR EXAMPLE: Moved by his speech, tears came to

22、the girls eyes. This sentence is incorrect, because thelogical subject of past participle phrase moved by his speech is the girl, but the subject of this sentence is tears, they are inconforming.,How to deal with dangling participle,1.Changing the structure of sentences,make the logical subject and

23、the subject of sentence in agreement. 2. Adding its own subject in front of the participle, form segmentation of the nominative absolute structure(分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)),EXAMPLES Moved by his speech, the girl couldnt hold back her eyes. This sentence is correct，because logical subject of past participle phrase

24、moved by his speech is the girl，meanwhile，the subject of this sentence is the girl.,The girl moved by his speech, tears came to her eyes. This sentence is correct，too. Because in front of past participle phrase moved by his speech , here we add an logical subject the girl , so it forms a nominative

25、absolute structure(獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)) .,Choose the right answer from A B C (1)In these sentences, which sentence is showing what is the topic? A: Coming to this question, I say no. B: Considering the low price, the car is worth buying. C: Given that their inexperience, theyve done a good job. (A),(2)“Getting b

26、ack to our story , the princess was skilled.” This sentence suits for which situation? A: Show the speakers way B: Show what is the topic C: Show the speakers basis or perspective (B),(3)Which sentence is show the speakers basis or perspective? A: Generally speaking, dogs are more faithful to men th

27、an cats. B: Provided that a film entertains, few people care about its other merits. C: According to Barthes, the author had died (C),(4) In the following sentences, which sentence is dangling structure? A: Going up the hill, the statue of Lincoln struck my eye. B: Going up the hill, I saw the statu

28、e of Lincoln. (A) Sentence A is dangling structure. Because “going to the hill” logic subject is not the subject” the statue of Lincoln” Sentence B is the formal V-ing structure, the logic subject is same with the subject “I”,In the following sentences, which sentence is dangling structure? A: Tied

29、to a post, the sea was being tossed up and down by the sea. B: Tied to a post, the sea was tossing the boat up and down. (A) Sentence A is the formal V-ed structure, the logical subject is same with the subject “I”. Sentence B is tangling structure, because “ tied to a post” logical subject is not t

30、he subject” the sea”,T or F: To make friends, honesty is important. (x) Reason: in this sentence, there are two subjects: one is someone, the other is something, so it is wrong .We can correct it in three ways.,Three ways: =If one wants to make friends, honesty is important. =To make friends, one must be honest. =For one to make friends, honesty is important.,(