1、.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)講解一基本結(jié)構(gòu)：助動(dòng)詞have/has+過(guò)去分詞(done) 二句型：否定句：主語(yǔ)+have/has+not+過(guò)去分詞+其他.一般疑問(wèn)句：Have/Has+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+其他.簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ): Yes, 主語(yǔ) + have/has.(肯定) No, 主語(yǔ) + havent/hasnt.(否定)三用法（1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果I have spent all of my money (so far).(含義是:現(xiàn)在我沒(méi)有錢(qián)花了.) Guo zijun has (just/already) come. (含義：郭子君現(xiàn)在在這兒)My father h

2、as gone to work.(含義是:我爸爸現(xiàn)在不在這兒) （2）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以用來(lái)表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻的,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作（用行為動(dòng)詞表示）或狀態(tài)（be動(dòng)詞表示）常與for（+時(shí)間段）,since（+時(shí)間點(diǎn)或過(guò)去時(shí)的句子）連用. for+時(shí)段since+過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（譯為：自從以來(lái)）since+時(shí)段+agosince+從句（過(guò)去時(shí)）It is+時(shí)段+since+從句（過(guò)去時(shí)）Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 四has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in

3、) 的區(qū)別 Have/Has gone(to) :去了(現(xiàn)在不在說(shuō)話(huà)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)) Where is your father？He has gone to Shanghai. Have/Has been (to) :去過(guò)（已不在去過(guò)的地方）My father has been to Shanghai. Have/has been in：呆了多久（還在所呆的地方）My father has been in Shanghai for two months. /since two months ago.五現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的含義之一是過(guò)去完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響,用以下四大標(biāo)志詞可以表達(dá)這種含義

4、: * 以already, just和yet為標(biāo)志 He has already got her help.他已得到她的幫助。He has just seen the film.他剛剛看過(guò)這場(chǎng)電影。He hasnt come back yet.他還沒(méi)有回來(lái)。* 以ever和never為標(biāo)志This is the best film I have ever seen.這是我曾經(jīng)看過(guò)的最好的一部電影。He has never been to Beijing.他從沒(méi)有到過(guò)北京。* 以動(dòng)作發(fā)生的次數(shù)為標(biāo)志He says he has been to the USA three times. 他說(shuō)他已經(jīng)

5、去過(guò)美國(guó)三次了。* 以so far（到目前為止）為標(biāo)+before He has got to Beijing so far.到目前為止他已到了北京。She has passed the examso far.到目前為止她已經(jīng)通過(guò)了考試。2.過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在, 甚至有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去,我們可以從動(dòng)作“延續(xù)”的特性和“時(shí)間”點(diǎn)段的區(qū)分入手,進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。* for+時(shí)段 since+過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（過(guò)去 從句）為標(biāo)志注意： 1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能單獨(dú)與過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用, 如yesterday,last week, three years ago 等; 2)不能與when連用

6、 2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往同表示不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用六過(guò)去分詞 1 、規(guī)則動(dòng)詞：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則與規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則相同。四點(diǎn)變化規(guī)則： (1)、一般動(dòng)詞，在詞尾直接加“ ed ”。 work-worked-worked ,visit-visited-visited (2)、以“ e ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，只在詞尾加“ d ”。 live-lived-lived , (3)、以“輔音字母 + y ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，將 y 變?yōu)?i ，再加“ ed ”。 study-studied-studied ,cry-cried-cried (4)、重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，先雙寫(xiě)該輔音

7、字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop-stopped-stopped , drop-dropped-dropped 2 、不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞：七 瞬間動(dòng)詞（buy, die, join, come，go ,leave, join ）不能直接與for since 連用。要改變動(dòng)詞buy-have borrow -keep come/arrive/reach/get to-be in go out-be out leave -be awaybegin-be on finish-be overopen-be open close -be closed die-be dead1.have代替buy My bro

8、ther has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 2、用keep或have代替borrow I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 3、用be替代become How long has your sister been a teacher? 4、用have a cold代替catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 5、用wear代替put on b)用“be

9、形容詞”代終止性動(dòng)詞 1、bemarried代marry 2、beill代fall (get) ill 3、bedead代die 4、beasleep代fall (get) asleep 5、beawake代wake/wake up 6、begone代lose,die,sell,leave 7、beopen代open 8、be closed代close/shut 9、bemissing(gone,lost)代lose c)用“be副詞”代終止性動(dòng)詞 1“beon”代start,begin 2“beup”代get up 3“beback(to)”代return to,come back to,g

10、o back to 4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等 d)用“be介詞短語(yǔ)”代終止性動(dòng)詞 1.“be in/at +地點(diǎn)”代替go to /come to 2.用be in the army 代替join the army 3.“be in/at +地點(diǎn)”代替move to 常用瞬間動(dòng)詞變延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表：1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. have been in sw./at相

11、應(yīng)的介詞2. have come/gone back/returned have been back 3. have come/gone out have been out4. have become have been5. have closed / opened have been close/open6. have got up have been up； 7. have died have been dead；8. have left sw. have been away from sw.9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep have been asle

12、ep； 10. have finished/ended/completed have been over； 11. havemarried have been married；12. have started/begun to do sth. have done sth. ；13. have begun have been on14. have borrowed/bought have kept/had 15. have lost havent had16. have put on have worn 17. have caught /get a cold have had a cold； 1

13、8. have got to know have known19. have/has gone to have been in20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the armyhave been a member of/ have been in/have been the Partys member/the league member/the soldier 過(guò)去完成時(shí)1、概述過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作。它表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間可用by, before等

14、構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)，也可用when, before等引導(dǎo)的從句或通過(guò)上下代表示。His eyes shone brightly when he finally received the magazine he had long expected. 當(dāng)她終于收到她盼望已久的雜志時(shí)，她興奮得兩眼閃光。By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.12歲時(shí)，愛(ài)迪生就開(kāi)始自己謀生。2、構(gòu)成過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞had+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。其否定式、肯定式、疑問(wèn)式如下表：肯定式否定式疑問(wèn)式I(we)Youhad read

15、 it.He(She, They)I(We)Youhad not read it He(She ,They) you Had they read it? he注意：had not 常簡(jiǎn)略為hadnt。They asked me to have a drink with them and said it was at least ten years since I had enjoyed a good drink. 他們請(qǐng)我和他們一起喝酒，并說(shuō)我自上次喝酒到現(xiàn)在至少十年了。We had learnt 30 lessons by the end of last month.到上個(gè)月末為止，我們已經(jīng)

16、學(xué)了30課。He said we hadnt seen each other since I left Beijing.自從我離開(kāi)北京，我們還沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)面。3、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法過(guò)去完成時(shí)的主要用法和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一樣。不同的是，過(guò)去完成時(shí)把時(shí)間推移到了過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之前，與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)。（1）過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)完成了的動(dòng)作。這個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有by, before等介詞短語(yǔ)或when, before等引導(dǎo)的從句。Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home. 海

17、倫把鑰匙忘到辦公室里了，因此她不得不等她丈夫回來(lái)。When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.當(dāng)我們到達(dá)電影院時(shí)，電影已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了。He told me that he had visited the Great Wall before.他告訴我他以前參觀過(guò)長(zhǎng)城。By the end of the match, they had kicked 2 goals, and we had kicked 4.比賽結(jié)束時(shí)，他們踢進(jìn)了2個(gè)球而我們踢進(jìn)了4個(gè)球。When Jack arrived he learned Mary had been

18、away for almost an hour.杰克到達(dá)后得知瑪麗走了近一個(gè)小時(shí)了。（2）表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之前開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去的這一時(shí)間，而且還可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作，常和for, since構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)或引導(dǎo)的從句連用。The news came as no surprise to me. I had known for some time that the factory was going to shut down. 聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息我并不感到吃驚。工廠要倒閉這件事我早就知道了。By the time I left the school, he had taught the class

19、for 3 years.到我畢業(yè)時(shí)，他已經(jīng)教那個(gè)班三年了。He said he had made great progress since he came here.他說(shuō)自從他來(lái)這里他已經(jīng)取得了很大進(jìn)步。（3）表示假設(shè)的賓語(yǔ)從句放在像said，told，asked，thought，wondered等過(guò)去時(shí)動(dòng)詞的后面，表示在這些動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生了的事情。My friend told me that he had passed the exam.我的朋友告訴我，他已通過(guò)了考試。He asked me whether I had seen the film the night before.他問(wèn)

20、我頭一天晚上是否看過(guò)那部電影。She wondered who had left the door open.她想知道誰(shuí)敞著門(mén)的。（4）用在 It was the first/second/thirdtime that”句型中在此句型中，主句用了一般過(guò)去時(shí)，that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years. 這是39年里他們第一次見(jiàn)面。It was the first time we had spoken together. 這是我們第一次在一起說(shuō)話(huà)。（5）intend, mean, hop

21、e, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)可以表示一個(gè)本來(lái)打算做而沒(méi)有做的事這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可以表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的設(shè)想、意圖或希望等，含有某種惋惜。I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.我本來(lái)昨天打算要去看你，但我來(lái)了個(gè)不速之客。We had meant to tell her the news but found that she wasnt in.我們本想把這個(gè)消息告訴她的，但發(fā)現(xiàn)她不在家。（6）過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用結(jié)構(gòu)有“hardly, sca

22、rcely, barely when, no sooner than等副詞的句子里。She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.他剛睡下鈴就響了。No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.他們剛剛離開(kāi)大樓，一顆炸彈就爆炸了。（7）當(dāng)before , after, as soon as 等引導(dǎo)的從句里的動(dòng)作與主句的動(dòng)作緊接時(shí)，由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)說(shuō)明了兩個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后關(guān)系，因此兩個(gè)動(dòng)作均可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示。We had breakfast after we did morn

23、ing exercises.做完早操之后，我們吃早飯。The train started to move just before we reached the station.我們到車(chē)站時(shí)火車(chē)剛開(kāi)動(dòng)。As soon as they got there, they started to study.他們一到那里就開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)了。過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的用法講解過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)1、概述過(guò)去時(shí)將來(lái)時(shí)是對(duì)于過(guò)去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)而言將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中。We were all surprised when he made it clear that he would leave office soon.他宣

24、布不久離職的消息讓我們都大吃一驚。At that time I knew we should succeed.那時(shí)我知道我們會(huì)成功的。2、構(gòu)成過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)一般由 “助動(dòng)詞would(第二、三人稱(chēng))/should(第一人稱(chēng))+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。不論什么人稱(chēng)，美國(guó)英語(yǔ)皆可用would。I thought they would come to help me.我認(rèn)為他們會(huì)來(lái)幫我的。He said he would wait for us at the bus stop.他說(shuō)他要在車(chē)站等我們。3、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的用法（1）表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)而言將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在狀態(tài)She hoped that they

25、would meet again someday.她希望將來(lái)有一天他們能再見(jiàn)面。They said it would be fine.聽(tīng)說(shuō)天氣會(huì)很好。He said he would come.他說(shuō)他要來(lái)。My brother told me he would be back on Saturday.我哥哥告訴我，他要在星期六回來(lái)。I rang up to tell my father that I should leave for London.我打電話(huà)告訴我父親我要去倫敦。（2）表示過(guò)去的某種習(xí)慣行為She would lose the key! 她總是把鑰匙弄丟了。He would si

26、t for hours doing nothing.過(guò)去他常常坐幾個(gè)鐘頭什么事也不做。He would come to see us on Sundays.過(guò)去星期天他經(jīng)常來(lái)看望我們。4、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的其它表達(dá)法過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)除了用“should, would+動(dòng)詞原形”表達(dá)外，還有以下幾種表達(dá)法。（1）was/were going to表示過(guò)去的打算和意圖He was going to start work the following week.他打算下星期開(kāi)始工作。（打算）He said he was going to visit China the next week.他說(shuō)他下周訪華。表示沒(méi)有

27、實(shí)現(xiàn)的打算和意圖He was going to come last night, but it rained.他打算昨晚來(lái)，但下雨了。(沒(méi)實(shí)現(xiàn))I thought the film was going to be interesting.我想這部電影會(huì)很有趣的。（結(jié)果不是）-Alice, why didnt you come yesterday? 艾麗絲，你昨天為什么沒(méi)來(lái)呀？-I was going to, but I had an unexpected visitor.我打算來(lái)的，但我家來(lái)了個(gè)不速之客。（2）was/were to+動(dòng)詞原形這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常指過(guò)去的計(jì)劃安排或注定要發(fā)生的事情。如果計(jì)劃的動(dòng)作沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)，要用動(dòng)詞的完成式。He said he was to meet his girlfriend at the station at 4p.m.他說(shuō)他下午四點(diǎn)去車(chē)站接他女朋友。（計(jì)劃安排）These