本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）題目論政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制學(xué)院法學(xué)院專業(yè)政治學(xué)與行政學(xué)班級(jí)2004級(jí)學(xué)號(hào)學(xué)生姓名指導(dǎo)教師2007年5月31日目錄摘要ABSTRACT引言1一、政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的一般理論2（一）政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的形成和發(fā)展2（二）政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的內(nèi)涵、原因和方式31政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的內(nèi)涵32政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的原因43政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的內(nèi)容和方式4二、政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的現(xiàn)狀7（一）政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制存在的問(wèn)題和弊端（規(guī)制失靈）71規(guī)制成本太高72規(guī)制效率低下83腐?。▽ぷ猓?4政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制行為規(guī)則有明顯滯后傾向9（二）政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制存在問(wèn)題和弊端的原因分析101規(guī)制過(guò)度112政府規(guī)制機(jī)構(gòu)信息的不完全性113規(guī)制者為被規(guī)制者所俘虜12三、政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的改革與完善13（一）政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的改革動(dòng)力131傳統(tǒng)政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制固有的內(nèi)在問(wèn)題要求政府規(guī)制改革132科技進(jìn)步是政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性改革的重要推動(dòng)力量稅收或罰款133經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的發(fā)展，要求政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的改革13（二）政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的改革總趨勢(shì)131放松規(guī)制132激勵(lì)性規(guī)制14（三）我國(guó)政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的改革151適當(dāng)放松規(guī)制，引入激勵(lì)性規(guī)制162依法規(guī)制163民主化規(guī)制174制行為的協(xié)調(diào)17結(jié)論19參考文獻(xiàn)20致謝21摘要政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制作為政府干預(yù)經(jīng)濟(jì)的主要方式之一，對(duì)糾正市場(chǎng)失靈，推動(dòng)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展起著至關(guān)重要的作用。了解和掌握政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的一般理論，如規(guī)制的形成和發(fā)展、規(guī)制的內(nèi)涵、規(guī)制的原因、規(guī)制的內(nèi)容和方式等，對(duì)有效進(jìn)行政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制有著重要意義。政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制很大程度上源于市場(chǎng)失靈，但政府在矯正、克服市場(chǎng)失靈的同時(shí)，因?yàn)橐?guī)制過(guò)度、政府信息的不完全性、規(guī)制者被被規(guī)制者俘虜?shù)仍颍之a(chǎn)生了規(guī)制成本高、規(guī)制效率低、規(guī)制腐敗等一系列規(guī)制失靈問(wèn)題。所以，必須對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制進(jìn)行改革，適當(dāng)放松規(guī)制，引入激勵(lì)性規(guī)制，推行民主化規(guī)制，加強(qiáng)法律保障，協(xié)調(diào)規(guī)制過(guò)程。就G6117國(guó)G13792G16340，一方G19766G5224G1523G18504G16211方的理論成G7536和G4466G17353經(jīng)G20576G727G2490一方G19766要正G16282G6117國(guó)國(guó)G5785，G1867G1319問(wèn)題G1867G1319G2010G7524。關(guān)鍵詞政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制規(guī)制失靈規(guī)制改革激勵(lì)規(guī)制放松規(guī)制ONTHEECONOMICREGULATIONOFGOVERNMENTABSTRACTASONEOFTHEECONOMICALFUNDAMENTALMODESOFGOVERNMENT,ECONOMICREGULATIONPLAYSVERYIMPORTANTROLETOCORRECTTHEMARKETFAILURES,DEVELOPTHEECONOMICANDSOCIETYUNDERSTANDINGANDGRASPINGTHEGENERALTHEORYOFECONOMICREGULATION,SUCHASITSFORMATIONANDTHEDEVELOPMENT,ITSCONNOTATION,ITSREASONS,ITSCONTENTANDTHEWAYSANDSOON,HASEFFECTIVESIGNIFICANCETOPROMOTETHEECONOMICREGULATIONECONOMICREGULATIONMAINLYCAUSEOFMARKETFAILURES,BUTDURINGCORRECTINGANDOVERCOMINGTHEMARKETFAILURES,ECONOMICREGULATIONALSOHASASERIESOFFAILURES,SUCHASHIGHCOST,LOWEFFICIENCY,THECORRUPTIONANDSOONBECAUSEOFREGULATINGEXCESSIVELY,GOVERNMENTINFORMATIONNOTCOMPLETENESS,REGULATORYCAPTUREANDSOONTHEREFORE,WEMUSTCARRYONREFORMTOTHEECONOMICREGULATION,DEREGULATINGSUITABLY,INTRODUCINGINCENTIVEREGULATION,CARRYINGOUTDEMOCRATIZATIONREGULATION,INCREASINGLAWSAFEGUARD,COORDINATINGRULESANDREGULATIONFOROURCOUNTRY,ONONEHAND,WESHOULDPROFITFROMWESTSTHEORYACHIEVEMENTANDTHEEXPERIENCEONTHEOTHERHAND,WEMUSTFACEUPTOOURCOUNTRYNATIONALCONDITION,CONCRETEQUESTIONSCONCRETEANALYSISKEYWORDGOVERNMENTG727ECONOMICREGULATIONG727REGULATIONFAILUREG727REGULATIONREFORMATIONG727INCENTIVEREGULATIONG727DEREGULATION引言規(guī)制G708REGULATIONG709G7171一G1022G2394G1049G5369G7044的G13781G16817題。G19555著市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，市場(chǎng)G14270G17535的G13582G19531G7097G11422G7186G19718，政府規(guī)制G5332G3999G2475G2052社會(huì)G2520G11040的關(guān)G8892。G5203義G3332理解，規(guī)制就G7171在以市場(chǎng)G7438制為G3534G11796的經(jīng)濟(jì)G1319制G7477G1226G991，以矯正、改G2904市場(chǎng)G7438制內(nèi)在的問(wèn)題為G11458的，政府干預(yù)和干G9053經(jīng)濟(jì)主G1319G8975動(dòng)的行為。G10433義的規(guī)制主要G6363經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制G708ECONOMICREGULATIONG709和社會(huì)性規(guī)制G708SOCIALREGULATIONG709。G3政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制G1075G12228政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性G12661制，G7171市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)G7477G1226G991國(guó)家干預(yù)經(jīng)濟(jì)政G12586的重要G13464成G18108G2010，G7171政府為G4466G10628G7588G12193G1856G1861政G12586G11458G7643，對(duì)G5506G16278經(jīng)濟(jì)主G1319進(jìn)行的規(guī)G14551G994制G13434，主要G17902過(guò)規(guī)制G18108G19388對(duì)G14270G9994G3416G7041和信息G1571在G20058G3507內(nèi)G10317G4462G1237G1006和G5506G16278經(jīng)濟(jì)G8975動(dòng)主G1319的進(jìn)入和G17876G1998、G1227G7696、G6249G17176等行為進(jìn)行的G11429G11575和G12661理G7481G4466G10628。作為政府經(jīng)濟(jì)G12661理G13856G14033的一G12193G1867G1319形式，經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制在經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)G17828行G1025發(fā)G6393著G19762G5132重要的作用，G7171G10628G1207市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)不G2499G6122G13582的制度G4445G6502。政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制G3999于19G1002G13438G1025G2530G7411，G13666、G14533G7171G7380G7101進(jìn)行政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的國(guó)家。G1017G7696G3332G16774，在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)G17810國(guó)家，政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制G7101于政府G4451G16278調(diào)G6523，G5062有很G19283的G2394G2502。但G7171，社會(huì)G2520G11040對(duì)政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制一直沒(méi)有足夠的重G16282。學(xué)術(shù)G11040對(duì)政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的研究不甚理想，雖G9994在20G1002G1343870年G1207以前，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)G17810國(guó)家的一些學(xué)者發(fā)表了不少有關(guān)G1227G7696規(guī)制、G6249G17176規(guī)制、進(jìn)入規(guī)制等方G19766的論著，但這些論著G2520G14270在較小的G20058G3507就G10317G4462對(duì)象進(jìn)行研究，G13582乏相互聯(lián)系。G2052了70年G1207，這一G10628象才有所改G16278。其G1025，G13666國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家施蒂G7696勒發(fā)表的經(jīng)濟(jì)G12661制論等經(jīng)典論文對(duì)促進(jìn)政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制產(chǎn)生了G10317別重要的作用。G6117國(guó)對(duì)政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的研究起步較晚，植草G11422著的G5506G16278規(guī)制經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)G7171介紹G2052G6117國(guó)的第一本專G19388討論政府規(guī)制經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的專著，在G6117國(guó)有很大的影響。G6117國(guó)學(xué)者余暉G1998版的政府G994G1237G1006從G4451G16278G12661理G2052G5506G16278G12661制一書(shū)，張昕竹等學(xué)者所著的網(wǎng)絡(luò)產(chǎn)G1006規(guī)制G994競(jìng)爭(zhēng)一書(shū)，王俊豪G1998版的G14533國(guó)政府G12661制G1319制改革研究、G1025國(guó)政府G12661制G1319制改革研究和G14270G9994G3416G7041產(chǎn)G1006的政府G12661制理論三本著作，以及其他學(xué)者G1998版的著作和發(fā)表的學(xué)術(shù)論文，都對(duì)推動(dòng)G6117國(guó)的政府規(guī)制起G2052了添磚加瓦的作用。但G7171，對(duì)政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的專G19388研究并不多見(jiàn)。從整G1319上看，G6117國(guó)對(duì)政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的研究還處于初G3999階段，在許多方G19766需要結(jié)合G6117國(guó)G4466際進(jìn)行深入探討。一、政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的一般理論政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制G708ECONOMICREGULATIONG709在一國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)G17828行G1025發(fā)G6393著G19762G5132重要的作用。對(duì)政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制進(jìn)行深入、系統(tǒng)G3332研究，對(duì)促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、G4466G10628社會(huì)穩(wěn)G4462有著重大意義。近年G7481，G19555著G6117國(guó)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)G1319制的逐步建立，對(duì)政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的研究越G7481越G2475G2052重G16282。文章主要在介紹政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制一般原理的G3534G11796上，對(duì)當(dāng)前政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制過(guò)程存在的問(wèn)題及原因進(jìn)行G2010G7524，并探討改革政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的措施。（一）政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的形成和發(fā)展政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制G7171在工G1006革命以G2530G10628G1207市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的G3534G11796上，適G5224塑造G14270由G1856正的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序的時(shí)G1207需求G13792逐漸發(fā)展起G7481的，G7171市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)演進(jìn)的結(jié)G7536。在18G1002G13438和19G1002G13438的大G18108G2010時(shí)間里，政府一直扮演著“守夜人”的角色，對(duì)市場(chǎng)采取G14270由放任的政G12586，很少干預(yù)經(jīng)濟(jì)G8975動(dòng)。但G7171，市場(chǎng)并不G7171萬(wàn)G14033的。G19555著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，市場(chǎng)G7438制本G17535存在的問(wèn)題G7097G11422凸G7186G1998G7481，市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)在G3416G7041、外G18108效G5224、信息不對(duì)G12228等G20058G3507G1998G10628的失靈G5785況迫切需要政府發(fā)G6393作用對(duì)其加以糾正和G15929G1817。19G1002G1343880年G1207G205220G1002G13438初，政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制逐漸G1864起。G13666國(guó)G7171G7380G7101G4466行經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的國(guó)家之一，1887年G13666國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)G17902過(guò)G5042際G2842G1006法，并G1393G6466G8504法G16786G13634“G5042際G17164G7143G4008G2604會(huì)”，G5332G3999對(duì)G19093G17347G17828G17767進(jìn)行G12661制，G7643G5547著G13666國(guó)G10628G1207政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的產(chǎn)生。20G1002G1343830年G1207G205270年G1207G7171政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的發(fā)展時(shí)G7411。1929年的G1002G11040性經(jīng)濟(jì)G2373G7438G7368G6183G11784了市場(chǎng)G7438制G14270G6117調(diào)G14422的G12082G16817，在G8504G7477G1226G991產(chǎn)生的G1987G5693G7043理論G6564G1998了政府干預(yù)經(jīng)濟(jì)的主張，G2530G7481G2520G1022學(xué)G8978又G19036對(duì)市場(chǎng)在其他方G19766的失靈發(fā)展了國(guó)際干預(yù)理論。G16211方國(guó)家G1146深G2063G16760G16794G2052放任市場(chǎng)G14270由發(fā)展的G5820G11183G1207G1227，G5332G3999加強(qiáng)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)G20058G3507的干預(yù)。G1120G6124G2530，為了G17817G17907G5686G3809和發(fā)展國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)，G7097本進(jìn)行了一系列改革，G5332G3999由G6124時(shí)統(tǒng)G8847經(jīng)濟(jì)G17728G2533由政府主G4560的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)。G7097本政府G20330G1820取G9052了G6124前統(tǒng)制經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)G7411的一些G19471G11873經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的規(guī)制，G20053G5079G4466施了一系列有G2045于促進(jìn)市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的G7044規(guī)制，如G12117G8502G3416G7041法、G6502G19512經(jīng)濟(jì)G2159G18339G19610G1025法等G727其G8437保G11053G6122G1474改了一G18108G2010有G2045于政府G4451G16278調(diào)G6523、穩(wěn)G4462經(jīng)濟(jì)的規(guī)制，如G12930G20147G12661理法、G12211G3332、G12211G6163法、G7097本G19146行法等大G14280G1927G4462產(chǎn)G1006G10378況等G2520G12193行G1006法，以及在G6124時(shí)為G12621G19610G6124爭(zhēng)G17165用、保G16789穩(wěn)G4462G17142源的G18214G12879G19156G2818許G2499G16760G2499制度G727G7380G2530，還G5686G3809了G6124G2530一度被G5235G19512的G11719G8845G1006法、大G5227法等。這些規(guī)制制度成為G6124G2530G7097本政府干預(yù)和調(diào)G14422經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要G6175段，G1075G1363G7097本發(fā)展成G3G1002G11040規(guī)制大國(guó)。G210G1002G13438G250、G260年G1207，政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制發(fā)展G2052G20042G4804時(shí)G7411。這一時(shí)G7411許多G16211方國(guó)家政府G1820G2530成立了相G5224的G12661制G7438G7512，政府規(guī)制的G14551G3272進(jìn)一步G6205大，G12661制G2159度不G7041加強(qiáng)，G12661制制度進(jìn)一步完G2904。G13792放松經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制G2029G7171G210G1002G13438G270年G1207才G1998G10628的。G1025國(guó)從改革G5332放以G7481，G10317別G7171進(jìn)入G210G1002G13438G280年G1207以G7481，在經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制方G19766G1075有較大的進(jìn)展。G3G4466際上，在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)G17810國(guó)家，政府對(duì)G5506G16278經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)制G5062有很G19283的G2394G2502。如G7536從G20G28G1002G13438G1025G2506G14533、G13666等國(guó)政府對(duì)G19093G17347行G1006的規(guī)制G12651起，至G1182G5062有G20G1022G2334G1002G13438以上的G2394G2502。在其G1025的大G18108G2010時(shí)間里，G1523G2173國(guó)家的強(qiáng)制G2159對(duì)G5506G16278經(jīng)濟(jì)G8975動(dòng)進(jìn)行規(guī)制G3999G13468G7171主G8981，G13792政府規(guī)制放松G6122取G9052G2494G7171G7380近G1120三G2325年才發(fā)生的G1119G5785，G4439G994G6228術(shù)進(jìn)步、市場(chǎng)規(guī)G8181和市場(chǎng)G14551G3272的G6205張及經(jīng)濟(jì)全G10711化的發(fā)展G4506切相關(guān)。（二）政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的內(nèi)涵、原因和方式由于一些G10317G8542原因，對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制至G1182還存在不少G8181G12958看法。1政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的內(nèi)涵規(guī)制經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)G11040對(duì)政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制至G1182沒(méi)有作G1998統(tǒng)一的G4462義。G13512G7043G2357G16211等學(xué)者G16760為，經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制G17902G5132G7171G6363政府G17902過(guò)G1227G7696、產(chǎn)G18339、進(jìn)入和推G1998等方G19766G13792對(duì)G1237G1006G1927G12586所G4466施的G2520G12193強(qiáng)制性制G13434。植草G11422G16760為，經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制G7171G6363在G14270G9994G3416G7041和存在信息G1571在的G20058G3507，主要G7171為了G19462G8502發(fā)生G17176源G18209G13634低效率和G11842保G2045用者的G1856G5191G2045用，政府G7438關(guān)用法律G7447G19492，G17902過(guò)許G2499和G16760G2499等G6175段，對(duì)G1237G1006的進(jìn)入和推G1998、G1227G7696、服G2165的G6980G18339和G17148G18339、G6249G17176和G17142G2165會(huì)G16757等有關(guān)行為進(jìn)行G12661制。1G11458前G7481看，植草G11422G6957授的G4462義G7171比較G1867G1319和完整的，但稍G7186冗G19283。綜合眾多學(xué)者的G16278點(diǎn)，簡(jiǎn)G16340之，經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制就G7171政府G1393法對(duì)G14270G9994G3416G7041和存在信息G1571在的G20058G3507內(nèi)G1237G1006相關(guān)行為進(jìn)行的必要的G12661制。至于規(guī)制的G6175段和內(nèi)容G2029G7171因時(shí)因G3332因G1119G13792異的，不G2499G14033固G4462不變。G1867G1319的G16774，G2029G5224該把握以G991幾點(diǎn)G7081G709政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制G1025政府G7171主G1319，G1237G1006G7171客G1319，政府G1393法采取相G5224G6175段對(duì)G1237G1006行為進(jìn)行G12661制，G1120者G7171規(guī)制G994被規(guī)制的關(guān)系。G7082G709政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制主要存在于G14270G9994G3416G7041和信息G1571在等市場(chǎng)失靈G20058G3507，G10317別G7171G14270G9994G3416G7041G20058G3507，并G19762所有G1237G1006行為都G2475G2052政府的規(guī)制。G7083G709政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的G11458的G7171G19462G8502發(fā)生G17176源G18209G13634低效率和G11842保G2045用者的G1856G5191G2045用，促進(jìn)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和規(guī)制G14270G9994G3416G7041，從G13792G4466G10628G7368高的經(jīng)濟(jì)效率G11458G7643。G7084G709政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制G7171由政府G6564供的一G12193G10317G8542的G1856G1861產(chǎn)品，規(guī)制過(guò)程G708規(guī)制立法、規(guī)制執(zhí)法、法規(guī)的G1474改G994調(diào)整、放松G6122解G19512規(guī)制等G709G7171需要付G1998成本的。G7085G709政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制作為政府經(jīng)濟(jì)G12661理G13856G14033的一G12193G1867G1319形式，不G7171單純的政G8847行為G61221A1A2A0A3A5A6A4A7A8A10A11A9A12A13A14A15A16MA10A18A17A20A21A19A22A23A24A25A26A51992A1027A10經(jīng)濟(jì)行為，G13792G7171兩者的統(tǒng)一G1319。G8504外，對(duì)政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的G11040G4462，還有兩點(diǎn)需要G8892意，一G7171經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制G994社會(huì)性規(guī)制的關(guān)系，G1120G7171經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制G994G4451G16278調(diào)G6523的關(guān)系。2政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的原因G6564起經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制，G17902G5132人們的第一反G5224就G7171市場(chǎng)失靈MARKETFAILURES，G13792且G2494有市場(chǎng)失靈。G11842G4466，市場(chǎng)作為一G12193G17176源G18209G13634方式，有其G14270G17535的G13582G19531，如G3416G7041、外G18108性、信息不對(duì)G12228、不G14033有效G6564供G1856G1861物品等等，這些都需要政府發(fā)G6393作用對(duì)其加以糾正和G15929G1817。政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制G7171解G1927G14270G9994G3416G7041問(wèn)題的需要，G7171G1363外G18108性內(nèi)G18108化的需要，G7171解G1927信息不對(duì)G12228問(wèn)題的需要，總之，凡“市場(chǎng)失靈”之處便G7171政府行G1363經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制行為之處。所以，市場(chǎng)失靈G7171政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的主要原因，但不G7171唯一的原因。G1119G4466上，政府規(guī)制絕不僅僅G7171解G1927市場(chǎng)失靈問(wèn)題的一G12193外在的、強(qiáng)加的制度G4445G6502，G4466際上，G4439G1075G7171整G1022經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)的一G1022內(nèi)生變G18339。1這G7171因?yàn)榈谝?，政府?duì)G5506G16278經(jīng)濟(jì)主G1319的規(guī)制，G7171有效進(jìn)行G4451G16278調(diào)G6523的需要。政府要對(duì)G3809雜的、變動(dòng)不G4462的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)G1319系進(jìn)行G4451G16278調(diào)G6523，沒(méi)有必要的G5506G16278規(guī)制G7171不G2499想象的。第G1120，政府規(guī)制G7171市場(chǎng)交G7143的一G12193制度G4445G6502，G7171市場(chǎng)交換G8975動(dòng)得以順G2045進(jìn)行的內(nèi)在需要。第三，政府規(guī)制G7171市場(chǎng)供求G7438制作用的客G16278結(jié)G7536。市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)G7477G1226G991，任何G1237G1006G6122廠G2842都G7171以G2045潤(rùn)G7380大化為G11458G7643的，為了G1363競(jìng)爭(zhēng)不至過(guò)于激烈，需要政府規(guī)制G7481G6523制產(chǎn)G1006進(jìn)入。綜上所述，政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制衍生于兩G1022方G19766一G7171市場(chǎng)失靈，G1120G7171經(jīng)濟(jì)制度本G17535的需要。3政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的內(nèi)容和方式G7081G709政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的內(nèi)容G3在經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的內(nèi)容方G19766，國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者的G16278點(diǎn)G3534本一G14280。他們大都G16760為，經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的主要內(nèi)容G7171G1227G7696規(guī)制、進(jìn)入規(guī)制和G6249G17176規(guī)制，G13792G1227G7696規(guī)制和進(jìn)入規(guī)制又G7171G7380G3534本的規(guī)制內(nèi)容。G3G1227G7696規(guī)制。G1227G7696規(guī)制由主G12661規(guī)制G18108G19388根G6466法令等以批準(zhǔn)和G16760G2499G6175續(xù)的形式，對(duì)G1227G7696水G5191和G1227G7696G1319系予以G16760G2499和許G2499，G7171G6363在G2475規(guī)制的產(chǎn)G1006G1025，政府規(guī)制G7438G7512從G17176源有效G18209G13634以及產(chǎn)品G6122服G2165的G1856G5191供給G1998發(fā)，對(duì)產(chǎn)G1006的G1227G7696結(jié)G7512和G1227G7696水G5191進(jìn)行的規(guī)制。由于在市場(chǎng)1A28A27A29A30A10A32A31A12A13A14A15A33MA10A18A17A20A35A34A36A37A24A25A26A52003A1013A10經(jīng)濟(jì)G7477G1226G991G1227G7696對(duì)G17176源的有效G18209G13634G1867有G3534G11796性作用，G1227G7696水G5191的高低不僅影響G1237G1006的生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)行為和生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)效率，G13792且直接關(guān)系G2052G17176源G18209G13634效率和社會(huì)G2010G18209效率的G4466G10628，因G8504G1227G7696規(guī)制在G2520國(guó)政府的規(guī)制G4466G17353G1025占有極為重要的G3332位，G7171G2520國(guó)政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的核心內(nèi)容。G3進(jìn)入規(guī)制。G11842切G3332G16774，進(jìn)入規(guī)制包括進(jìn)入和G17876G1998兩方G19766的規(guī)制，一方G19766在G14270G9994G3416G7041產(chǎn)G1006G1025，政府規(guī)制G7438G7512G17902過(guò)G19492制G7044G1237G1006進(jìn)入，G7481獲得G14270G9994G3416G7041產(chǎn)G1006的規(guī)G8181經(jīng)濟(jì)性以避免因過(guò)度競(jìng)爭(zhēng)G13792造成的社會(huì)G17176源浪G17165。G2490一方G19766，為了保G16789供給的穩(wěn)G4462性，還要G19492制G1237G1006的任意G17876G1998。進(jìn)入規(guī)制的G6175段主要有G8892冊(cè)登記制度、審批G6122G10317許經(jīng)營(yíng)制度、申報(bào)制度等。G3G6249G17176規(guī)制。G5203義的G6249G17176規(guī)制G7171政府規(guī)制者為了規(guī)G14551、保護(hù)和促進(jìn)G6249G17176市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展，對(duì)社會(huì)G6249G17176過(guò)程G1025G17176金G12621G19610、G16789券發(fā)行和交G7143、G6249G17176行為和信息披G19718等進(jìn)行干預(yù)，G1867G1319包括對(duì)G4466G1006G6249G17176和金融G6249G17176的規(guī)制。G10433義的G6249G17176規(guī)制G7171G6363G4466G1006G6249G17176的規(guī)制，主要包括對(duì)被規(guī)制者G6249G17176項(xiàng)G11458的立項(xiàng)G1927G12586、項(xiàng)G11458G14033G2159、項(xiàng)G11458收G11422的審核和批準(zhǔn)。政府規(guī)制者既要鼓勵(lì)社會(huì)G6249G17176，以滿足不G7041增G19283的G2842品和服G2165的需求，又要G19462G8502重G3809G6249G17176和過(guò)度競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，還要對(duì)G6249G17176品的G7380優(yōu)G13464合進(jìn)行規(guī)制以保G16789G6249G17176收G11422。1G3G708G21G709政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的方式G3政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的方式包括傳統(tǒng)方式和G10628G1207方式兩大G12879。傳統(tǒng)方式G4466際上就G7171G1227G7696規(guī)制和進(jìn)入規(guī)制的方法，G1867G1319有G3以G1856G5191報(bào)酬率為G1393G6466G11842G4462產(chǎn)品和服G2165的G1227G7696G1856G5191報(bào)酬率即以完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)G1025形成的均衡G1227G7696為G3534G11796G11842G4462的正G5132G2045潤(rùn)率。按照G1856G5191報(bào)酬率進(jìn)行規(guī)制，一G7171要G11842G4462生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)成本G727G1120G7171要G11842G4462準(zhǔn)許的正G5132G2045潤(rùn)G708G1856G5191報(bào)酬G709水G5191。準(zhǔn)許成本的G11842G4462，G5224G14033夠G15929償正G5132經(jīng)營(yíng)的成本。2G1856G1861G18108G19388G17902過(guò)G1856G1861G4462G1227的方式，影響G1237G1006G1927G12586，以G17810G2052規(guī)制G11458G7643。G1856G1861G18108G19388G2499G14033采取的G4462G1227方式主要有規(guī)G4462G7380高G1227、規(guī)G4462G7380低G1227、規(guī)G4462G1227G7696漲跌空間、規(guī)G4462按邊際成本進(jìn)行G4462G1227、規(guī)G4462按G5191均成本進(jìn)行G4462G1227等。發(fā)放許G2499G16789發(fā)放許G2499G16789即G17902過(guò)G10317許G7447和G18209給G7447的掌握和G20053發(fā)，規(guī)制G7438G7512對(duì)G10628有G1237G1006G6122產(chǎn)G1006的進(jìn)入施加G6523制，G7171一G12193準(zhǔn)入規(guī)制。主要G4466行許G2499制、G8892冊(cè)制、申報(bào)制等，程度不一。許G2499制即未得G2052規(guī)制G7438關(guān)的批準(zhǔn)不G14033進(jìn)入。G8892冊(cè)制G7171G6363由主G12661G7438關(guān)G11842G16760其G7171否符合進(jìn)入G7643準(zhǔn)的必要1A39A38A40,A42A41A43A44A45A46A47A48A49A50A51A52A53MA46A54A55A56A49A50A57A51A58A59A60A612003A46357A462A62A63A44A45A46A64A65A66A67A49A50A51MA46A54A55A56A68A69A70A71A58A59A60A612003A4617A7218A46G7477G1226，并對(duì)這些G7477G1226加以檢G20576、登記G8892冊(cè)，G9994G2530承G16760其在G10317G4462產(chǎn)G1006G1025G8975動(dòng)G17176G7696的過(guò)程。申報(bào)制即進(jìn)入者按照一G4462G7696式G2533主G12661G7438關(guān)G6564G1998進(jìn)入申請(qǐng)的行為。不論G7171G8892冊(cè)制還G7171申報(bào)制，原G2029上G7171G2494要G17176G7696的必要G7477G1226和申報(bào)材料都齊備了，一般就不G19492制進(jìn)入。但G7171，如G7536規(guī)制有不G2475理行為，G2029沒(méi)有完成進(jìn)入G6175續(xù)，就不G14033G4466施營(yíng)G1006行為。傳統(tǒng)規(guī)制方式G994G1227G7696規(guī)制和進(jìn)入規(guī)制緊G4506相連，G7171比較G5132見(jiàn)的規(guī)制方式，G1867有G5203泛的適用性。但G7171，傳統(tǒng)規(guī)制方式G1867有一些難以克服的G13582G19531，直接G4560G14280了G10628G1207規(guī)制方式的G1998G10628，主要包括G10317許G6249G7643競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、區(qū)G3507間比較競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和直接競(jìng)爭(zhēng)等幾G1022方G19766。G10317許G6249G7643競(jìng)爭(zhēng)G708FRANCHISEBIDDINGG709，即在G7588些G10317G4462的G14270G9994G3416G7041行G1006G6122G1006G2165G20058G3507，G17902過(guò)拍賣的形式，讓多家G1237G1006競(jìng)爭(zhēng)G10317許經(jīng)營(yíng)G7447，并在一G4462時(shí)G7411G12117G8502其他G1237G1006進(jìn)入該行G1006G6122G1006G2165G20058G3507，以G8504G7481追求規(guī)G8181經(jīng)濟(jì)。在G10317許經(jīng)營(yíng)G7447G2052G7411G2530重G7044G13464織對(duì)G10317許經(jīng)營(yíng)G7447的G6249G7643競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，以G8504G7481G19462G8502因G3416G7041經(jīng)營(yíng)G13792造成的生產(chǎn)無(wú)效率和因G3416G7041高G1227G13792造成的G2010G18209無(wú)效率。同時(shí)，G17902過(guò)市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)G4462G1227G1075G2499以避免因成本、G1227G7696等方G19766的信息不對(duì)G12228G13792造成規(guī)制失靈，降低規(guī)制成本。區(qū)G3507間比較競(jìng)爭(zhēng)G708YARDSTICKCOMPETITIONG709G7171將G2475規(guī)制的全國(guó)G3416G7041G1237G1006G2010為幾G1022G3332區(qū)性G1237G1006，G1363G10317G4462G3332區(qū)的G1237G1006在其他G3332區(qū)G1237G1006成就的刺激G991G13792G6564高G14270己內(nèi)G18108效率的一G12193方式。這G12193規(guī)制方式適用于G1867有G3332區(qū)性G3416G7041G10317征的行G1006。G10628階段，在G14270G9994G3416G7041行G1006大多G7171進(jìn)行間接競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，其G4466G1075G2499以G5332展直接競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。適當(dāng)放G5332進(jìn)入G19492制，引入直接競(jìng)爭(zhēng)G7438制，正在成為G14270G9994G3416G7041G18108G19388政府規(guī)制方式創(chuàng)G7044的重要內(nèi)容。二、政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的現(xiàn)狀國(guó)家的存在G7171經(jīng)濟(jì)增G19283的關(guān)鍵，G9994G13792國(guó)家又G7171人為經(jīng)濟(jì)衰G17876的根源。市場(chǎng)G2499G14033失靈，政府G1075同樣G2499G14033失敗。經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)制作為一G12193制度G4445G6502，G4439的G17828作G1075存在交G7143成本問(wèn)題。G13792且，由于政府規(guī)制者都G7171理性的經(jīng)濟(jì)人，在G12181G2045的G20549G1363G991，加之制度G13434G7475的G13582失，G4560G14280政府規(guī)制G7438G7512被G2520G12193G2045G11422G19610G3254所“俘獲”并為其G10317G8542G2045G11422服G2165，從G13792G1571G12175了政府規(guī)制G5369G15929市場(chǎng)不足、服G2165社會(huì)G1856G1861G2045G11422的G11458G7643。這從根本上G4560G14280了政府規(guī)制失敗G708REGULATORYFAILURESG709。（一）政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制存在的問(wèn)題和弊端（規(guī)制失靈）市場(chǎng)失靈并不意G2631著G2499以推論G1998政府干預(yù)必G9994有效，G1075就G7171G16840，市場(chǎng)G4560G14280G13582乏效率和不G1856G5191的G5785況并不意G2631著G2499以推論政府的干預(yù)必G9994G4560G14280G5785況的改G2904。G6117們G2499以將這G12193推論比G2959為G11355G5105對(duì)兩G1022G1060G6175的比G17199的G16021G1927G2494G2560了第一G1022G1060G6175的演G3875，G16285得不滿意，就將G3882G7491授予第G1120G1022G1060G6175。這就G7171G16840政府糾正市場(chǎng)失靈的措施G1075不一G4462G7171“靈”的。1植草G11422G7378把“規(guī)制失靈”G5414結(jié)為G1237G1006內(nèi)G18108無(wú)效率的產(chǎn)生、規(guī)制關(guān)聯(lián)G17165用的增加，規(guī)制當(dāng)G4628的G14270由G16021G1927G7447和G4559G12211成本的產(chǎn)生，以及由規(guī)制G9394G2530產(chǎn)生的G1237G1006G6451失等G10628象。2G1867G1319G13792G16340，政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的失靈，主要表G10628在以G991幾G1022方G19766。1規(guī)制成本太高政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制作為一G12193G10317G8542的G1856G1861產(chǎn)品，G7171需要付G1998成本的。政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制成本包括兩大G12879，一G12879G7171由政府承G6297的成本，主要G1319G10628為政府規(guī)制G7438G7512的G2520G12193成本G17165用G727G2490一G12879G7171主要由被規(guī)制G1237G1006承G6297的成本，主要用于G2533政府規(guī)制立法者和執(zhí)行者G9228G16840，甚至進(jìn)行G4559G12211G8975動(dòng)。在政府承G6297的規(guī)制成本結(jié)G7512G1025，規(guī)制G17828用成本所占的比重G7380大。G4439直G16278G3332表G10628為政府規(guī)制G7438G7512所發(fā)生的G7097G5132成本G17165用和政府規(guī)制G7438G7512的G13856G2604人G6980。從20G1002G1343830年G1207起，政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制G14551G3272不G7041G6205張，政府規(guī)制G7438G7512不G7041G14204G13972，人G2604不G7041增加，造成規(guī)G8181G5234大的政府G5332G6915和G5052G20081的預(yù)G12651。在經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制過(guò)程G1025，不僅政府要G14469G17165大G18339人G2159物G2159，被規(guī)制的G1237G1006G1075有較大的G6249入。為了G4625G2499G14033G3332G1955少政府的規(guī)制行為對(duì)其G2499G14033造成的不G2045影響，許多被規(guī)制G1237G1006G16786G13634了政府規(guī)制對(duì)G12586G18108G19388G7481對(duì)付規(guī)制者，G17902過(guò)對(duì)規(guī)制者的G9228G16840、G16860G2040等G8975動(dòng)G7481取得理想的效G7536。1A39A38A40A61A42A41A43A44A45A46A47A48A49A50A51A52A53MA46A54A55A56A49A50A57A51A58A59A60A612003A4661A462A73A74A75A76A61A77A78A79A80A46A81A82A66A67A49A50A83MA46A54A55A56A84A85A86A87A58A59A60A611992A46146A72150A46由G8504引起的G6249入，G4466際上G1075G7512成了政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制的成本，G2494G7171這G12193G17828行成本經(jīng)G5132G7171被G5585G16282的。2規(guī)制效率低下政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制效率低G991G20330G1820表G10628在G1237G1006內(nèi)G18108低效率。經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制一方G19766為了改G2904在G14270G9994G3416G7041G18108G19388G1025G1237G1006行G1363G3416G7041G2159和結(jié)G7512性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)G18108G19388G1025發(fā)生過(guò)度競(jìng)爭(zhēng)等G5785況G991的G17176源G18209G13634的無(wú)效率G727G2490一方G19766G1075會(huì)同時(shí)產(chǎn)生G1237G1006內(nèi)G18108的低效率問(wèn)題。G7081G709傳統(tǒng)的政府經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制方式G13582乏促進(jìn)G1237G1006內(nèi)G18108效率的激勵(lì)G7438制，過(guò)度規(guī)制G7475G13550G1237G1006發(fā)展和經(jīng)濟(jì)G8975G2159。G7082G709G2520G12193G19492制G1227G7696的方法都G2499G14033G1363G1237G1006對(duì)G9052G17165者的需求不G6947G5875，對(duì)G6564高服G2165G17148G18339和降低成本不G5875G1864G17271。G7083G709G1237G1006的G6249G17176行為G2499G14033因G4466行收G11422率法G3534G11796上的G1227G7696規(guī)制G13792G6209G7366。由于合理收G11422率的G1284G12651G3534G11796G7171G6249G17176G20081，規(guī)制G991的G1237G1006就G2499G14033有意G1363用G17176本G4506G19610程度高的生產(chǎn)G6228術(shù)G7481G11842保較大的G2045潤(rùn)G20081，這G12193G36G252J效G52241G4560G14280G2475規(guī)制G1237G1006過(guò)度G17176本化和激勵(lì)G7438制被G2078G5381，從G13792G5114G7481了G1237G1006效率的G7234G17953低G991。G7084G709進(jìn)入規(guī)制的存在，G1955G17743了由G7044進(jìn)入G1237G1006產(chǎn)生的對(duì)G10628有G1237G1006的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)G2399G2159，G1363該G20058G3507的G10628有G1237G1006沒(méi)有不G7041降低成本、G6564高生產(chǎn)效率的動(dòng)G2159。因G8504，在經(jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制G1025有必要引起G8892意的G7171G17176源G18209G13634效率G994G1237G1006內(nèi)G18108低效率之間存在著G1120者G17885G6333的問(wèn)題。G2490外，規(guī)制效率低G991還表G10628在政府規(guī)制G7438G7512工作效率低。政府規(guī)制G7438G7512的G4460G1710作G20130G1017重、時(shí)間G16278G5577G9141G15192，工作G6314G6314G6301G6301，G2162G1119效率及其低。3尋租性腐敗G4559G12211G8975動(dòng)就G7171G6363G4559求人為G11713G13582G17176源的G12211金，G1075就G7171人G12879社會(huì)G1025G19762生產(chǎn)性的追求經(jīng)濟(jì)G2045G11422G8975動(dòng)，G6122者G16840G7171G6363G18039G12193G13512護(hù)既得的經(jīng)濟(jì)G2045G11422G6122G7171對(duì)既得G2045G11422進(jìn)行G1889G2010G18209的G19762生產(chǎn)性G8975動(dòng)。政府規(guī)制過(guò)程G5460G5460G1288G19555著政府和被規(guī)制G1237G1006的G4559G12211G8975動(dòng)。G7081G709為規(guī)制者G2045G11422服G2165的規(guī)制。從經(jīng)G20576G4630G19766看，許多執(zhí)行國(guó)家G13856G14033的G18108G19388以G1856G1861G2045G11422為由，G5051取豪G3854增加單位G12131G2045的G5785形并不G13609見(jiàn)。這G7171因?yàn)?，政府?jīng)濟(jì)性規(guī)制G7438G7512作為G197