1、英語三大從句在英語中，主要有三大從句，即名詞性從句（包括主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句，同位語從句） 、形容詞性從句（即定語從句） 、副詞性從句（即狀語從句 ,包括時(shí)間、條件、結(jié)果、目的、原因、讓步、地點(diǎn)、方式等） 。定語從句一、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞代替前面的先行詞，并且在定語從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，可以作主語、賓語、定語等。常見的關(guān)系代詞有： who, that, which 。它們的主格、賓格和所有格如下表所示：（一）關(guān)系代詞 who, whom 和 whose 的用法who 代替人，是主格，在定語從句中作主語。An architect is a person who designs

2、buildings. 建筑師是設(shè)計(jì)房屋的人。whom 代替人，是賓格，在定語從句作賓語，在非正式英語?？墒÷?。Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我們?cè)趯W(xué)校圖書館里遇到的那位先生你認(rèn)識(shí)嗎？whose 一般代替人，有時(shí)亦可代替物，是所有格，在定語從句作定語。The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高級(jí)工程師的那個(gè)女學(xué)生過去在國(guó)外留學(xué)。Do you know the name

3、 of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我們這兒能看到窗戶的那個(gè)賓館叫什么名字， 你知道嗎？ （關(guān)系代詞whose 指代先行詞hotel ， 正式用法應(yīng)該用 of which 。 whose window=thewindow of which ，意思是： the window of the hotel 。 ）（二）關(guān)系代詞 which 的用法which 代替物，在定語從句作主語或賓語，作賓語時(shí)還可省略。I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.我不喜歡有不幸結(jié)局的小說。 （ which 可以

4、換成 that ）（三）關(guān)系代詞that 的用法that 既可指人又可指物，在當(dāng)代英語中大多指物，在定語從句作主語或賓語，作賓語時(shí)還可省略。 ： Is she the girl that sells newspapers?她是賣報(bào)紙的那個(gè)女孩嗎？（ that 可以換成 who ）Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge?放在冰箱的冰激凌哪兒去了？（ that 可以換成 which ）Is this the book that you want to buy?這是你要買的那本書嗎？ （ that 可以換成 which ，在定語從句作賓語，還可以省

5、略）二、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句常用的關(guān)系副詞只有三個(gè)： when, where, why ，在定語從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因狀語。（一）關(guān)系副詞 when 的用法關(guān)系副詞 when 代替的先行詞表示的是時(shí)間， when 在定語從句作時(shí)間狀語。In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often.北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。 （ when 先行詞是 months ）（二）關(guān)系副詞 where 的用法關(guān)系副詞 where 代替的先行詞表示的是地點(diǎn)， where 在定語從句作地點(diǎn)狀語。During the Sprin

6、g Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up.春節(jié)期間，我回到了生我養(yǎng)我的家鄉(xiāng)。 （ where 的先行詞是town ）（三）關(guān)系副詞why 的用法關(guān)系副詞 why 代替的先行詞表示的是原因， why 在定語從句作原因狀語。The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.我打電話給你的原因是想問問你是否收到了我的電子郵件。 （ why 先行詞是 reason， 當(dāng)代英語里why可以用 that 替代，這時(shí)關(guān)系代詞 that

7、 就變成了表示原因的關(guān)系副詞，還可以將why 省略）三、特殊關(guān)系代詞 as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句（） 在固定搭配 asas, soas, suchas, the sameas中，as弓I導(dǎo)定語從句You may take as many books as you want.你想要拿多少書就拿多少。 （第一個(gè) as 是副詞，修飾many 的；第二個(gè)as 才是關(guān)系代詞，代替先行詞books,在定語從句中作賓語）（二）獨(dú)立于主句之外， as 引導(dǎo)定語從句As we know/ As is known to us, the earth turns around the sun. 正如我們所知，地球圍繞太陽旋

8、轉(zhuǎn)。（As we know和As is known to us均為定語從句，as分別作賓語和主語，替代后面的主句。 ）Taiwan is, as you know, an inseparable part of China.你知道，臺(tái)灣是中國(guó)不可分割的一部分。（關(guān)系代詞as指代整個(gè)主句，在定語從句中作賓語。 ）四、關(guān)系代詞who, which 與 that 的區(qū)別（一）關(guān)系代詞 who 與 that 的區(qū)別1. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞用作主語時(shí)，多用主格 who 。 He who loses hope loses all.失去希望的人就失去一切。 （先行詞為代詞he, they, any, all, on

9、e 等時(shí)，多用 who ）I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese.我遇見艾麗斯，她告訴我她在學(xué)漢語。 （在非限制性定語從句中，用 who ）2. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞用作介詞后的賓語時(shí)，用賓格 whom ，不用 that 。The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.我們校長(zhǎng)剛才與他談話的那個(gè)人是我們的英語老師。 （介詞與關(guān)系代詞緊密相連時(shí)， 只能用賓格 whom ，不可用主格 who ）注意：介詞與關(guān)系代詞不是緊密相連時(shí)，或者說介詞放在句

10、子后面時(shí)，這時(shí)可以用主格 who ，也可用that,還可以省略關(guān)系代詞。因此，上面的這句話還可以有如下四種說法：（1） The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.（2） The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.（3） The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.（4） The man our headmas

11、ter talked to just now is our English teacher.3. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞泛指人時(shí)，多用 that 。He is a man that is never afraid of failure.他是個(gè)從不怕失敗的人。 （ that 用來泛指人）4. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞出現(xiàn)在 who 開頭的疑問句時(shí)，應(yīng)用 that 。例如：Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English?用英語同湯姆交談的那個(gè)女孩是誰？（避免重復(fù)使用 who ，以免造成誤解或語義含混不清）（二）關(guān)系代詞 which 與 that 的區(qū)別1. 當(dāng)先行詞為al

12、l, much, little 以及不定代詞 anything, something, everything 等時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞多用 that 。All that glitters is not gold. 閃閃發(fā)光物，未必盡黃金。She told me everything that she knew. 她把她所知道的一切都告訴了我。2. 當(dāng)先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞或限定詞 the only, the very, all, every, any, no 等時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞一般都用 that 。This is the best novel that I have ever read. 這是我

13、讀過的最好的一部小說。He is the only person that has been invited to the ball. 他是惟一應(yīng)邀參加舞會(huì)的人。3. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞出現(xiàn)在 which 開頭的疑問句時(shí)，應(yīng)用 that 。Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest? 哪一個(gè)是推薦給外賓的賓館？（這里使用 that 很明顯是為了避免重復(fù)which ）4. 在非限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞一般只用 which 。Beijing, which is the capital of the People s Repu

14、blic of China, will host the 2008 Olympic Games. 北京是中華人民共和國(guó)的首都，將主辦2008 年奧運(yùn)會(huì)。5. 介詞后的關(guān)系代詞用 which ，而不用 that 。She has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps. 她收集了 600 張郵票， 其中60是德國(guó)郵票。五、定語從句的位置如前所述， 定語從句一般總是直接置于所修飾的名詞或代詞之后。 有時(shí)候， 定語從句與先行詞之間插入了其他的短語，這樣它們被分隔了，這種情況下的定語從句被稱作隔離定語從句。There was a gir

15、l upstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad.樓上有一個(gè)女孩，大喊大叫。很明顯，她瘋了。 （定語從句 who was shouting and crying 修飾 the girl ，被upstairs 所隔開）A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.明天要來一位新老師教你們德語了。 （定語從句置于句末以示強(qiáng)調(diào)）名詞性從句賓語從句一、引導(dǎo)詞（ 1） 由 that 引導(dǎo)的陳述句性的賓語從句， 在很多動(dòng)詞如 say, think, wish , hope, se

16、e, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel 等動(dòng)詞后。連詞that 只起連接作用，在從句中不做句子的成分，也無詞匯意義，在口語中常被省略。如： I told him that he was wrong.在 think, believe, suppose, expect 等動(dòng)詞引起的賓語從句中， 有時(shí)謂語盡管是否定意義， 卻不用否定形式，而將think 等動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问健?（見語法：否定轉(zhuǎn)移）如： I don t think you are right. （ 我認(rèn)為你做的不對(duì)）在許多帶有復(fù)合賓語的句子中， that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句經(jīng)常移到句子的后面，而用 it

17、 做形式賓語。We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone （ 我認(rèn)為他向每一個(gè)人撒謊是錯(cuò)誤的 ）（2）由連詞if、 whether引導(dǎo)的表示“是否”的賓語從句。Whether, if 在從句中不做句子的成分，一般情況下， whether 和 if 可以替換。I don t know if/whether he will come tomorrow.在介詞后面的賓語從句中不用 if 引導(dǎo)Everything depends on whether we have enough money.賓語從句中有or not 時(shí)不用 if 引導(dǎo) .I do

18、n t know whether the movie star will come or not.和不定式連用作賓語時(shí)不用 if 引導(dǎo)Whether to go there or not hasn t been decided.（ 3） 由 wh- 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。連接代詞 who, whom, whose, what, which 和連接副詞 when, where, why, how等連接的賓語從句，它們?cè)诰渲屑从羞B接從句的作用，又在句中充當(dāng)句子的成分。Do you know which film they are talking about? （which 做定語 ）I don t kn

19、ow where he lives. （where 做地點(diǎn)狀語 ）二、賓語從句的語序，賓語從句的語序必須是陳述語序，既連接詞+主語 +謂語 +其他成分I believe that they will come soon.特例：有下列常見的問句，作為從句出現(xiàn)，是“不改變語句順序”的。1. What's the matter?2. What's wrong?3. What's up ？4. What's the problem?5. What's your trouble?三、賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)。賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)受主句的限制，即：主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，從句根據(jù)實(shí)際情

20、況而定；主句是一般過去時(shí)態(tài)， 從句用相應(yīng)的過去的時(shí)態(tài)。 如果從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句之前， 則從句要用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。1） She says that she is a student.f She said that she was a student.2）She says that she will fly to Japan in a week. f She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.3）She says that she has finished her homework already. f She said that she had

21、 finished her homework already.（ 1）如果賓語從句說的是客觀真理、自然現(xiàn)象或事實(shí)時(shí)，這時(shí)賓語從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.2） ） Could you tell me是用來征詢對(duì)方的意見，語氣委婉，并不表示過去。Could you tell me when we will visit the History Museum?注意事項(xiàng)：（ 3）由陳述句變成賓語從句時(shí)，要注意人稱的變化。She said: "I have been to England before

22、. " f She said that she had been to England before.She asked me: " Do you like maths?” f She asked me if I liked maths.（ 4）賓語從句與簡(jiǎn)單句的交換。由連接代詞和連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句， 如果賓語從句的主語和主句的主語是同一個(gè)人時(shí)， 可以用 “疑 問詞 +不定式”做賓語的簡(jiǎn)單句結(jié)構(gòu)。I don' t know what I should do next. f I don ' t know what to do next.DO SOME EX

23、ERCISES:1. Can you see A?A. what he s reading B. what is he readingC. what does he read D. he reads what2. Does Jack come from Japan? Do you know?（合并成一個(gè)句子）Do you know _that_Jack _come_from Japan?3. _What did your son say in the letter?_He told me that he_D_ the Disney the next day.A. will visit B. h

24、as visitedC. is going to visit D. would visit4. He didn t know_AA. what s the matter B. what the matter isC. what was the matter D. what the matter was5. Somebody called you just now, but I didn t know_D_A. who were they B. who they wereC. who was it D. who it was6. I want to know_D_A. what is his n

25、ame B. what s his nameC. that his name is D. what his name is7. -Could you tell me _C_she is looking for?-Her cousin, Susan.A. that B. whose C .who D. which8. -What are you searching the Internet for?-I m trying to find out.A. What is the difference between SARS and BIRDFLUB. How many persons have d

26、ied in IraqC. How to protect our environmentD. Why is our Chinese team be able to beat Korea同位語從句（一）一般來說，在主從復(fù)合句中，用作同位語的從句叫同位語從句。它通常跟在某些名詞之后，用以說明或解釋該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容?？梢愿徽Z從句的名詞通常有： advice, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, word （消息） ， prob

27、lem ， question, doubt, thought 等。eg: They were delighted at the news that their team had won.當(dāng)聽到他們隊(duì)獲勝的消息時(shí)，他們欣喜若狂。有時(shí)同位語從句可以不緊跟在被說明的名詞后面，而被別的詞隔開。 如：The thought came to him that Tom might have returned the book.他突然想起湯姆可能已經(jīng)還了書了。（二）引導(dǎo)詞1. The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.2. He

28、hasn t made the decision whether he will go there.3. The question who should do the work is being discussed at the meeting.4. I have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now.5. We haven t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation this year.6. I have no idea h

29、ow I can get to the railway station.7. I have no idea when he will be back 小結(jié)：that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)無詞義，也不充當(dāng)任何成分，但通常不可以省略，如句1; whether 引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)意為“是否” ，通常不能用 if 來代替 , 如句 2; 連接代詞 who, what 等可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句，如句3， 4 ； 連接副詞 where, how, when 等可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句， 如句 5， 6， 7 。（三） that 引導(dǎo)的同位語從句和定語從句 意義不同： 同位語從句用來進(jìn)一步說明前面名詞的內(nèi)容； 而定語從句用來

30、修飾、 限定前面的先行詞。試比較：1. The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging.2. The news that you told us is really encouraging. that 的功能不同： that 引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)是一個(gè)純連詞，不充當(dāng)任何成分；而引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，不僅起連接作用，而且還指代先行詞并在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語等成分。試比較：1. Dad made a promise that he would buy me a CD player if I passed the English te

31、st.2. Dad made a promise that excited all his children. 可否省略： that 在引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)，通常不可省略。在引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，若在從句中作賓語，通常可以省略，若作主語則不可以省略。DO SOME EXERCISES:I. 請(qǐng)用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空，使下列句子意思完整。1. They expressed the hope _that_ they would come over to China soon.2. The fact _thathe didn t see Tom this morning is true.3. Word has com

32、e _wheresome American guests will come to our college for a visit next week.4. He can t answer the question _howhe got the money from his home yesterday.5. Do you have any idea _what_ is actually going on in the classroom?6. The problem we should have the meeting in the hall now must be decided at o

33、nce.II. 下列各句中均有一處錯(cuò)誤，請(qǐng)改正。1. Our team has won the game, that made us very happy.2. I ve come with a message from Mr Wang how he won t be able to see you this afternoon.3. He must answer the question if he agrees with what she said or not.4. I ve read the book where you gave me the day before yesterday

34、. 5. One of the men held the opinion when what the book said was right.表語從句表語從句只能置于主句之后，而主句的動(dòng)詞只能是連系動(dòng)詞。名詞性從句在be 等系動(dòng)詞后作表語時(shí)被稱為表語從句The problem is how we can get the things we need. 問題是我們?cè)鯓幽芘轿覀冃枰臇|西。 （how 在表語從句中充當(dāng)方式狀語）The scissors are not what I need. 這把剪刀不是我所需要的。 （what 在表語從句中充當(dāng)賓語 ）What I told him was t

35、hat I would find him a good play. 我告訴他的是我會(huì)給他找個(gè)好劇本。 （what 在主語從句中作直接賓語， that 作為表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞在該表語從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分， 不能省略 ） That is whatI want to tell you. 那就是我想要對(duì)你講的。 （what 在表語從句中充當(dāng)直接賓語）That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考試不及格的原因。 （why 在表語從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語）“That is why.”是常用句型，意為“這就是的原因/因此: 其中why引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句在句中作表語， 該

36、句型通常用于針對(duì)前面已經(jīng)說明過的原因進(jìn)行總結(jié)下面是兩個(gè)與“ That is why.”形式相似的結(jié)構(gòu)，它們與“ That is why.”結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系要能夠辨析清楚：(1)“That is why"與"That is the reason why”同義，只不過從語法結(jié)構(gòu)上講，“That is the reason why”中 why 引導(dǎo)的是個(gè)定語從句， 將其中的 the reason 去掉則與“ That is why.”結(jié)構(gòu)一樣That is (thereason) why I cannot agree.(2)“That is because.” 句型中從屬連詞bec

37、ause 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句在此作表語， 這也是個(gè)常用句型， 意為“這就是為什么 /因?yàn)?"。"That is because"與"That is why”之間的不同在于"That is because.”指原因或理由，“That is why.”則指由于各種原因所造成的后果He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework. 昨天晚上 他沒有去看電影， 那是因?yàn)樗脦椭拿妹米鲎鳂I(yè)。(第一句

38、話說明結(jié)果，第二句話說明原因 )He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night. 他以前曾看過那部電影， 因此他昨天晚 上沒有去看。(第一句話說明原因，第二句話說明結(jié)果)考題 1The traditional view is we sleep because our brain is “ programmed ” to make us do so. (2007 上海 )A. when B. why C. whether D. that考題2You are saying that everyone sho

39、uld be equal, and this is I disagree. (2004)A. why B. where C. what D. how考題3 I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. Is that you had a few days off? (1999)A. why B. when C. what D. where考題4made the school proud was more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. (2003 上海春

40、 )A. What; because B. What; thatC. That; whatD. That; because考題5 Are you still thinking about yesterday s game? Oh, that s . (2003 北京春 )A. what makes me feel excitedB. whatever I feel excited aboutC. how I feel about itD. when I feel excited表語從句與賓語從句的關(guān)系賓語從句和表語從句都屬于名詞性從句。 其作用跟名詞在句中的作用相同。 故充當(dāng)賓語的句子叫賓語從

41、句，充當(dāng)表語的句子叫表語從句。賓語從句（1）對(duì)于賓語從句要掌握以下三點(diǎn)語序 : 從句的語序必須是陳述句語序, 即“主語 + 謂語”這種形式。時(shí)態(tài) : 當(dāng)主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來時(shí)的時(shí)候 , 從句可以是任何時(shí)態(tài), 而當(dāng)主句是一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)候 , 從句時(shí)態(tài)必須是過去時(shí)范圍的時(shí)態(tài), 即 （一般過去時(shí), 過去進(jìn)行時(shí), 過去完成時(shí), 過去將來時(shí)）。連接詞 : 當(dāng)從句意思完整, 主句意思肯定時(shí), 連接詞用 that, 且可以省去當(dāng)從句意思完整, 主句意思不確定或含否定含意時(shí), 常用 if 或 whether（ 是否 ）當(dāng)從句意思不完整時(shí), 連接詞則是代替不完整部分的特殊疑問詞。表語從句在句子中起表語作用

42、的從句叫做表語從句， 位于主句系動(dòng)詞的后面。 表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞和主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞相同。也是名詞性從句的一種。What the police want to know is when you entered the room. 警察想知道的是你什么時(shí)候進(jìn)的房間。The trouble is that we are short of funds 困難是我們?nèi)狈Y金。This is what we should do 這是我們應(yīng)當(dāng)做的。That is why I want you to work there 那就是我要你在那兒工作的原因。His first question was whether

43、Mr. Smith had arrived yet 他的第一個(gè)問題是史密斯先生到了沒有。 從句中 的疑問句用正常語序，即陳述語序。as if, as though, because 也可用來引導(dǎo)表語從句。She seems as if she had done a great thing 她看起來好像做了一件大事。It is because you eat too much 那是因?yàn)槟愠缘锰嗔?。狀語從句（一）狀語從句的種類1.時(shí)間狀語從句2.地點(diǎn)狀語從句；3.原因狀語從句；4.條件狀語從句；5.目的狀語從句；6.讓步狀語從句；7 比較狀語從句； 8.程度狀語從句；9.方式狀語從句；10.結(jié)果

44、狀語從句。（二）狀語從句的時(shí)態(tài)一般情況下，時(shí)間和條件狀語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞一般用“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”表示“一般將來時(shí)” ，用“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”表示“將來完成時(shí)” 。（ 1）時(shí)間狀語從句1 .由 when, while, as 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。when, while 和 as 的區(qū)別： when 引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞，又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞。并且 when 有時(shí)表示“就在那時(shí)” 。While 引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動(dòng)作必須是延續(xù)性的，并強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生（或者相對(duì)應(yīng)） 。并 且 while 有時(shí)還可以表示對(duì)比。While my wife was reading the newspaper,

45、 I was watching TV.As表示“一邊一邊”，as引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)作，一般用于主句和從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；as也可以強(qiáng)調(diào)“一先一后。As we was going out, it began to snow. 當(dāng)我們出門時(shí)，開始下雪了。 （as 強(qiáng)調(diào)句中兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著先后發(fā) 生，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)開始下雪的特定時(shí)間）2 .由 before 和 after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。before 引導(dǎo)的從句不再用否定式的謂語， 并且當(dāng) before 引導(dǎo)的從句位于主句之后， 有時(shí)譯成 “就， 才” 。時(shí)態(tài)：當(dāng)主句用將來時(shí)，從句總是用現(xiàn)在時(shí)；如果before 引導(dǎo)的從句謂語用的是過去時(shí)，則主句動(dòng)詞多用過去完成時(shí)，這樣以便體現(xiàn)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后。After 表示主句動(dòng)作