1、原也適用於廁所?相容 states having different sets of quantum numbers (different but the same energy degenerate states12s p d n4321E (m l =0(m l =-1,0,1(m l =-2,-1,1,2(for H atom degenerate states spin up spin down1s probability distribution1s orbitrepresentativeshape1s orbitprobabilitydistributionand shape ot

2、her states axial symmetry,but no spherical symmetry 例:2p states(l=1 例:3d states(l=2 *n,l,m l n,l,m l has spherical symmetry例:all 6of the p state e -wavefunctions add upspherical symmetryall 10of the d state e -wavefunctions add upspherical symmetrym lby looking at the radial probability density P(rP

3、(rdr:probability of finding e-between rr+drgiven state n,lower l more likely to be found near the nucleus(lower llower angular momentum L Pauli(19001958 has the lowest energy elements in a group have similar chemical and optical properties (because they have similar valence e-configurations(outermos

4、t e- valence electron,價電子elements in a group have similar chemical and optical properties (because they have similar e-configurationsrare gases(group VIIIHe,Ne,Ar:monoatomic inert gases Ne filled valencesubshelleV can be provided by thescandium to zinc ( 過渡金屬 because 4s is lower in energy than 3d à 4s filled before 3d because 4s radius > 3d radius à 4s2 electrons shield 3d e- from external influence à 4s2 e- p