1、句子成分；簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。（二）主語：主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不疑問詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名詞） We

2、often speak English in class.（代詞） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（動(dòng)名詞） The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語從句） It is necessary

3、to master a foreign language.（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）（三）謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下： 1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、復(fù)合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：We are students.（四）表語：表語用以說明

4、主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞） Is it yours?（代詞） The weather has turned cold.（形容詞） The speech is exciting.（分詞） Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞） His job is to teach English

5、.（不定式） His hobby（愛好）is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞） The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語） Time is up. The class is over.（副詞） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句）（五）賓語：賓語表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如： They went to see an exhibition（展覽）yesterday.（名詞） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to

6、school on time.（代詞） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語） I enjoy listening to popular music.（動(dòng)名詞短語） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語從句） 賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：Lend me your dictio

7、nary, please.（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)），例如：They elected him their monitor.（六）賓語補(bǔ)足語：英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等+賓語+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名詞）They painted their boat white.（形容詞）Let the fresh air in.（副詞）You mustn't force hi

8、m to lend his money to you.（不定式短語）We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）（七）定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞） China is a developing country; America is a developed c

9、ountry.（分詞） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名詞） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語）（八）狀語

10、：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆?Light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語） He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語） Wait a minute.（名詞） Once you begin, you must c

11、ontinue.（狀語從句）狀語種類如下： How about meeting again at six?（時(shí)間狀語） Last night she didn't go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語） I shall go there if it doesn't rain.（條件狀語） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點(diǎn)狀語） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語） She came in with a di

12、ctionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的狀語） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié)果狀語） She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語） I am taller than he is.（比較狀語） 二、簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句（一）句子種類兩種分類法1、按句子的用途可分四種：1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She di

13、dn't hear of you before.2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can't she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don't talk in class4）感嘆句：How clever the boy is!2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：1）簡(jiǎn)單句：只有一個(gè)主語（或并列主語）和一個(gè)謂語（或并列謂語）。e.g. He often reads English in the m

14、orning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號(hào)（；）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。e.g. You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）復(fù)合句：含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句

15、和同位語從句）、定語從句和狀語從句等。e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.（二）簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型1、主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語：e.g. He is a student.2、主語+不及物動(dòng)詞：e.g. We work.3、主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.4、主語+及物動(dòng)詞+雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語）：e.g. My father bought me a car.5、主語+及物動(dòng)詞+復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)）：e.g. To

16、m made the baby laugh.注：其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴(kuò)展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。（三）并列句的分類 1、表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等連接。e.g. The teacher's name is Smith, and the student's name is John. 2、表示選擇，常用的連詞有or, eitheror, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or you'll miss the train. 3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but, still

17、, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. 4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 按要求完成下列句子：1. He dares to

18、 tell the truth.（改為否定句）2. They have lived here for more than ten years.（對(duì)畫線部分提問）3. There will be a sports meet at the end of this month, _?（完成反意疑問）4. You must be careful with your pronunciation.（改為祈使句）5. They went for a walk after supper yesterday evening.(改為一般疑問句)6. It is an interesting story.（改為感嘆

19、句）7. This magazine comes out（出版）every other week.（對(duì)畫線部分提問）8. They could hardly believe his words, _?（完成反意疑問）9. The moon is shining brightly.（改為感嘆句）10.Our English teacher is always encouraging us to speak English in class. （對(duì)畫線部分提問）答案1. He doesn't dare to tell the truth. 或He dare not tell the tru

20、th. 2. How long have they lived here? 3. won't there 4. Be careful with your pronunciation. 5. Did they go for a walk after supper yesterday evening? 6. What an interesting story (it is)! 或How interesting the story is! 7. How often does this magazine come out? 8. could they 9. How brightly the m

21、oon is shining! 10. Who is always encouraging us to speak English in class?I hope you are very well（復(fù)合句）. I'm fine, but tired（簡(jiǎn)單句）. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm（并列句）. August is the hottest month here（簡(jiǎn)單句）. It is the time of year for the rice harvest,

22、 so every day I work from dawn until dark.（并列句） Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors（簡(jiǎn)單句）. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat（并列復(fù)合句）. We have a lot of machines on the farm（簡(jiǎn)單句）. Although the farm is large, my Da

23、d has only two men working for him（復(fù)合句）. But he employs more men for the harvest（簡(jiǎn)單句）. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden（簡(jiǎn)單句）. It doesn't often rain in the summer here（簡(jiǎn)單句）. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden（簡(jiǎn)單句）. Every evening we pump water from a well（簡(jiǎn)單句）. It then

24、 runs along channels to different parts of the garden（簡(jiǎn)單句）.Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time（簡(jiǎn)單句）. These parties often make us very happy（簡(jiǎn)單句）. We cook meat on an open fire outside（簡(jiǎn)單句）. It's great（ 簡(jiǎn)單句）! Americans eat a lot of meat - too much in my opinion（簡(jiǎn)單句）. Some of my friends drink beer（簡(jiǎn)單句）. I don't, because I have to drive home after the pa