1、108考研英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)每周答疑一、答疑之“七選五”分析：Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now.1).Very occasionally the rocks show i

2、mpression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate

3、.2).Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.3).There were also crablike creatures, whose

4、bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were

5、2 feet.4). Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dor

6、set Coast.5).About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals though now extinct, were known to primitive man and w

7、ere featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.AThe shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.BNevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their

8、size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.CThe first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8

9、 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.DThe best index fossils tend to be marine creature.

10、 There animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.E The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star- fishes, which had long arm

11、s and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.FWhen an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More a

12、nd more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.GMany factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable

13、 form.試題分析本篇是一篇科普文章，介紹的是史前類動(dòng)物。文章結(jié)構(gòu)比較清晰，首先用一般性的介紹來引入史前類動(dòng)物和記載它們形體和活動(dòng)的化石，接下來的幾段就逐漸按照進(jìn)化的順序來一一介紹各種動(dòng)物。接下來我們具體分析一下五個(gè)空白處的內(nèi)容。1、考查知識(shí)點(diǎn)：段落主題句子之間的邏輯聯(lián)系先看空白處的位置（句中），再看一下空白處的上下文。上文講的是許多生物都已經(jīng)滅絕，沒有后代生活在這個(gè)世界上。下文講的是化石使我們了解了這些生物的形態(tài)。可以推斷，空白處是一個(gè)銜接的句子，應(yīng)該是從生物到化石介紹的過渡，再看選項(xiàng)中，ABE都提到了這兩方面內(nèi)容，但AE談的是具體的一些生物，不是這段泛泛而談的所有生物，因此不契合。B是正

14、確答案2.考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)：下文的新信息    本題考查尋找特征詞的能力。在該題中，根據(jù)就近原則在該題后的句子中找到“the fossils”和“water action”為特征詞?！皌he fossils”說明“fossils”一詞是至少是第二次出現(xiàn)，因?yàn)樗懊婕恿硕ü谠~the，通過仔細(xì)觀察并不難發(fā)現(xiàn)， 2以及其前面的內(nèi)容中都沒有fossils，這就確定fossils一詞必定出現(xiàn)在1， 2中。根據(jù)意群相一致原則，在2中必定要與“water action”同現(xiàn)或復(fù)現(xiàn)的語言點(diǎn)。綜上所述，有同時(shí)滿足以上兩個(gè)條件的選項(xiàng)才是正確答案。雖然G項(xiàng)一開始就有“how fossils

15、 are preserved”, 但是G項(xiàng)講的是動(dòng)物遺體上的有機(jī)組織轉(zhuǎn)化形式，沒有提及水的活動(dòng)。選項(xiàng)F中就多次提到水在化石形成過程中的重要作用，與上下文相符合3.考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)：上下文銜接結(jié)構(gòu)上的呼應(yīng)    本題選擇的特征詞是“also”?！癮lso”表并列關(guān)系，這就證明在3前面的句子中應(yīng)當(dāng)與also后的crab like creatures相并列，即空白處顯然有關(guān)于另一動(dòng)物的內(nèi)容；從本段開始，文章轉(zhuǎn)向討論由低級(jí)高級(jí)變化(進(jìn)化)中的動(dòng)物。E項(xiàng)開始的部分是“The earliest animals whose remains have been found.”,符合文

16、章寫作的順序。文中出現(xiàn)了these are the sea-lilies與下文的there were also 相呼應(yīng)。B項(xiàng)與上文相符，但與下文不符，且與全文結(jié)構(gòu)不相吻合。4. 考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)：上下文銜接段落主題    本題選擇的特征詞是these以及與其具有同指關(guān)系的ammonites 和They 。通過閱讀4以后的兩個(gè)句子不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，these，ammonites ，They是指同一事物，意即有“shell”的事物。同時(shí)4后一開始就有“Of these,.”,也就是說，空白部分應(yīng)該有“some, several, many”或類似的詞，答案只能是A。由于文中有了“

17、The first animals”,為避免句式上的重復(fù)，作者改變句子起始的模式。這種做法很多見，因而也是考生閱讀和寫作中應(yīng)該注意的。5.考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)：上下文銜接該題目是一道簡單試題，一方面這是一道段落題，這就決定了有可能選最長的選項(xiàng)為答案，另一方面根據(jù)就近原則在下一段首句中發(fā)現(xiàn)的About 75 million years ago成為我們解題的關(guān)鍵。    從文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)看，這里需要一個(gè)內(nèi)容的“高潮”：前面幾段，動(dòng)物都在不斷地進(jìn)化，而下文中“About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over”,這里需

18、要有一個(gè)“交代”。只有C項(xiàng)符合這一條件；同時(shí)，“reptile”在本題空白處前文章中從沒有提到，在下文中又沒有作為新信息，因而作為正確答案的選項(xiàng)中一定有這個(gè)詞，只有C項(xiàng)中有“The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea,and in the air”。所以正確答案只能是C。答案： 1.B 2.F 3.E 4.A 5.C二、答疑之翻譯題：But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventi