山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 1 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 外文文獻(xiàn)及 譯文 文獻(xiàn)、資料題目： The fire safety design of apartment buildings 文獻(xiàn)、資料來源： 著作 文獻(xiàn)、資料出版日期： 2001 院 （部）： 市政與環(huán)境工程學(xué)院 專 業(yè)： 給水排水工程 班 級(jí)： 姓 名： 學(xué) 號(hào)： 指導(dǎo)教師： 翻譯日期： 2008.6 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 1 外文文獻(xiàn)： THE FIRE SAFETY DESIGN OF APARTMENT BUILDINGS 13 FIRE SAFETY MATRIX The objective of this fire safety matrix is to provide a guide for the fire engineering design of apartment buildings. The matrix is only intended for guidance and an appropriately qualified fire safety engineer should verify the final design. The three main fire scenarios that should be considered in the design of apartment buildings are: a smouldering fire in an apartment, a flaming fire in an apartment and a fire in common spaces (ie stairs and corridors). Irrespective of the building and occupant characteristics, some minimal fire safety measures should be implemented in all apartments. The following is a list of essential fire safety measures that should be provided in all apartment buildings: Smoke detectors Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system to shut down on fire alarm A 30-minute minimum fire resistance between apartments, vertical shafts and floors. 13.1 Emergency strategy Brief descriptions of the emergency strategy, or emergency plans used in the matrix are provided below. Evacuation on alarm all occupants evacuate the building. Non evacuation occupants in the room of fire origin evacuate the building. Other occupants remain in their rooms, waiting for fire brigade assistance and advice, and carry out protect-in-place activities. Staged evacuation occupants in the room of fire origin and on the fire floor evacuate first. The remaining occupants are directed to evacuate automatically in the following sequence until the fire brigade intervenes. Occupants immediately above the fire floor evacuate after those on the fire floor, followed by the floors above. Occupants on levels below the fire floor are evacuated last. Fire brigade intervention can alter the sequence of evacuation, or halt the evacuation in response to current conditions or any changes. 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 2 13.2 Occupants at risk For the three fire scenarios and the three emergency strategies, the following matrix outlines the occupants that are most at risk. 13.3 Matrix variables The fire safety design of apartment buildings consists of numerous variables and interdependencies. These variables have to be considered concurrently to provide the most effective design. The selection of fire safety measures in many cases results in a trade-off between various alternatives. For example, sprinkler protection can permit a reduction in fire resistance rating required for buildings and may allow extended travel distances. These trade-offs and interrelationships between fire safety measures need to be considered to obtain the most efficient and effective fire safety design. Table 14 lists some of the fire safety measures that should be considered for apartment buildings. The variables presented are not a comprehensive list, and other fire safety measures may be more appropriate for more complex designs. Table 14 Matrix variables 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 3 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 4 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 5 13.4 Buildings greater than 25m The fire safety matrix for buildings greater than 25m high is presented in Table 15. The matrix provides the recommended fire safety measures for apartment buildings with respect to sprinkler protection and the emergency strategy. The matrix provides a simple method of determining some of the minimum fire safety requirements of an apartment building. It can also be used to evaluate which type of emergency strategy would be most effective, or when sprinklers would be beneficial given certain building conditions. The justification of the recommended fire safety measures is pvided in Section 14.1. Table 15 Fire safety matrix: buildings greater than 25m 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 6 the above matrix are designed to provide at least two levels of protection for the occupants. As the building height increases, the number of fire protection measures also increases to provide additional levels of protection and maintain the level of safety for the occupants. Table 16 summarises the occupants who are most at risk and the levels of fire safety provided by 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 7 the above fire safety matrix. Table 17 provides the cell key for identifying the designated cells in Table 16. This key remains the same for all cases presented. Table 16 Levels of fire safety (buildings greater than 25m) Table 17 Cell key 13.5 Buildings greater than three storeys and less than 25m The fire safety matrix for buildings greater than three stories and less than 25m high is presented in Table 18. The justification of the recommended fire safety measures is provided in Section 14.2. Table 18 Fire safety matrix: buildings greater than three storeys and less than 25m 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 8 Table 19 Levels of fire safety (buildings greater than three storeys and less than 25m) 13.6 Buildings less than three storeys The fire safety matrix for buildings less than three stories is presented in Table 20. The justification of the recommended fire safety measures is provided in Section 14.3. Table 20 Fire safety matrix: buildings less than three storeys 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 9 Table 21 Levels of fire safety (buildings less than three storeys) 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 10 14 DISCUSSION OF FIRE SAFETY MATRIX The fire safety matrix considers the building height, sprinkler protection and the emergency strategy as the primary variables. This is due to the high influence that the interactions of these variables have on other fire safety measures. In addition to this, the fire engineer can specify the emergency strategy and sprinkler protection for the building that will provide flexibility to the matrix. Therefore once the extent of these three variables has been determined the remaining fire safety systems can be selected to suit the building. The objective of the fire safety recommendations is to address key issues that result from a given set of building characteristics, while providing multiple levels of protection for occupants in the event of a fire. This provides a backup or redundancy in the design in the event of one part of the system failing. For example, if the sprinkler system fails the occupants will be protected with passive protection and smoke control systems. The following sections discuss the three building height limits with respect to the fire safety measures that have been recommended. The staged evacuation strategy has not been discussed separately as it is a combination of the other two strategies and the same fundamental principles apply. 14.1 Buildings greater than 25m in height. Once buildings exceed 25m in height, the ability of the fire brigade to rescue occupants externally becomes limited. Therefore, a higher level of fire safety needs to be provided to the stairs and escape paths. Emergency lifts are also considered an option to provide rapid access for the fire brigade and egress for disabled occupants. As buildings become taller the level of fire protection needs to increase. This is due to: Further travel distances, resulting in a higher chance of exposure to fire and fire products, and longer exposure time. The reduced ability of the fire brigade to rescue people externally The increased time for the fire brigade to reach upper levels More occupants, resulting in a higher risk of injury and deaths There is a greater variability in occupant abilities and human behaviour, due to the greater number of occupants There are more sources of ignition and fire 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 11 14.1.1 Evacuation in buildings greater than 25m An evacuation strategy relies on the protection of egress paths, as well as the protection of occupants in their apartments before evacuation. The protection of egress paths is critical to ensure occupants are not evacuating through untenable conditions. In buildings greater than 25m high, egress distances can be consider able and therefore, the time occupants spend in escape paths can be significant. In a sprinkler protected building, protection is provided by: 1. The sprinkler system. The sprinklers will activate and extinguish or control the fire, reducing the threat to occupants. 2. Compartmentation and mechanical systems. Rooms, corridors and stair shafts are recommended to have a FRR of at least 30 minutes. This will contain the fire in the room of origin and protect occupants before and during egress. Self-closers provided on doors are to ensure the fire does not spread to the corridor. The stairs are to be pressurised to limit smoke spread, provide a partial safe egress paths and provide a smoke free area for the fire brigade. 3. The final level of protection is the fire brigade. The fire brigades role would be to assist any remaining occupants and extinguish the fire. A connection n to the fire brigade will be provided to achieve a faster response. In a non-sprinkler protected building the systems of protection are 2 and 3, as listed above,however the following other fire safety measures will be introduced to increase the level of protection: 1. An increased FRR to 60 minutes minimum. This is to provide additional time for occupant evacuation and fire brigade intervention. If occupants choose to stay in their apartments the increased FRR will provide a higher level of protection. 2. Connection to the fire brigade. To ensure a faster response by the brigade to a fire. 3. Emergency lifts to aid egress and fire brigade access 4. Zoned smoke control system. This is to ensure smoke spread through the building is minimised. This should include stair and corridor pressurisation to reduce the chance of smoke spread into the escape paths. 5. Lift and stair lobbies to provide an additional barrier against smoke and an area where occupants can wait for lifts or further instructions. These areas can be used as refuge areas or other pressurised refuge areas should be provided. 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 12 6. Emergency warning and intercommunication system. This will allow occupants to communicate with the fire brigade and inform them if assistance is required. 7. Additional protected stairs or reduced travel distances, as a trade-off for the limited ability of the fire brigade to externally rescue occupants. 14.1.2 Non-evacuation in buildings greater than 25m A non-evacuation strategy relies on the protection of the occupants in their apartments. There is a greater reliance on the fire brigade to extinguish the fire and assist occupants, if evacuation is necessary, during and after the fire is extinguished. In a sprinkler protected building, protection is provided by: 1. The sprinkler system. 2. Compartmentation and mechanical systems. The rooms are recommended to have a FRR of at least 60 minutes and to protect the occupants. The fire resistance rating should be designed so complete burn out of the apartment will not result in further fire spread. Self-closers and smoke seals should be provided on all doors opening into corridors. This is to contain the fire in the apartment of origin and reduce smoke spread to other apartments. In theory, there will be at least two doors with smoke seals between the fire and occupants. 3. The final level of protection is the fire brigade. The building alarm should be connected to the fire brigade to reduce the response time. In a non-sprinkler protected building the systems of protection are 2 and 3, as listed above, however the following other fire safety measures will be introduced to increase the level of protection: 1. Increase FRR to 90 minutes (minimum). This is to ensure complete burnout occurs before further fire spread. 2. Emergency lifts to aid egress and fire brigade access 3. Lift and stair lobbies to provide protection for the fire brigade, or areas of refuge if occupants choose to escape. 4. Stair pressurisation to provide a smoke free path for the fire brigade 5. Emergency warning and intercommunication system. This will allow occupants to communicate with the fire brigade and inform them of any assistance that is required. It will also provide a means for the fire brigade to instruct the occupants. 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 13 14.2 Buildings greater than three storeys and less than 25m Buildings that are greater than three storeys and less than 25m, have different fire safety issues than buildings greater than 25m. The most notable of these is the fire brigade is able to rescue occupants and fight the fire externally, provided adequate access is provided and a window exists. The travel distances are also reduced, decreasing the time for occupants to evacuate and the fire brigade to reach the fire.The transfer of information may also increase, as occupants are relatively closer together. This increases their ability to communicate with other occupants and to perceive visual and audible cues. 14.2.1 Evacuation in buildings greater than three storeys and less than 25m This emergency strategy relies on the protection of the egress paths as well as the protection of the occupants in their compartments before they evacuate. The protection of the egress paths is critical to ensure occupants are not evacuating through untenable conditions. Egress travel distances are less and therefore, the duration of occupant exposure to smoke is reduced. In a sprinkler protected building, protection is provided by: 1. The sprinkler system. 2. Compartmentation and mechanical systems. The apartments, corridors and stair shafts are recommended to have a FRR of at least 30 minutes. This will protect occupants before and during egress. Self-closers and smoke seals should be provided on all escape path doors. 3. The final level of protection is the fire brigade. In a non-sprinkler protected building the levels of protection are 2 and 3, however the following other fire safety measures will be introduced to increase the level of protection: 1. Increase FRR to at least 60 minutes to allow the complete burn out of the apartment without fire spread into the corridors or adjacent rooms. 2. Self-closers on doors to contain the fire and smoke spread. 3. Refuge areas in stairs for disabled occupants. 4. Stair lobbies to provide two smoke and fire barriers for occupants in the stair refuge areas. 14.2.2 Non evacuation in buildings greater than three storeys and less than 25m A non-evacuation strategy relies on protection of occupants in their apartments. There is a greater 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 14 reliance on the fire brigade to extinguish the fire and assist in the evacuation after the fire is extinguished. The fire brigade can rescue occupants externally via ladders and fight the fire externally. In a sprinkler protected building the levels of protection are: 1. The sprinkler system. 2. Compartmentation and mechanical systems. The rooms will have a recommended FRR of at least 60 minutes to protect the occupants. The fire resistance rating should be designed so that the complete burn out of the apartment will not result in further fire spread. Self-closers and smoke seals should be provided on all doors. This is to contain the fire in the apartment of origin and reduce smoke spread into other apartments. 3. The final level of protection is the fire brigade. The building alarm will be connected to the fire brigade to reduce the fire brigade response time.In a non-sprinkler protected building the levels of protection are 2 and 3, as listed above, however the following other fire safety measures will be introduced to increase the level of protection: 1. The fire resistance rating will be increased to at least 90 minutes. This will ensure the complete burn out of the apartment can occur without further firespread. 14.3 Buildings less than three storeys Buildings less than three storeys are generally the maximum size of a building without lifts.The egress distances in these buildings would typically be within the building codes maximum allowable travel distances, and may not require fire rated stair shafts. The relatively short travel distances result in short movement times, and a fast response from the fire brigade on the arrival. If necessary, occupants could also use unconventional escape routes, for example garden ladders or climbing down balconies. The fire brigade can also rescue occupants externally via ladder and fight the fire externally. The lack of lifts in buildings of this size may limit the number of mobility impaired occupants that would be present. In general, mobility impaired occupants would be located on the ground floor, where they would be able to escape directly to safety. If disabled The Fire Safety Design of Apartment Buildings Department of Civil Engineering page 92 University of Canterbury 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 15 occupants are present, it is recommended that they remain in their apartments and wait for rescue. Therefore, they would use a non-evacuation strategy. 14.3.1 Evacuation in buildings less than three storeys This emergency strategy relies on occupants escaping quickly. Without fire rated stair shafts the occupants have to travel a relatively short unprotected distance to make final escape.Occupants also need to be protected in their apartments before they attempt to escape. In a sprinkler protected building the levels of protection are: 1. The sprinkler system. 2. Compartmentation and mechanical systems. The apartments are recommended to have a FRR of at least 30 minutes to protect the occupants before and during their egress. There should also be a FRR of 30 minutes in the corridors and stairs, if egress distance is in excess of the building codes prescriptive requirements. 3. The final level of protection is the fire brigade. In a non-sprinkler protected building the levels of protection are 2 and 3, as listed above, however the following other fire safety measures will be introduced to increase the level of protection: 1. The FRR will be increased to at least 60 minutes. This will ensure the fire does not spread further than the apartment of origin. 2. Self-closers and smoke seals will be provided on all doors. This is to contain the fire in the apartment of origin and reduce smoke spread into other apartments. 3. A connection to the fire brigade will be provided to achieve a faster response. 14.3.2 Non-evacuation in buildings less than three storeys A non-evacuation strategy relies on the protection of occupants in their apartments. For buildings less than 3 storeys the fire brigade can rescue occupants externally via ladders and fight the fire externally. In a sprinkler protected building the levels of protection are: 1. The sprinkler system. 2. Compartmentation and mechanical systems. The rooms are recommended to have a FRR of at least 60 minutes and to protect the occupants. The fire resistance rating will be designed so that the complete burn out of the apartment will not result in further fire spread. Self-closers and smoke seals will be provided on all doors. This is to contain the fire in the apartment of origin 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 16 and reduce smoke spread into other apartments. 3. The final level of protection is the fire brigade. The building will be connected to the fire brigade to reduce the time for fire brigade arrival. In a non-sprinkler protected building the levels of protection are 2 and 3, however the following other fire safety measures will be introduced to increase the level of protection: 1. The fire resistance rating will be increased to a minimum of 90 minutes to ensure the fire does not spread further than the apartment of origin. 14.4 Risk and Reliability The assessment of the absolute risk to life safety to apartment building occupants is an extremely difficult task. The numerous scenarios, variables, limited data and changes in the risk to life safety during a fire incident, makes an assessment of occupant risk very difficult.Each of the eight elements in Figure 1 will have an impact on the risk to life safety and this level of risk will change during a fire incident. For example occupants on level of fire origin will have a relatively high risk, but if they move below the level of fire origin their risk to life safety will decrease. An assessment of the relative risk to life safety is a more feasible option, but again the numerous variables and limited data makes this difficult. Previous research by Beck and Yung (1990) used a risk assessment model to assess the expected risk to life and fire cost expectations of apartment buildings relative to the building code. An assessment of the relative life safety is simpler, and in some cases intuitive. In many instances, a qualitative relative risk assessment can be made. For example, given the same building, sprinkler protection would be safer than no sprinkler protection. However, a relative assessment of life safety becomes more complex if different fire safety systems are assessed against each other. For example, is a building with a FRR 60 safer than a building with a FRR 30 and pressurisation? The absolute risk to life safety in the matrix cells is expected to different and they have not been designed to provide an equivalent level of safety for all occupants. Intuitively, it can been seen that occupants in a three storey sprinkler protected building would have a relatively higher level of life safety than occupants in a thirty storey sprinkler protected building irrespective of the other fire safety measures. Both buildings can be designed to be safe, but they may not have an equivalent level of risk to life safety. 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 17 The reliability of fire safety measures is another important aspect that needs to be considered in a quantitative risk assessment. Previous sections in this report, contain reliability values for some of the fire safety measures. This data has been included to provide an indication of the reliability of the fire safety measures and their failure modes. Reliability data for some systems is available, but this is pretty limited and there is no correlations between the risk to life safety and the reliability of a system. For example a stair pressurisation system may work as designed, but fatalities could still occur. Some other difficult problems are questions such as, does a 60 minute FRR provide a higher level of safety than a 30 minute FRR and is a 30 minute fire rated wall more reliable than a 60 minute wall? Information on the reliability of a fire safety measure is not enough to determine the risk to life safety of the occupants. The reliability data needs to be assessed in conjunction with the ability of the fire safety measures to protect occupants to provide some sort of measure of effectiveness. The effectiveness of sprinklers and smoke detectors has been estimated in a study by NIST.The study found that in home fires: The introduction of smoke detectors will reduce death rates by 52%. If sprinkler protection was introduced after the smoke detectors, the death rate would be reduced by a further 30%, resulting a total reduction in the death rate of 82%(Hall, 1993). If sprinklers were introduced first the death rate would be reduced by 69%.Adding smoke detectors would reduce the death rate by a further 13%, resulting a total reduction in the death rate of 82% (Hall, 1993). Sprinklers do not operate properly 8% of the time and smoke detectors do not operate properly 15% of the time (Hall, 1993). Detectors are non-operational 32% of the time when a fire occurs (Hall, 1993). This information of this type would be very useful in a quantitative risk assessment, however for other fire safety measures it is not readily available. In addition to this, it is difficult to assess the contribution of an individual fire safety measure to the safety of occupants. The safety of occupants is usually provided through the combination and interaction of different fire safety measures. Therefore the assessment of the contribution to life safety from individual safety measures is difficult without the consideration of these interdependencies. Another problem is that some fire safety measures provide protection indirectly. For example 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 18 sprinkler protection would provide direct protection, but smoke detectors will provide indirect protection. Direct protection can be defined as the fire safety measures that can directly affect the fire or products of combustion. The limited information and data available makes it difficult to assess the matrix quantitatively. A relative risk assessment of the matrix with respect to the building code would be the next logical stage, but the statistics on the effectiveness of the fire safety systems is limited. Reliability data is relatively easy to determine, but data on the ability of a fire safety measure or a combination of measures to increase life safety is difficult to determine. Some of the problems with a quantitative risk assessment are: Limited data Assessment of matrix variables - Fire safety systems. Assessment of reliability and effectiveness of fire safety systems. - Fire. Assessment of fire growth, spread, production of toxic products. - Building characteristics. Level of safety provided by architectural characteristics, number of stairs, egress path widths, travel distances. - Occupant characteristics. Assessment of occupant characteristics, human behaviour, physical and mental abilities. - Training and Education. Decision making ability of occupants. - Maintenance and inspections. Assess the frequency and effectiveness of maintenance program. - Fire brigade intervention. Assessment of response time of fire brigade and time to extinguish or control the fire. Assessment of interdependencies and interrelationships between matrix variables. For example, the fire size is related to the ability of sprinklers to control the fire. Changes to the risk to life safety during a fire. Occupant behaviour, occupant location, occupant characteristics, fire characteristics, fire safety measures and fire brigade intervention can all change as the situation evolves. Therefore the level of risk faced by occupants also changes. To avoid the inherent difficulties in quantitative risk assessment, the fire safety design matrix is based on providing multiple levels of protection for the occupants. Therefore, if one of the fire safety measures fails, there is at least one other mechanism to provide protection. In addition to this, fire safety training is essential to educate occupants on what to do in the event of a fire, and 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 19 how to maximise their chances of survival. 中文譯文： 第十三章 防火安全矩陣 防火安全矩陣 以 為公寓 防 火工程設(shè)計(jì)提供指南 為 宗旨。矩陣 僅僅作 為 能 指 導(dǎo)和 適當(dāng)?shù)睾藢?shí)合格防火安全工程的最后設(shè)計(jì)。 在公寓設(shè)計(jì) 中 應(yīng)該被考慮的三 中 情況 是 : 在公寓悶燃的火 , 在公寓的明火 和 公共空間的火 (即 臺(tái)階和走廊 ) 。 不 考慮 建筑物和居住者特征 , 一些最小的防火安全措施 應(yīng)該 被實(shí)施在所有公寓。下列是應(yīng)該被提供在所有公寓防火安全名單的方案 : 1 煙檢測(cè)器 2 熱化、透氣和空調(diào) (HVAC) 系統(tǒng)在火警報(bào) 時(shí) 關(guān)閉 3 垂直的軸之間和地板 之間最小 耐火 時(shí)間是 30 分鐘 。 13.1 緊急戰(zhàn)略 緊急戰(zhàn)略的簡(jiǎn)要的描述或緊急辦法 在下面的情況下的 矩陣中被使用 。 1 撤離 - 警 告 所有居住者撤離建筑物。 2 非撤離 - 在的 居住者撤離建筑物。其它居住者保留在他們的屋子 , 等待消防隊(duì)協(xié)助 、 忠告 或 在 被 保護(hù) 的 地方 執(zhí)行 活動(dòng) 。 3 分批 撤離 - 居住 在 火災(zāi)發(fā)生的房間的和火災(zāi)層的人員 首先撤離。 剩下 的居住者 按順序撤離 。 立即撤離那些在起火層之上的居住者 。在 起火層 之下 的 居住者 最后 被 疏散。 消防隊(duì)干預(yù)可能 改變 撤離 順序 , 或制止撤離以回應(yīng)當(dāng)前情況或任何改變。 13.2 在危險(xiǎn)中 的 居住者 以下矩陣概述是多數(shù)在危險(xiǎn)中的居住者 能遇到的 三 中 情況 和三個(gè)緊急戰(zhàn)略 ,。 悶燃的火 公寓火 公開區(qū)域火 撤離 在公寓起火 1 在公寓起火 2 在地板上起火 3 起火層之上須撤離 的 居住者 1 在地板上起火 2 起火層之上 須撤離的居住者 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 20 非撤離 在公寓起火 在公寓起火 在 地板上起火 分 批 撤離 在公寓起火 1 在公寓起火 2 在地板上起火 3 起火層之上 須撤離的居住者 1 在地板上起火 2 起火層之上 須撤離的居住者 13.3 矩陣可變 性 公寓防火安全設(shè)計(jì)包括許多 可變量 和相互依賴性。這些 可變量 必須一致地被認(rèn)為提供多數(shù)有效的設(shè)計(jì)。 防火安全 措施 的選擇 在許多情況下 是有很多 中 的 。例如 , 噴水 裝置保護(hù)能降低建筑物火災(zāi)發(fā)生率，并允許消防隊(duì)到達(dá)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)。 這些交易和相互聯(lián)系在防火安全措施之間需要被認(rèn)為獲得多數(shù)高效率和有效的防火安全設(shè)計(jì)。 表 14 列出應(yīng)該被考慮的一些 建筑物 的 防火安全措施 ， 被提出 的 可變量 并 不是 全面 的 , 其它防火安全措施也許 更適合 更加復(fù)雜的設(shè)計(jì) 。 表 14 - 矩陣 可變量 可變量 次級(jí) 可變量 評(píng)論 建筑物和 出 口 特征 1 建筑物特征 建筑物高度 多居 民 或 多用途 房屋面積 公寓 數(shù)量 安全 防護(hù) 2 出 口 特征 臺(tái)階的數(shù) 目 緊急 電梯 被保護(hù)的道路 逃出距離 出口 寬度 應(yīng)急照明和標(biāo)志 通常建筑管理，強(qiáng)制保護(hù) 。 選擇 使 各個(gè) 樓層的火 是分開的隔間和垂直 的軸是分開的火隔間。 打開所有通往逃生路線的門，門應(yīng)能自動(dòng)關(guān)閉 。 低和高保護(hù) 在于 區(qū)別 已山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 21 3 被動(dòng)保護(hù) 耐火性規(guī)定值 自已 closers 在門 走廊里 的防煙門 煙和火制音器 火災(zāi)定級(jí) 的逃命道路 低被動(dòng)保護(hù) 高被動(dòng)保護(hù) 4 避難地區(qū) 避難 樓層 避難 域 逃脫的居住者和仍留在他們房間的居住者，在他們房間的居住者部分會(huì)受到保護(hù)或處于一中低的受保護(hù)水平。 避難所地區(qū)應(yīng)該提供 給殘疾 人 或他們 被 指示保留在他們公寓。這需要 編入 建筑物的緊急 計(jì)劃 。 防火安全系統(tǒng) 1 偵查 煙檢測(cè)器 熱探測(cè)器 模式可尋址的系統(tǒng) 中心 探測(cè)器 /手工電話點(diǎn) 2 警報(bào) 發(fā)聲器 緊急警告和相互 交流 系統(tǒng) (EWIS) 與消防隊(duì)的 聯(lián)系 火顯示盤區(qū) 仿造盤區(qū) 3 滅火 噴水 保護(hù)裝置 滅火器 滅火水龍帶卷軸 消 火栓 煙檢測(cè)器應(yīng)該被提供在所有公寓。 推薦使用 硬聯(lián)線探測(cè)器。 報(bào)警系統(tǒng) 如果在公寓內(nèi)將是更有效。聲音強(qiáng)度達(dá)在 關(guān)閉 時(shí) 到極小值 75 dB。 噴水 保護(hù)裝置 提供最高水平 的 物產(chǎn)和生活安全保護(hù)滅火器和 建筑條例要求 滅火水龍帶卷軸 應(yīng)山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 22 4 煙控制 將煙抽走 關(guān)閉 HVAC 分區(qū) 密封 分區(qū)煙控制 該 被提供 。 煙控制 分隔 包括煙大廳和走廊煙障礙。 密封 系統(tǒng)不應(yīng)該激活在火的偵查在區(qū)域是被 密封 的區(qū)域 。 這是防止煙傳播。 緊急辦法 撤離 非撤離 分批 撤離 檢查和維護(hù) 檢修頻率 逃命道路維護(hù)和 遠(yuǎn)離 可燃燒物 按 相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和建 筑條例進(jìn)行維護(hù) 訓(xùn)練和教育 消防演習(xí)頻率 防火安全簡(jiǎn)報(bào) 小冊(cè)子和文 章 用舞臺(tái)煙霧 模仿現(xiàn)實(shí)情況 防火安全訓(xùn)練和緊急狀態(tài)計(jì)劃訓(xùn)練 建筑物 負(fù)責(zé)人 居住者特征 年齡 心理上和體質(zhì)上的特點(diǎn) /易變性 教育 文化背景 消防隊(duì)干預(yù) 警報(bào)時(shí)間 (連接到消防隊(duì) )時(shí)刻 到達(dá)公寓時(shí)刻 設(shè)定和 穿越樓層 時(shí)刻與起火 /搜尋 和搶救戰(zhàn)斗 與居住者的通信 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 23 可利用水 火 內(nèi)部火傳播 外在火傳播 火增長(zhǎng)率 火發(fā)展階段 火大小 圍墻影響 內(nèi)部火傳播包括襯里 和可燃燒的材料。 外在火傳播包括 三角壁 、陽臺(tái)和分離距離。 13.4 高于 25 米的建筑 高于 25 米的建筑的 防火安全矩陣 在 表 15 中 介紹 。 此 矩陣 提供了對(duì)公寓建筑的受歡迎的防火安全方法，這些方法充分考慮到噴水龍頭保護(hù)和突發(fā)事件。此 矩陣提供 了 一 些 簡(jiǎn)單的方法 以 確定一些公寓防火安全 的最低 要求。并且 這 中 方法 被 用來 評(píng)估哪 中 突發(fā)事件的策略 更 有效 , 或 在相同建筑條件下哪 中 灑水裝置更有用 。被推薦的防火安全方案 的理由 將14.1 中 講述 。 表 15 - 防火安全矩陣 : 高于 25m 的建筑 噴水 龍 頭保護(hù) 非噴水 龍 頭保護(hù) 撤離 1 FRR 30 2 避難所 3 密封的樓梯 4 自動(dòng)關(guān)閉 和煙封印公寓和逃命道路門 5 與消防隊(duì) 聯(lián)系 1 FRR 60 2 與消防隊(duì) 聯(lián)系 3 應(yīng)急電梯 4 臺(tái)階和 電梯 大廳 5 避難所 (密封的 ) 6 自動(dòng)關(guān)閉 和煙封印公寓和逃命道路門 7 EWIS 8 被分區(qū)的煙控制與臺(tái)階和走廊 9 另外的 出口通道 非 撤離 1 FRR 60 2 自動(dòng)關(guān)閉 和煙封印公寓1 FRR 90 2 與消防隊(duì) 聯(lián)系 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 24 和逃命道路門 3 與消防 隊(duì)聯(lián)系 3 緊急 電梯 4 臺(tái)階和電梯 大廳 5 EWIS 6 自動(dòng)關(guān)閉 和煙封印公寓和逃命道路門 7 臺(tái)階 分批 撤離 1 FRR 60 2 偵查重點(diǎn)區(qū)域 3 與消防隊(duì) 聯(lián) 系 4 避難所 5 密封的樓梯 6 EWIS 7 自動(dòng)關(guān)閉 和煙封印公寓和 安全通道 門 1 FRR 90 2 偵查重點(diǎn)區(qū)域 3 與消防隊(duì) 聯(lián)系 4 避難所 5 應(yīng)急電梯 6 臺(tái)階和電梯大廳 7 EWIS 8 自動(dòng)關(guān)閉 和煙封印公寓和 安全通道 門 9 被分區(qū)的煙控制與臺(tái)階和走廊 上述矩陣中提出的 防火安全措施 從兩 中 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)保護(hù)居住者。隨著樓層的 增 高 ,防火安全保護(hù)系數(shù)隨之增加，以提供額外的防護(hù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并且保持居住者的安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 表 16 總結(jié) 了上述防火安全矩陣中提供的處于危險(xiǎn)中的居住者以及防火安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 表 17 是為辨認(rèn)表 16 的編號(hào)說明提供幫助。該說明同樣適用于所有被提出的情況 表 16 - 防火安全 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（高于 25 米的建筑） 編號(hào) 居住者在危險(xiǎn)中 防火安全 標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 1 1 在公寓起火 2 在地板上起火 噴水 龍 頭 , 低被動(dòng)保護(hù) , 密封的樓梯 , 消防隊(duì) 2 1 在公寓起火 2 在地板上起火 3 所有居住者逃脫 高被動(dòng)保護(hù) , 短距離的 被保護(hù)的出口道路 , 被分區(qū)的煙控制 , 消防隊(duì) 3 1 在公寓起火 噴水 龍 頭 , 被動(dòng)保護(hù) , 消防山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 25 隊(duì) 4 1 在公寓起火 2 在地板上起火 高被動(dòng)保護(hù) , 消防隊(duì)。 5 1 在公寓起火 2 在地板上 起火 噴水 龍 頭 , 高或低被動(dòng)保護(hù)(取決于居住者的位置 ), 密封的樓梯 , 消防隊(duì) 6 1 在公寓起火 2 在地板上起火 3 居住者 逃離 高或低被動(dòng)保護(hù) (取決于居住者的位置 ),分區(qū)煙控制 , 消防隊(duì)。 表 17 編號(hào)說明 噴水 龍 頭保護(hù) 非噴水 龍 頭保護(hù) 撤離 1 2 非 撤離 3 4 分段撤離 5 6 13.5 多于三層而低 于 25 米的建筑 多于三層而低于 25 米的建筑的 防火安全矩陣 將在表 18 中 提出。 受歡迎 的防火安全措施的 理由將在 14.2 節(jié)提出。 表 18 - 防火安全矩陣 : 多于三層而低于 25 米的建筑 噴水 龍 頭保護(hù) 非噴水 龍 頭保護(hù) 撤離 1 FRR 30 2 樓梯通道中的避難所 3 自動(dòng)關(guān)閉 和煙封 安全通道 門 1 FRR 60 2 樓梯中殘疾者的避難所 3 臺(tái)階煙大廳 4 自動(dòng)關(guān)閉 和煙封印公寓和 安全通道 門 非撤離 1 FRR 60 2 與消防隊(duì) 聯(lián)系 3 自動(dòng)關(guān)閉 和煙封印公寓1 FRR 90 2 與消防隊(duì) 聯(lián)系 3 自動(dòng)關(guān)閉 和煙封印公寓山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 26 和 安全通道門 和 安全通道 門 分段撤離 1 FRR 60 2 與消防隊(duì) 聯(lián)系 3 樓梯通風(fēng)道的避難所 4 EWIS 5 自動(dòng)關(guān)閉 和煙封印公寓和 安全通道 門 1 FRR 90 2 與消防隊(duì) 聯(lián)系 3 樓梯通風(fēng)道的避難所 4 臺(tái)階煙大廳 5 EWIS 6 自動(dòng)關(guān)閉 和煙封印公寓和 安全通道 門 表 19 - 防火安全 標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (大廈大于三個(gè)樓層和少于的水平 25m) 編號(hào) 居住者在危險(xiǎn)中 防火安全 標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 1 1 在公寓起 火 2 在地板上起火 噴水 龍 頭 , 低被動(dòng)保護(hù) , 消防隊(duì) 2 1 在公寓起火 2 在地板上起火 3 所有居住者逃脫 低被動(dòng)保護(hù) ,消防隊(duì) 3 1 在公寓起火 噴水 龍 頭 , 高被動(dòng)保護(hù) , 消防隊(duì) 4 1 在公寓起火 2 在地板上起火 高被動(dòng)保護(hù) , 消防隊(duì)。 5 1 在公寓起火 2 在地板上起火 噴水 龍 頭 , 高或低被動(dòng)保護(hù) (取決于居住者的位置 ), 消防隊(duì) 6 1 在公寓起火 2 在地板上起火 3 居住者逃脫 高或低被動(dòng)保護(hù) (取決于居住者的位置 ), 消防隊(duì)。 13.6 少于三層 的建筑 少于三 層的建筑的防火安全矩陣在 表 20 中提出 。 受歡迎 的防火安全措施的 理由將在14.3 節(jié)提出。 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外 文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯 27 表 20 - 防火安全矩陣 : 少于三層 的建筑物 噴水 龍 頭保護(hù) 非噴水 龍 頭保護(hù) 撤離 1 FRR 30 2 居住在第一層的殘疾居住者 仍 在公寓 1 FRR 60 2 自動(dòng)關(guān)閉 和煙封印公寓和 逃命道路門 非撤離 1 FRR 60 2 與消防隊(duì) 聯(lián)系 3 自動(dòng)關(guān)閉 和煙封印公寓和 安全通道 門 1 FRR 90 2 與消防隊(duì) 聯(lián)系 3 自動(dòng)關(guān)閉 和煙封印公寓和 安全通道 門 分段撤離 1 FRR 60 2 自動(dòng)關(guān)閉 和煙封印公寓和 安全通道 門 3 EWIS 4 與消防隊(duì) 聯(lián)系 5 居住在第一層的 殘