UnitSix,KnowledgeandWisdom(abridged)-BertrandRussell,1,Abouttheauthor,BertrandRussell(1872-1970),Britishphilosopherandmathematician,wasoneoftheoutstandingfiguresof20thcenturyBritishphilosophy,andwasespeciallyimportantforhisworkinmathematicallogicandnotableforhissupportofhumanitariancauses.,2,HismajorworksincludePrincipiaMathematica,3vols.(1910-1913),writtenwithA.N.Whitehead,andAHistoryofWesternPhilosophy(1945).,3,Russellwastwiceimprisonedforactivitiesassociatedwithhisadvocacyofpacifism(1918),andawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1950.,4,Warm-upDiscussion,Whatkindofpeopleareconsideredknowledgeable?Namesomegreatnames.Whatkindofpeopleareconsideredwise?Namesomegreatnames.Whichismuchharderinyouropinion,becomingknowledgeableorbecomingwise?Why?Whatistherelationshipbetweenknowledgeandwisdom?,5,Memorablequotes,Scienceisorganizedknowledge.Wisdomisorganizedlife.Withoutknowledge,Icannotplaytheviolin.Withoutwisdom,Icannotplaythemusic.,6,Globalreading,Isthistextanarration,argumentation,descriptionorexplanation?Whatisthetopicandthesupportingdetails?,7,StructuralAnalysis,8,Para.1,Whatviewiscommonlyacceptedintermsofknowledgeandwisdom?Isthereanyorthodoxdefinitionofwisdom?Hasthewriterstatedthepurposeofthewriting?Whatisit?,9,Para.2-5,Identifythetopicsentencesineachparagraph.,10,(para.2),1stfactor:comprehensivenessmixedwithasenseofproportionTopicsentence:OftheseIshouldputfirstasenseofproportion:thecapacitytotakeaccountofalltheimportantfactorsinaproblemandtoattachtoeachitsdueweight.,11,paraphrase,OftheseIshouldputfirstasenseofproportion:thecapacitytotakeaccountofalltheimportantfactorsinaproblemandtoattachtoeachitsdueweight.(l.1-3)Amongcontributorstowisdom,Ishallseeasenseofproportionasthetoppriority.Itreferstotheabilitytogetacomprehensiveviewofaproblem,andinthemeantime,notewhichaspectismoreimportantandwhichisless.首先,我要提出的是一種良好的比例意識,也就是能夠考慮一個問題的所有重要方面,并分別給予它們適當(dāng)重視的能力。,12,Thishasbecomemoredifficultthanitusedtobeowingtotheextentandcomplexityofthespecializedknowledgerequiredofvariouskindsoftechnicians.(l.3-5)Ithasbecomemoredifficultthanbeforebecausedifferentkindsoftechniciansarerequiredtospecializeinmorecomplexandwiderrangeofknowledgetoday.由于現(xiàn)在要求各類技術(shù)人員掌握的專業(yè)知識越來越多，越來越復(fù)雜，要做到良好的比例意識比以前更難了。,13,Youstudythecompositionoftheatomfromadisinteresteddesireforknowledge,andincidentallyplaceinthehandsofpowerfullunaticsthemeansofdestroyingthehumanrace.(l.14-16)Youstudythemake-upoftheatomfromapurelongingforknowledge,butyouputitintothehandsofmenofpowerwhoarecrazytouseittodestroythehumanrace.你出于對知識的純粹渴望而研究原子的組成，然而這一研究卻落入一群擁有權(quán)力的狂熱分子手中，成為他們毀滅人類的工具。,14,questions,Whatdoes“senseofproportion”mean?Why,accordingtothewriter,iscomprehensivenessanimportantfactorthatconstituteswisdom?Whatmessagedoesthewritertrytoconveywiththeexampleoftechnicians?,15,(para.3),2ndfactor:afullawarenessofthegoalsofhumanlifeTopicsentence:Theremustbe,also,acertainawarenessoftheendsofhumanlife.（僅有縱觀全局的能力還不足以稱之為智慧），我們還應(yīng)對人類的終級目標(biāo)有清醒的認(rèn)識。,16,Questions,Whatdoes“theendsofhumanlife”referto?Accordingtothewriter,howarefeelingsrelatedtowisdom?,17,(para.4),3rdfactor:emancipationfrompersonalprejudiceTopicsentence:Itisneededinthechoiceofendstobepursuedandinemancipationfrompersonalprejudice.在選擇我們所追求的人生目標(biāo)以及從個人偏見中解放出來時，智慧是必不可少的。,18,paraphrase,Evenanendwhichitwouldbenobletopursueifitwereattainablemaybepursuedunwiselyifitisinherentlyimpossibleofachievement.(l.3-4)Itwouldbeveryunwisetopursueagoalwhichisimpossibleofattainmentandboundtofailevenifitishonorabletorunafterit.追求一個不可能達(dá)到的目標(biāo)是不明智的，即便它是個看似可以實(shí)現(xiàn)，且令人感到驕傲的追求目標(biāo)。,19,Questions,Howcanwisdomhelponeinhis/herpursuitofalife-longcareer?Whatdoes“convincingeachthattheotherhasonlythenormalshareofhumanwickedness”suggest?,20,(para.5),4thfactor:impartialityTopicsentence:Ithinktheessenceofwisdomisemancipation,asfaraspossible,fromthetyrannyofthehereandnow.智慧的本質(zhì)就是盡可能的從自身當(dāng)前感受的禁錮中解放出來。,21,paraphrase,Ithinktheessenceofwisdomisemancipation,asfaraspossible,fromthetyrannyofthehereandnow.(l.1-2)Ithinktheessenceofwisdomistobefreefromthecruelandunjustpracticethatisbasedonwhathappensnowandhere.我想智慧的本質(zhì)就是盡可能的從自身當(dāng)前感受的禁錮中解放出來。,22,Graduallywiththeyears,hishorizonwidens,andinproportionashisthoughtsandfeelingsbecomelesspersonalandlessconcernedwithhisownphysicalstates,heachievesgrowingwisdom.(l.5-7)Ashegrowsolderandhaswiderexperience,accordinglyhebecomesimpersonalandhisthoughtsandfeelingsarelessconcernedwithhimself,hebecomeswiser.隨著年齡的增長，視野的開闊，一個人的思想和情感變得不那么個人化，與自身的身體狀況也不那么密切，這時他的智慧就會增長。,23,Butitispossibletomakeacontinualapproachtowardsimpartiality,ontheonehand,byknowingthingssomewhatremoteintimeorspace,andontheotherhand,bygivingtosuchthingstheirdueweightinourfeelings.(l.9-12)Itispossibletobecomeincreasinglyimpartialbygainingknowledgeaboutthehistoryandthefuture,andaboutotherpartsoftheworld,andbyshowingduerespectandinteresttodifferentthings.但是我們有可能去不斷地接近公正，一方面通過了解在時空上距離我們遙遠(yuǎn)的事物，另一方面在感情上給予它們應(yīng)有的重視。,24,Questions,What,accordingtoRussell,istheessenceofwisdom?Andhowcanoneacquiretheessence?Whatdoes“Thisisofcourseamatterofdegree.”mean?,25,Questiontoponder,DoyouagreewithRussellonhisdefinitionofwisdom?Inyouropinion,whatarethenecessaryelementsthatcontributetowisdom?,26,Groupdebate,Workingroupsanddiscusstheresponsibilitiesofscientistsandphilosophers.Debateonwhosejobismoreimportant,thescientistsorthephilosophers?,27,Rhetoricalfeatures,Parallelismtocontributeequivalentsyntacticconstructionstomaketheexpressionmoreforcefultoconveyonesideasmoreclearlytocreateasenseoforderandproportion,28,Examples,para.3,l.11-12“Itisbynowmeansuncommontofindmenwhoseknowledgeiswidebutwhosefeelingsarenarrow.“para.4,l.1-2“Itisnotonlyinpublicways,butinprivatelifeequally,thatwisdomisneeded.”para.5,l.9-12“Butitispossibletomakeacontinualapproachtowardsimpartiality,ontheonehand,byknowingthingssomewhatremoteintimeorspace,andontheotherhand,bygivingtosuchthingstheirdueweightinourfeelings.“,29,C-ETranslation,Theresultoftheexperimentfarsurpassedtheirexpectations.Weshouldtakefullaccountofthecostoftheprojectandth