非謂語動詞非謂語動詞是中學英語語法的重點和難點,也是高考熱點之一。主要考查非謂語動詞作狀語、定語和賓語補足語的用法?？键c一非謂語動詞作定語1.動詞不定式作定語動詞不定式作定語常表示該動作尚未發(fā)生,即動詞不定式具備將來含義。he has a lot of work to do.他有很多工作要做。he has something good enough to read.他有很好的讀物。 動詞不定式既可用主動式也可用被動式,但其含義有所不同。試比較:do you have anything to send? (動作的執(zhí)行者是“你”)do you have anything to be sent?(動作的執(zhí)行者是“我”或“別人”)。2.動詞-ing形式作定語當該動詞與被修飾的名詞之間為主動關系或用來表示被修飾詞的用途時,用動詞-ing形式。three days later i received a letter offering me the job.三天后,我收到了一封給我提供這份工作的信。this is a reading room.這是一個閱覽室。3.過去分詞作定語過去分詞作定語,被修飾的名詞與分詞在邏輯上通常是被動關系。過去分詞作定語也可表示完成。tsinghua university,founded in 1911,is home to a great number of outstanding figures.清華大學建立于1911年,是許多杰出人物的搖籃。this is a book written by a famous chinese writer.這是一本由一位著名的中國作家寫的書?？键c二非謂語動詞作狀語1.動詞不定式作狀語,表示目的、原因、結果等。she came here to work.她來這兒是為了工作。im glad to hear the news.聽到這個消息我非常高興。he lifted a stone only to drop it on his own feet.他搬起石頭結果砸了自己的腳。2.動詞-ing形式作狀語動詞-ing形式作狀語,常表原因、方式、伴隨、時間、結果、讓步等,與句子主語之間存在邏輯上的主動關系。she sat there reading.她坐在那里讀書。(伴隨狀語)seeing her mother,she cried out.一見到她媽媽,她哭了起來。(時間狀語)being blind,how could he see it? 眼睛失明了,他怎么能看得到它?(原因狀語)his parents died,leaving him an orphan.他的父母去世了,使他成為一名孤兒。(結果狀語) 動詞不定式作結果狀語時,常表示意想不到的結果;而動詞-ing形式作結果狀語時,常表示自然而然的結果。he hurried to the bus stop,only to find that the bus had already gone.他急匆匆趕到車站,結果發(fā)現(xiàn)公交車已經(jīng)走了。there was a terrible accident,causing the traffic jam.出了嚴重的交通事故,引起了交通堵塞。3.過去分詞作狀語過去分詞作狀語,分詞與句子主語之間存在邏輯上的被動關系。given the right kind of training,these teenage soccer players may one day grow into international stars.如果給予正確的訓練,這些青少年足球運動員有一天也許會成為國際明星。bitten twice,the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog.由于被咬了兩次,郵遞員拒絕給我們送信,除非我們把狗拴起來。某些動詞的過去分詞已經(jīng)形容詞化,且往往用于一些系表結構中,此時這些過去分詞既不表示被動,也不表示完成,而表示一種狀態(tài),如:lost(迷路的),seated(坐著的),hidden(隱瞞的),lostabsorbed in(沉溺于),dressed in(穿著的),tired of(對感到厭倦的)等。absorbed in his book,he didnt notice me enter the room.專心于讀書,他沒注意到我進入房間。dressed in red,she looks more beautiful.穿著紅色的衣服,她看上去更漂亮了。 獨立成分作狀語,其形式不受前后文的影響。常用的有:considering.(鑒于,考慮到);generally speaking(總的來說);judging byfrom.(從來看,依據(jù)來判斷);supposing that.(假定);providing that.(如果);owing to.(由于);talkingspeaking of.(談及);given that.(考慮到);provided that.(如果);to tell the truth(實話實說);to be honest(老實說)等。generally speaking,it is hot in summer in this area.總的來說,該地區(qū)夏季炎熱?？键c三非謂語動詞作賓語1.有些動詞或動詞短語后通常接不定式作賓語,巧記如下:想要干:want,wish,hope,expect,seek,attempt,aim,claim,would likelove,desire早打算:plan,prepare,arrange同意否:agree,promise,undertake,offer,refuse問問看:ask,beg決定了:decide,determine,make up ones mind,be determined盡力干:manage(反義詞fail),struggle,strive努力做:make an effort別裝蒜:pretend此外,learn,choose,afford,happen,wait等也常用不定式作賓語。all the factors considered,we decided to offer the job to li wei,a man of rich experience.把所有的因素都考慮進去后,我們決定把這份工作給李偉,一個很有經(jīng)驗的人。2.有些動詞或動詞短語后常接動詞-ing形式作賓語,巧記如下:考慮建議盼原諒:consider,suggestadvise,look forward to,excusepardon承認推遲沒得想:admit,delayput off,fancy避免錯過繼續(xù)練:avoid,miss,keepkeep on,practice否認完成停止賞:deny,finish,stop,enjoyappreciate不禁介意準逃亡:cant help,mind,allowpermit,escape不準冒險憑想象:forbid,risk,imagine此外,feel like,devote to,beget used to,object to,set about,insist on,pay attention to,stick to,be busy (in),have difficultytrouble (in)等動詞短語后也接動詞-ing形式作賓語。i avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.我回避提及這個問題,以免冒犯他。3.既可用動詞-ing形式,也可用動詞不定式作賓語,但意義區(qū)別明顯的動詞forget to do sth.忘記去做某事(未做)forget doing sth.忘記做過某事(已做)regret to do sth.對即將做的事表示遺憾(未做)regret doing sth.對做過的事表示后悔(已做)remember to do sth.記得去做某事(未做)remember doing sth.記得做過某事(已做)try to do sth.盡力去做某事try doing sth.嘗試做某事go on to do sth.繼續(xù)做另一件事go on doing sth.繼續(xù)做原來做的事mean to do sth.打算做某事mean doing sth.意味著做某事cant help (to) do sth.不能幫助做某事cant help doing sth.情不自禁地做某事that would mean wasting a lot of labour.那將意味著浪費許多勞動力。really? i dont mean to waste any labour.是嗎?我并沒打算浪費勞動力?？键c四非謂語動詞作賓語補足語1.動詞不定式作賓語補足語動詞不定式作賓語補足語時,有兩種情形:(1)接帶to的動詞不定式作賓補,此類動詞或短語有advise,allow,ask,cause,command,encourage,forbid,expect,invite,call on,depend upon,long for,wait for 等。were all longing for the new term to begin.我們都盼望新學期開始。(2)接不帶to的動詞不定式作賓補,此類動詞或短語有 make,have,let 等使役動詞及see,watch,notice,hear,look at等感官動詞(短語)。若此類動詞或短語用于被動語態(tài),則to不能省略。it made me feel comfortable.這使得我感覺很舒服。2.動詞-ing形式作賓語補足語動詞-ing形式作賓語補足語時,句中的賓語往往就是其邏輯主語,它們之間存在邏輯上的主動關系。常強調(diào)正在進行中的主動動作,即動作過程的一部分?？梢詭в羞@種復合賓語的動詞有 see,watch,hear,observe,feel,find,have,keep 等。he saw a boy getting on the bus.他看見一個男孩正在上公交車。3.過去分詞作賓語補足語過去分詞作賓語補足語時,該動詞與句中的賓語之間存在邏輯上的被動關系。when i opened the door,i found the ground covered by fallen leaves.當我打開門時,我發(fā)現(xiàn)地上滿是落葉。4.have,get后作賓補的三種非謂語動詞形式have,get作“使、讓、叫”講時,其后可接動詞-ed形式、動詞-ing形式和動詞不定式這三種形式作賓補。(1)have sth. done = get sth. done使讓某事被別人所做;使某物遭受every year,tom remembers to have some flowers sent to his mother on his birthday.每年湯姆都記得讓人在母親生日那天送些花給她。mr.smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.史密斯先生外出度假時有人闖入了他家。(2)have sb.sth. doing sth.使讓某人物持續(xù)地做某事 (動詞-ing形式表主動,正在進行)get sb.sth. doing sth.使某人物干某事(表狀態(tài))he had us laughing all the way.他讓我們一路笑個不停。can you really get that old car going again?你真能讓那輛破舊的車再跑起來嗎? have sb.doing sth.用于否定句時,其中have有“容忍”之意。he feels it dangerous for a girl to be out late at night so he wont have his daughter arriving home late.他認為一個女孩子深夜在外面是很危險的,所以他不會容許他女兒晚回家。(3)have sb.do sth=get sb.to do sth.使讓叫某人去做某事mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.母親讓我去商店買些鹽。考點五非謂語動詞作主語1.動詞-ing形式作主語動詞-ing形式作主語表示抽象的、經(jīng)常性的或習慣性的動作,尤其是一般行為傾向。reading as much as possible is necessary.盡可能多閱讀是必要的。通常為了避免句子主語過于冗長,用it作形式主語,動詞-ing短語后置。it is no good learning without practice.學習但不實踐是沒有用的。2.動詞不定式作主語動詞不定式作主語表示具體的、一次性的或?qū)淼膭幼?。to get up early is necessary.早起是必要的。通常為了避免句子主語過于冗長,用it作形式主語,動詞不定式短語后置。its not easy to work out the problem.解決這一問題不容易?？键c六獨立主格結構1.名詞或主格代詞+動詞不定式名詞或主格代詞與動詞不定式之間是邏輯上的主動關系,且強調(diào)的是一次具體性的將來的動作。they should first reach an agreement on the principle,the details to be discussed later.他們應先在原則上達成協(xié)議,然后再商討細節(jié)問題。2.名詞或主格代詞+動詞-ing形式名詞或主格代詞與動詞-ing形式之間為邏輯上的主動關系。the girl staring at him (= as the girl stared at him),he didnt know what to say.姑娘兩眼望著他,他不知道說什么好。3.名詞或主格代詞+過去分詞名詞或主格代詞與過去分詞之間為邏輯上的被動關系。the problems solved (= as the problems were solved),the quality has been improved.隨著問題的解決,質(zhì)量已經(jīng)提高了。(對應學生用書第188頁)1.the median(中位數(shù)的) age of an american in 1950 was 30today it is 41 and is expected (increase) to 42 by 2050.(2020年1月浙江)2.on the last day of our week-long stay,we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the north shore under the stars, (listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.(2019全國)3.b